eft ebb, was upon I lie point of expiring, and iheir exhausted treasury, gave perpetually the Jie to their public faiih so often and so solemnly pledged. Tlie forcible ties of a common interelt direc'ted to one great objedt during the war, were greatly loosened by the accomplishment of tliat objetft, and the feeds of mutual hostility were sown, by the partial commercial regulations ol the relpeiftive states. The revenue laws which liad been enac r ted in several of the states, were not able to support their credit, and yet were so unequal in their operation,.that numerous bodies of men in more than one of the states appeared in open rebellion against the mildelt governments that ever were instituted. Inflead of the glori ous reward which the people had expected for their virtuous exertions, internal discord, and infamy abroad presented themselves in dreary perfpetftive before them. At that critical peri od, when the fyltem to be annihilated, was an empty name, and there was only a government to be formed, the national constitution was pre fented to t lie people of America "in their origi nal charadler," and even then its existence was to depend upon the allent of nine states, that is two thirds of the people. Very fortunately it has at length been freely adopted by all the members of the union ; but the extreme difficul ty which impeded the progress of its adoption, and the various amendments, which in many of the states were in a manner made the condition of their assent, exhibit the fulled evidence, what a more than Herculean talk it is, to unite the opi nions of a free people upon any system of govern ment whatever. Under the fantftion of fucli authority, I ven ture to a flirt that the people of England have no right to destroy their government, unlels in its operation the rights of the people are really op prefled, and unless they-have attempted in vain every constitutional mode of obtaining redress. These principles ought to operate with peculiar force upon the people of England, becauie in the uncertain and hazardous event of a revolution, they have more to lofe,and less to gain, than any other European nation, and because whatever they may acquire, mult in all probability be pur chased at theexpenfe of a civil war. Whenpro vifion is made for the alteration of a constitu tion, otlierwife than by the common legislative power, it may be done comparatively without difficulty or danger ; but where this power is al ready delegated, with the other powers of legis lation, the people cannot use it themselves, ex cept in their original, individual, unrepresented character, and they cannot acquire the riglit to atflin that capacity, until the power which they have thus conveyed in trust, has been abdicated by the extreme abufesofits adminiltration. When Mr. Paine invited the people of En gland to destroy their present government and form another constitution, he should have given them sober reasoning, and not flippant witticisms. He fliould have explained to thein the nature of the grievances, by which they are opprefled, and demonstrated the iinpoflibiliry of reforming the government in its present organization. He flyould have pointed out to them some poflible method for them to act in their original charac ter, without a total diflolution of civil society among them ; he lhonld have proved, what great advantages they would reap as a nation from such a revolution, without disguising the great dan gers and formidable difficulties, with which ic must be attended. Tlie principal and most dangerous abufts in the Englifli government, arise less from the de feats inherent in the constitution, than from the state offociety ; —tlie universal venality and cor ruption which pervades all clafles ofmen in that kingdom, and which a change ojf government could not reform. 1 fhal! consider this fubjedl more largely here ftev; but at present with re fpecfl to tlie expediency of a revolution in En gland, I mull enquire how the nation can be brought to act in their original character ? Mr. Pains, perhaps from the delicacy of his (itua tion, has said nothing openly upon this very im portant point. Yet in two different parts of his work he seems obscurely to hint two methods for the accomplishment of this object. When he compares the htuation of the citizens of London, to that of the inhabitants of Paris, just before the taking of the Baftile, it seems as if it was with an intention to recommend a similar infur redtion for the pnrpofe of dispersing the parlia ment, and expelling the king, nvhich would leave the nation without any government at ail, and compel them at all events to ast in their ori ginal character. When he advises " Revolutions by accommodation," he mult probably mean that a convention (hould be called by atft of parlia ment to regenerate their constitution.