is really the cafe, it cannot be doubted that the United States, which have the greateit surplus of grain of any country upon earth, which art rapidly increafmg it, Vine a are farther from their conlumers than any nationexportinggrain, which have the lumber to make toe cajks for it, and tie flipping t > transport it, and are themfe've; great consumers of malt liquors and distilled fpirii:;, it cannot be doubted t::at a na tion thus circiimikanced, mutt be able to iiunu fafture thoie articles with facility and advan tage to any extent of the demand. The be le fits to foreign trade fr >m the manufa&uie of ships, cordage, fail cloth, and anchors, as necei fary inicruments, and from those articles and potall*, soap, candles, fleel, carriages and other articles, for sale to foreigners here, or as pay ments or remittances to them abroad are al ready too obvious to need mor<* than to be enu merated : but too much attention cannot be given to our situation, qualifications, and prof pefts in regard to the home manufacture of li quors, conSdering the diilurbed state of the su gar iflcjnd "., the increased consumption and pri ces of all the productions of the cane, the impe - diments to the ordinary importation of slaves, the objections to the.slave trade which are ap pearing in different. quarters, tle im:nenfe po pulation of the manufacturing countries oi* Eu rope, and their consequent neceiUty to employ in the culture of grain the lands tie;/ recently appropriated to the vine, as well as the inipof fib'dity of their sparing for the making of liquor all the barley, rye, and oat', which were for merly consumed in that manufacture. T'lece is ;iifo a considerable portion offoreign trade created by the importation of raw mate rials and other neceliaries for the employment aid consumption of the manufacturer;. Cot ton, hemp, bar iron, Iheet iron, copper and brass in pigs and Iheets, lapis calaminaris, lead, pewter, wire of every metal, woolen, cotton, and linen yarns, hempen yarns, hides, ikins, and furs, woo 1 , paper for books and hangings, dyers colour, and some others,* varniftu printing types, bullion for gold and lilver smiths, gold and fiiver leaf, glue, mahogany, and other ca binet wood;, molalTer, and crude sugars for dis tillers and refiners, manufacturers tools and implemen s, such as vises, fcrewplates, anvils, hammers, hatchets, knives, awls, pincers, hatters bowltrings, &rc. glass plated for looking glass makers and coach makers, calicoes and linen for printing, morocco skins, and many other commodities which are expend ed in the workshops or families of our manufac turers, including foreign articles of apparel, furniture, food, and drink. (to be continued.) FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES, r r*H AT the cause oft uthwill not differ from X a free difcuflion, is an ufefai and important maxim. But, like maxims in general, it liiiili be understood only in a limited sense. Its firlt cftablifhment Teems to have arisen from a lau dable delign of discouraging the Interpoiition of civil and ecclesiastic power in matters of opinion. Such interpoiition no doubt tends to retard the progress of know ledge, and exclude improve ment from the world. But supposing fuii liber ty to {peak and write on every fubje&j it ap pears obvious from the situation in which man kind mutt forever exist, and from the immuta ble and va« ions fir u<slure of their mind-, and the principles of their hearts, that this liberty may be used in a way unfavorable, at leall for a time, to the cause of truth—and that a difcuf flon in this sense free, may take place, by which error shall be propagated. Were all men en dued with the penetrating under (landings, and did all poilefs the acquired knowledge of the l\ezvtons and Lockes of our species, and were all equally capable as they of separating error from truth—were we especially all free from thebiafs and irapetuofity of paflion, the preceding maxim would be more But while man kind in general are far inferior to individuals in mental faculties and treasures ; a few of the latter may, and the more artful and a&ivethev are, the more fuccefsfully, abuse their fnperio rity to the delusion of multitudes. While the pallions have so much power in the human breast, thole opinions which flatter the -indul gence of them, will be propagated with pecu liar facility. Besides, from a variety of cir cumstances, as the inattention and silence of her fiends, in some instances from their inferior abilities, and frequently from their iuferior wealth, rank, power or fame, &c. Truth mav remain unfupporled on the field of battle • all her forces may not