the cafe was reversed. Or if part of the States ihould be invaded and overrun by ail enemy, it would be thought necedary to levy on the reft heavy taxes, and collect them in a short period, and to take flock, grain and other articles from the citizens without their consent, for common defence ; but in a time of peace and fafety such measures would be supposed unnecef'ary. In itances may be multiplied in other refpetts ; but it is conceived thr-t these are fufticient to fliew that the popular and general meaning of the word " neceflary" varies according to the fubjedt and circuinftances. The second rule of interpretation relates to the context, and the Judge conceives that " if words are (till dubious, we may establish their meaning by the context; thus the preamble is often called in to help the conftruc r tion of an act of parlia ment." The constitution in the prefenc cafe is the great law of the people, who are themselves the sovereign legislature; and the preamble is in tliefe words—" We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfecfl union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, pro vide for the common defence, promote the gene ral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and estab lish this Constitution for the United States of Ame- rica." These are the great objeds for which the con stitution was established, and in administering it, we fliould always keep them in view. And here it is remarkable, that altho' " common defence and genera] welfare" are held up in the pream ble amongst the primary objetfis of attention, they are again mentioned in the Bth fetfion of the firft article, whereby we are enjoined in le vying taxes, duties, &c. particularly to regard " the common defence and general welfare;" indeed common sense di<slates the measure; for the security of jour property, families, and liber ty—of every thing dear to us, depends on our ability to defend them. The means, therefore, for attaining this object, we ought not to omit a year, month, or even a day, if we could avoid it, and we are never provided for defence unless prepared for sudden emergencies. Should go vernment be surprized in this cafe, it would be as dishonorable as for a general to be surprized in a state of warfare, and the event to the community may be much more fatal. If provision then for sudden emergencies is indifpenfible, it must be evident that it will depend in a great measure on the ability of government to command at all times, for this purpose, a fufficient sum of money, which is justly denominated the sinews of war ; and how is this to be efFe<sied —by cmifions of bills of credit ?—During the revolution, bills of credit, it must be acknowledged, have done won ders ; they have, in confliifi with the banks, trea sury and public cred.it of Great-Britain, risen su perior to them all, and have lince died a natural death. We have honored them with a funeral pile ; we now bid peace to their manes, and de voutly hope that bills of credit will forever be extinrfi in the United States. Are we to depend then on taxes for commanding money in cases of urgent neceflity ? These, as has been fliewn by other gentlemen, will be too flow in their opera tions, unlels, indeed, we should levy a tax for drawing into, and locking up in the treasury, three or four millions of dollars—a law which would be universally considered as unneceflary and improper. By loans, and loans only, can provision be made for sudden emergencies : But if loans fliould be made previoujly to an emergency, the people would be unnecessarily burthened by the inter est: thereof and molt of the other evils would en sue that would arise from previous taxes ; and if they were to be made at an emergency, without previous arrangements, of whom are we to bor row ? of individuals ?—Thefe cannot be depend ed on, as has been fully proved by our own ex perience at the commencement of the revolu tion.—Are we to apply to the hank already ef tablilhed in the States for loans ? These can 110 more be depended on than individuals; for stock holders having not more attachment to govern ment: than other citizens, would in cases of pub lic danger attend to the preservation of their property by other means than loaning it to go vernment. And moreover the united capitals of all the banks existing in the union, would be in efficient for government, for they do not amount to a million and an half of dollars, and only a part of this could in any cafe be reasonably ex peified on loan. Are we to apply to foreign banks or individu als ? These, as has been ihewn, are too remote ; and if not, we have not been able, without the assistance of an ally to obtain foreign loans dur ing the war, and perhaps the (fewer in whose as sistance we may rely, would be hortile to us.— Such dependance then as has been stated would neceflarily leave us in a deplorable state—and it mult be evident that a previous arrangement to aid loans in cases of sudden emergency, is neces sary and proper in the general and popular use of the term, inasmuch as any other measure that Cotigrefs can adopt would be inadequate to the purpose of common defence—and what previous arrangement can we make so proper as that ot a NATIONAL BANK ? If gentlemen in the op poficion know of any, let them produce it, and let the merits of it be inveftigated—for il is un reasonable to propose a rejection of this plan, without producing a better. The plan proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury, which is now thefubjeft of difcuflion, does honor, like all his other measures, both to his head and heart ; it will be mutually beneficial to the llockholders and to government, and consequently so to the people. The rs by this plan will be deeply intereUed in supporting government ; be cause three quarters of their capital confiding of funded certificates depend on theexiftence ofrhe government, which therefore is the prop of their capital, the main pillar that supports the bank : Again, the credit of government, which is imma terial to the other banks, is ellential to the na tional bank, for the annual intereflof three quar ters of its capital, which molt form a great (hare of its profits, will depend altogether on the cre dit ofgovernment, and produce, on the part of the llockholders, the strongest attachment to it. On