—l cannot imagine any other method of answering his pur pose. Mr. Paine seems to think it is as easy for a nation to change its government, as for a man to change his coat; but I confefsbolh the modes of proceeding which he (uggefts, appear to me to be liable to great objections. Mcifrs. Childs & Swaine, TF the following hints refpetfing Toll Bridges 1 and Turnpike Roads, will be of any use, please to insert them. Roads and Bridges, especially upon the great port: road, through the Union, are objects of na tional moment. Dispatch in a courier, may (up prefs an insurrection in the bud. Expediting the baggage or artillery of an army, one day, may save a seaport of fir ft rate conlequence, or a P°ft> which is the key of the union. Shortening the dii tance, and lefieuing the time, which it consumes to allemble our national representatives, is a ve ry important object. The speedy promulgation of their acts and proceedings, lias the happieit tendency to preserve peace and good ordei , as well as to prevent the sudden palling of injurious laws. To commerce, it is of great consequence. The enterprising merchant makes his {pecula tions, or saves his insurance, with advantage, and promptness. Early intelligence, and dispatch, are of very great use to liim. The gentleman of fortune, or the invalid, travelling for pleasure, or health, vific various states and climes, and scan limn an nature in its varied modes and ha bits, with ease and fafety. I conceive that Toll Bridges and Turnpike Roads, are the moll effec tual and most equitable means of accomplishing so deiirable a business. The smaller advantages arising from them would be, impeding the im portation of foreign convidts, vagabonds and paupers: detecting highwaymen, hoife thieves, and other villains. I have heard that in En gland, if a gentleman is robbed, he gives notice at the firft turnpike, the alarm is pailed ; and villains are often detected in this way. They generally keep tie high roads to great cities; when they deviate into villages, and bye roads, every cottager notices the horse, and dress of theftranger; so will the toll gate man, for he may get a reward by it. If.attention was paid to the selection of steady, discreet men, they might be cloathed with the powers of a consta ble. Let us suppose that besides the bridges, there were ten toll-gates, between Paules Hook and Philadelphia ; and that the whole amount of the toll, came to one third of a dollar, for each traveller on horseback, or in a carriage ; I presume the prodntfi of this money properly laid out upon the roads, in three year's time, would save half a day's time and expences to tra vellers, who then would lose by it ? or rather, who would not be benefited by it ? The comparatively litfle state of New Jersey," has set a noble example of public spirit; ihe has no foreign commerce, and of vf ry prompt, or productive sources of revenue. She has undertaken three magnificent bridges. I could wifli them ceded to the union, on the fame footing as light houses. It would be no great affair for New-York and Philadelphia, to advance on loan, the film requisite for their im mediate completion. The rwo bridges between Newark and Paules Hook, wi: 1 give access to a great tracl of fertile country, between it and Morris-Town, near thirty miles back, to come to the New-York market, with great ease. Mar ket people chufe in hot weather to travel in the night, with their perifiiable commodities; to cross ferries at all hoursin the night, withhorfes, carts and waggons, is troublefonie and dange rous, as well as very expensive. In cold weather, when the sledding is good, hundreds of sleds will probably pass these bridges with loads of fire wood, poultry, meal and other pro villous so as to reach the banks of the Hudson 111 season in rhe morning for market. Loads of fuel would scarcely pay the sxpence of the two ferries. In a severe feaion, the ordinary water communica tion which supplies New-York with firing is cut off, and wood is scarcer for the distance of fortv miles by land, than it is within twelve miles of 1 aules Hook, on the Jersey fide. Should either our corporation, or individuals, form temporary magazines on the Jersey fliore' to receive the wood when scarce, they would find their account in it. Seldom a day pafles, but a boat may rrofs. So long as Philadelphia continues to be the feat of government, she would have a great in flux of company, and money ofcourfe, from the states east of her, in consequence of good roads and budges. February and March, are the mofl leisure months in the year, to men of business to merchants and tradesmen ; and at this very leafon, the floating or rotten ice, in my concep tion, make.s the transportation of a family, f 10 m New-York to Philadelphia, by land, more" dange rous than n ,s by sea, to Richmond, in Virginia I have known mftances of persons, having Jeil sure only at th,s season, and lifting go, prin .pall, from » hom thc ~f f, a ' d J. I hope the state of New-Jersey will proceed •11 K 3U exa ! n P le t0 her neighbors.. That (he w.ll by turnpikes and tolls, tax com merce, ami speculation, for their own, and the