be brought forward, or the contefl be decided more from some accidental circuaifcances, t. an the real lirength of the parties. Tnefe reflexions are genera!, and will apply to any time p.rd any fubjeft. There is, how ever", a particu :ir propriety. in bringing them forward to public attention at present, when eriois and vices are rapidly imported from Eu rope, 01 spring forth li ke noxious weeds from tte luxuriance of our native foil. To speak plainly, for,v; of oar publications b:gin to infi- Ji'i ite, or aiTe-", tenets equally inimical to truth, and the eitential ir.terefts of man It the preceding observations a e iuft,thefe tenets notwithftand ng their abfurditv and dangerous tendency, might probably find a welcome re ception from some of our citizens, even after a free and open difcufTion. Yet, so valllv fupe nor is the evidence in favor of the veiref&We and important truths of religion to the subtle ties oi feepticifm, that it mnlt, if fully heard, overcome the power of ignorance and of palflon. But when art, which the friends of truth dif - 1; and ridicwle, which tho' no test of tort may destroy its influence, arc employed in tie crrer ~ this is not fair difcuflion— Wnen mftone', travels, and all the varietv of periodical publications, even down to newfp. - po "' ~ -"'t sd "'! th '"finuations ar.d assertion , ■n ith fl> hint-, and warm inveftiyes against re ligion and it< minifrers, under the titles cf e. thufiafm, fujwrftition and priefh-fgis is nodif cuffion at all. For l£ is ranking pretend£(!; with t' l e real abuses of relifion, imputing to it thole error; which in its own nature it tends co prevent; and doing it too in such a way, tbat ail chat is said mist pas* in general undn J r wered and uncontradicted- Religion, morality, and the welfare of focietv, may be deeply wounded by these unheedfcd but poisonous ar rows. These methods, united to the licenti-! ou'.hcfs of courts, and some otiier caules, have | been more or leis fuccefsful through Europe. 'Hie friends of their country, reason, and chrif tia»iity, ought, by uifipouracing or ar ering, as tar as their nature whl admit, luch publications, -to ftopjm America the molt glooiiiv and debat ing, absurd and pernicious of all tenets, from being pi&ufed. Many of the advocate? for this ia:hionabJe fcepti'cifni caii tliejnfelves phi'ofo phers, and prof eft the warmest benevolence to mankind. Hut ,is it pofijble (I ajk not thofifc whom the pride of learning and opinion, a rage to dittingu.ilh them:elves from the vulgar, tlie reftfefsnefs of bold impiety or licentious Jves ha ve rendered deaf, but thole who calmly think for themfelve>) is it poflible that the happiness of the human race can be increased by fubvert jng their belief of those opinions which comfort andfupport them in every calamity anddiftrels— by destroying those views and hopes which give profoerity its value, and life its most rational and exalted joys ? Will the interefls of focietv be promoted :—viil the rights of individuals l)e more when the strongest barriers; againrt the violence of the paf;ons are thrown down—when the tribunal within our breasts, and the venerable fanftions of religion, are dis regarded—when the existence of the Author of the Universe is denied?—lt cannot be. When a man renounces christianity, if he has feeling and cool reilleftion, he must become a prey to doubt and gloomy anxiety. Not one in a thou-' sand however Hops, I believe, at such renuncia-! tion. And when he denies the immortality of the foul, and abandons the universe to an inex plicable chance, be is degraded in his own eyes', and in t '.ole of every one who embraces ins creed —right and wrong cease to exiff. Were it po' ? ib!e that a w!y>!e nation should (become so credulous and corrupt as to believe with some celebrated philosophers, we should thus exclaim—Every restraint, adieir ! Un bounded ambition, avarice and fenfualitv, ad vance and enter ! Here is your kingdom ! Ctni jning and power, here you may triumph without a rival! — The reign and triumph would indeed be short—all the fierce and ravenous monsters jof tiie defarts would be collected in a single den. CONGRESS. PHILADELPHIA. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, I THURSDAY, APRIL 19, 1792. On the motion to enhance the duty on imported hemp and cordage, and to Jirtke out imported cotton from articles i exempted from duty. MR. BOURNE (aid he hoped this encreaf# would not be agreed to—the navigation of the United States would fuffer by it—as the sup ply furni/hed by the cultivation of that article, was not competent to tht demand. Mr. White said that on the princi ple of uniformity, he thought this fluty ought to be rpifed ; but when it is considered that many of the du ties are defigncd to encourage the manufactures of the United Stares, he thought that equal attention fliould be paid to the agricultural interellv an interell as important as any other at lealt. Mr. Willianifon fnpported the amendment— he said the indepen dence of rlie United States, in refpetft to its navioarioii, was so important an ohjeifi, that lie conceived every thiiio ought to be dene to effeift it. Among others, proper encouragement (hould be given to the railing of hemp, efpe ciaily vhen it is cojilidered tiiac we have a grearer proportion of land than any other country—that expe i iments have proved that it can be raiferf to advantage , that it will, if duly encouraged, conduce to rooting out the cultivation of tobacco, which impoverifi)e S the foil, a „d is a mere aitiele of luxury. He was at a lois to account for the omiflion of this duty in the firft inftttifce. Mr. Parker fnpponed the amend- Ce,lh " gedon the good policy (• r' g IIIIS encoura gement—lie (aid jf the gentleman who moves to diJagree to ihe amendment had pro posed to reduce the duty op canvas he thought it would be more confill ent; and in this cafe he fhnuld be willing to relinqui/h this enhanced duty on hemp. Mr. Goodhue said he fiiould agree o the enhanced duty. j 11 ' Mr. Lawrance nppofed if, princi pally on account of its being a tax on a raw material, and a very essential :o«e too 'O the navigation and com merce of the United States. Mr. Mfdifon offered some remarks in favor of the enhanced duty. The amendment was agreed to.— Foreign cotton being inserted among the anicles to be exempted from duty. Mr. macon moved that it (hould be tltruck out —he thought it belt that the duty lhould becontinued. Great quantities, he ("aid, were raised in the louthem Hate's, for which they could not find a market. Mr. Anics opposed the motion—lie said there were manufactures carried on in the United States which requir ed foreign cotton—foine things con Id not be manufactured without cbtton of a particular (ta-ple. He further re marked, that the enconragement to the railing of cotton depends on the manufactures formed from it—hence he inferred that this very encourage ment is suspended on a due attention to the manufactures. Mr. Steele dated sundry particulars to (hew that the cotton raised in the southern dates was adapted to every species of manufatfures; and de pending on encouragement froi» go vernment, the farmers of North-Ca rolina had gone largely inro the cul tivation of that article. It is well known, said he, that the fttuation of the three fouiibtrn dates is fa-vorable to the raising of hemp and cotton— and on the principles of reciprocity, be thought it but just and equal to extend encouragement to the agri cultural interest of tbofe dates. Mr. Baldwin observed that be could have wifned the gentleman had nien tioned the particular fnecies of cot ton which was so necessary in the ma nufactures, that could not be procur ed from the fonthern staves. Hefaid that there were two forts of cotton raited there ; one of a fliort, the other of a long daple ; and under due en couragement, they would in a few years raise every description of that article. Mr. Fitzfitnons, Mr. Murray and Mr. Kittera, fupportejl the motion for driking out the article. Mr. Page, in favor of the dury, observed, thai the gentleman (Mr. Ames) who had exprelied his fears that American cotton would not suit the manufacturers, might lay aside his fears ; for he knew from experi ence the contrary—that even if what had been said of the cotton of the United States were true, he knew that there was reason to believe that the cotton of the Weft and East-in dies would grow even in Virginia that both had been lately introduced into that slate. Such feats, he said, might upon examination perhaps be traced to the fame origin with Come formerly introduced into Virginia that the flieep of America wci e only ufefnl as food, their wool being; unfit for the woollen manufactui e. He added that he well remembered it was with difficulty lome people were convinced that the fait water of Ame rica would yield fait. He said, for his part, he fhoukt as easily be per luaded that the fifh of the United Stales wei e unfit for food, and as in capable of being cured so as to be merchantable, as that the cotton of America was unfit for the cotton ma nufactories; he thereforeadvifed the worthy member to be upon his guai d againlU'uch inlinuations. As to him felf, Mr. Page declared he had no idea that any member of either House could wiili to injure the of any