PUBLICOLA 70 FROM THE (NEW-YORK) DAILY ADVERTISER, public good ; which they doubtJefi will cheerful ly pay. That to prevent clamour and opposition sh e will permit persons inhabiting townships or dif tritls, on the port road, to work on the highways as they have been used to do ; to pass free into other dilti iifts, where they actually occupy, and improve lands or mills ; or usually go to mi'll to public worship, or to call the physician. That suitable exemptions will be made refpecftino- the clergy, physicians, jurors, witnefles, &c. X|m is the age of revolution, and beneficial improve ment. The human inind has burst its prison and demoliflied the formidable baftile of deeo founded, (hong built, ancient prejudice—Let us, reverencing the wifdoin of our anceltors, pay no more refpedt to old customs, solely on account of their antiquity, than is due to an old man merely for the length of his beard, or a longpre di(fted comet, for the length of its proo-refs and tail. A NATIONAL°MAN. FROM THE (CONNECTICUT) FARMER'S JOURNAL, Messrs. Printers, I NOW t ran fin it to you for publication, the Census of Connecticut, taken in 1756, and 1762, by the King's order, which bj being'com pared with the lad return of the Cenfus,°taken in 1790, may serve to (hew the rapid increase of population, notwithstanding the vast emigration from this State to others. In r 7?6, 111 1762, Increase in 21 years, 12,788 1,003 By the ]ast return, made in t 790, there appears to be 232,371 Whites; lo that the difference be tween the numbers in 1 756, and 1 790, (the term only of 34 years) appears to be 104,159 Whites, and 1,981 Blacks: The Blacks in 1 790 amount j"g t( > 5,568. The difference from 1762 to 1790, is 91,371 Whites (the increase in 28 years) and 978 Blacks. So that the increase of Blacks in the last 28 years is not so great by 25 perlons, as it was iiuhe preceding 6 years. Greenfield, June I 791. Charikston, June 7, 1791. THE ADDRESS OF THE CITIZENS OF AUGI'STA, TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Sir, YOUR journey to the southward being extended to the frontier of the union, affords a frefli proof of your indefatigable zeal a the service of your country, and an equal attention and regard to all the people of the United States. With these imprefiions the citizens of Augusta present their congratulations upon your arrival here in health, with the assurance, that it will be their greatefl: pleasure, during your flay with therr., to teftifv the sin cere affe&ion they have for your person, their feivfc of obligations 'or your merits and services, and their entire confidence in you as the chief magistrate of country. On your return, and at all f imes, their best wishes will accompany you, while thev retain the hope ih.it a life of virtue, benevolence, and patriotism, may be long preserved, for the benefit of the age, and example to pos terity. In the name of all the citizens, GEORGE WALTON, JOHN MEALS, THOMAS CUMMING, PETER CARNES, SEABORN JONES. Augusta, May 19, 1789. THE PRESIDENT'S ANSWER. TO THE CITIZENS OF AUGUSTA. Gentlemen, T RECEIVE your congratulations on my arrival in Augusta 1. with great pleasure. lam much obliged by your alfumnces >" regard, and thank, you with unfeigned sincerity for the favor able lentiments you are pleased to express towards me. Entreating you to be persuaded of my gratitude, I desire to af ire you, that it will afford me the moll sensible fatisfaftion to learn the progreflion of your prosperity. My bed wishes for your happiness, colle&ively and individually, are sincerely offered. GEORGE WASHINGTON. London, April 26 ' I 1 HE strength of the present Minidry does not so much confiit in its political connection as in us incorruptible purity. There are no dark do ings, 110 secret jobs—no bribe worthy services— ill is open and above board, directed by wisdom, upheld by truth,and fancftioned by justice. Even the avowed political enemies of government are at a loss for any fubjetft of complaint. I he Princefles of France, when they were the King s daughters, were fomethinjp, now they are become the King's Aunts, they are nothing.— r hey are amiable, they are decent, they are in nocent, and they are women, and while the pri vileges and honors of their birth are taken from them, they are not permitted to employ the liber ty which is given them in exchange, in running away. In Germany, an excellent anil cheap die h3S been invented by Mr. Vogler, adapted to woolen and cotton manufactures. It consists limply of the feeos of ihe red trefoil, a plant very common in this country, and used to feed horses and cat tle. A decotftion of these feeds is mixed with different mineral fubttances, and the dies pro duced are very beautiful, and of a great variety. Among these are yellows and greens of different (hades, as alio citron and orange colours. These dies re flit the action of thefubltances with which Whites Blacks 3> 58 7 4.59° 128,2T2 141,000
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