of the Itates ; but he said he was authoi ifed to fuppole that as the ma nufacturers in general were foreign os, they had their prepofteflions and prejudices, which might give rife to tiie opinions entertained by some gen tiemcn respecting the unfunels of our cotton forntar.ufrftfure; but header ed that whatever gave rile to them they were ill founded, as he had ofien seen and worn in the late war cotton cloth and Tickings, as good and fine as ever had been imponeg. As to encouraging the manufactures ..ouever, said he, I have ever thought it foreign to the bulinefs of Congress, and if not so, a mere taking from one " an *L n ? g' v '»g to another—a deli cate affair, which might be mifunder ;tood and ir.ifapplied—however, as it is thrown in before us, I take (hare for my conflituents, As to tlie fears of the member from Pennsylvania (Mr. Kittera) that the culture of cotton may injure the far mer, Mr. Page said he could afi'ure him that he had found cotton a j;ood preparative for whear, and that lands where lie lived, which had been worn out in tobacco, yielded excellent cot ton, and left the ground in fine order for wheat, and that cotton, if proper ly encouraged, would be a good sub- II it in e for tobacco. > STOCKHOLM, April 3. SOME of the persons taken into cttliody refolotely declared that the King had merited his fate, and that there were an hundred persons eajjer to contend for the honor of giving him the mortal blow, for the welfare of mankind. » This aiftion certainly cannot be juf tified, but it is at the fame time, a striking and dreadful lellbn to Sover eigns, who think to famftion tyran ny oy law, and regard t he rell ofmcn as a -vile herd, whom they may dil pofe of at their pleasure. LONDON, March 1 G F. R M A N Y The Elector of Mentz,' as Great Chancellor of-the Empire, will iflue summonses to ihe Electors, within a niOnili. and the day fixed for the elec tion of an Emperor, niuft be within three months of that time. The cir jomittance of the late Emperor's foil not being elected King of the Romans during iiis lather's life lime will not obftrnrt his eletfion as has been sup posed. The cafe has happened fre quently. When the throne becomes vacant by the death of the reigning Empe ror, and no King of the Romans has been previonfly ch.'fen, the Eleiftor Palatine, and Elector of Saxony, have the title of Vicat s of the Empire, in right of their refpetflivc offices ; the one of Count Palatine, the other of Arch-Marshal of the Empire. The Emperor, ku his capitulation, con stantly engages to ratify and confirm, iu the fulleft manner pofliblc all ai r ts performed by the Vicars General, during the time of the interreguuui.. Though the Empire be elective, vet it is so rather in words rlian in fa«sl. From the time that Albert 11. of the House of Austria, was rhofen Emperor in 14:8, ihe Icnjieiial tligi li ;y has continued in the House of Au stria, in which the order of primo geniture has always determined the Electors. With regard to the King of the Romans (which, by the bye, is a mere title) it he is chosen before the cie inife of the Emperor, he succeeds to the Empire without any other elec tion ; if not he has all the forms to go through, and though requiring time, yet they are founded upon rules from which there is seldom any va- nation It is a miflake ro suppose that firings for tlie flioes are a modern in vention. The Beaux of Sr. Bartho lomew's and Bridewell hospitals liave worn them time out of mind ; and that they were fafhionable when But>- ler wrote his Hndibrns, is proved by the following diliich i« his addreii to the widow ; Madam, I tin as in my duty, Honor the fliadow of your (hoe tic. "l here never was an instance where public cnriofity was so universally ex cited, as by the expectation of hear-, ing Mi s. Siddons recite Collins's beau tiful Ode to the Fafiions, at her Be nefit, on Monday evening. This ad mirable composition allows our fa vourite an opportunity of crowding the varieties of her exprcflion into a space, where all the merits of her countenance and action may at oncf be comprehended at a lingle view. ; Great Britain is now flourifliing in arts and connnercc, and Vcsping' lb* fruits both of her own industry and the deftruinion of her neighbours. —• In this elevation of fortune, and ex* icrnal fecuriry, it will be political wisdom to guard against these inter nal paflions, which excels of profpe riiy is wonr to generate. It will b# wisdom to anticipate, by partial and gradual reformation,thofe evils which might orherwife arifefroni a general convulsion. The molt brilliant gc* my
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