the other hand, it will be for the interest of government to support the bank, as well on ac count of the benefits which the public will gener ally derive from the institution, and the profits arising from the shares of government in the flock which will be hereafter noticed, as of the supplies of money which it will be for the interest of the bankto furnilh in cases of urgent necessity. Whenever theft exifl Congress may lay a tax for supplying the treasury, and anticipate it with certainty, by means of the national bank. It be ing then our duty to provide for the common de fence in cases of emergency, the provision must evidently be made by taxes, loans, or by arrange ments for obtaining the latter on the earliefl no tice—and previous taxes and loans being oppres sive, improper and unneceflary, the arrangements for aiding loans become indifpenfable,and a bank, of consequence, neceflary and constitutional. (To be continued.) FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES. SONNET IV AdOWN the melancholy stream oflife Who joys the veffcl of his Years to guide ? Nor fears the roarings of th' incertain tide, The inclement Winter, or the Ocean's ftrife ? And who, regardful of his certain end, Can bear the inccflant struggles of his Youth ; Force thro enticement to an age of truth ; And welcomc Death as freely as his friend ? Who, that when Poverty's torpedo hand fcbs chill'd even Charity's lost-answering foul; When green-eyed Malice hunts him thro the land, Can i'mile serene, superior to the whole ? He, who the paths of Re&itude has trod— His friends—his life, his conscience, and his God. LONDON, February 15 DIED last: week, a Mr. David Davies, a native of Montgomeryfliire in Wales; in a certain part of which county, he had given directions that he (hould be buried, and ordered in his will one (hilling to be given to every person attend ing his funeral. This extraordinary bequest be ing previously publiftied about, no less than one thousand and thirty persons from off the moun tains ailembled on this (to them) joyful occahon, and received an English /hilling each. A Jamaica Creole, belonging to the revolution society, and who has resided Some years in Lon don, was the other day arguing on the impro priety of this nation styling their monarch "King of France —And pray, fir, what would you fub llitute in the room thereof? said another mem ber.—What would 1 substitute ? cried the other —Why, I would call him, King of Great-Britain, Ireland, and Jamaica —three of the noblelt isl ands in the univerl'e ! In Paris now, the business of the nation is tranfaded totally in the clubs patriotic and mo narchic—the latter are now so lerioufly augment ed, that in number they exceed the Jacobins. Lord Stanhope and Dr. Price are performing, amidst the greatelt bursts of laughter, upon the French Theatre, almost every evening. Varna, where the great part of the Ruffian and Turkish forces are afiembled, is 145 miles north-weft of Constantinople. The words in Dr. Johnson's dictionary amount to ! Mr. Croft promises to add upwards of elevensthoufand more ; —and yetourparliament ary speakers preface with a—"'Mr. Speaker, 1 want words !" The Archbishop of Canterbury waited on Mr. Burke some days ago as Metropolitan, formally to present to him the thanks of the Established Church, for his invaluable work on the French revolution. DUBLIN, February 10. Amongftthe many proofs which are daily adduced of the pro grcflive increase of tillage, it may not be amiss to inform our read ers,that in the couifc of last week, upwards of seven thousand barrels of oats were purchafcd by the merchants of XVaterford, for exportation. 810 ELLA PARIS, February y. The intended journey of the King's aunts ftm occupies public attention. The democrats » 1 have it they were going for Turin, immediate']! to join the royalists. The old women of this c ty go further, and declare they were to have headed a party that were to have attacked th* frontiers. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF FRANCE January 2J. The fitting of tliis evening was more tempest. ous and di(orderly, even to indecency, than any that has of late disgraced the majority 0 f a d e |j_ berative Aflembly. The devoted Ecclesiastics driven to despair, by every poflible mode fought to impede the progress of the measure propo'led by the Ecclesiastical committee; it was however carried at length.—The purport is as follows " The Aflembly decrees, that the law ofD e . cember 26, ordering the replacement of f uc |, Ecclesiastics (Fontftionnaire Publics) as (hall re. fufe the oath, is to be carried into efFetfl by the adminiftrant bodies and the municipalities; with exception however, to such cases as fall within the compass of the articles marked 6, 7, and Bos that law, which are cognizable by the tribunals Approves the particular conduct of the direction in the department of the Somme, and charges that body with the fulfilment of these its legal functions." M. Maury, with infinite verfatilityand addrefj (irritat, mulcet falfis terroribus implet,) endea voured to defeat so dangerous a consignment of authority over spirituals tending even to the de privation of all religious rites, if the noncontor mifts were displaced before fuccelTors were selec ted ; but it was all in vain. At length the en raged party, in retaliation, denounced theclub (tiled Jacobins, to be a nest of murderous ruf fians, limiting with their pack, the people, a persecuted order to deftrudlion. The president continually interposed, but the hall was :n the extreme of anarchy presenting neither the wisdom of the senators nor the lan guage of gentlemen. I O LIVERPOOL, February j. The quantity of tea for the next East-India House sale, amounts to four millions eight hun dred pounds weight. The general average price of wheat through out England and Wales, by last return, was fix (hillings and two pence half penny per buihel. One of the fad effects of forgetfalnefs.—A re sident of Howarden, in Fintfhire, lately employ ed a friend, who had business in Chester, to put a letter into the poft-ofHce for him. He accord ingly went, and returned home with the letter fiiug in his pocket, though unluckily out of hi» head. A few days after, vvhilit in company, taking some papers out of his pocket, the letter presented itfelf in a very foiled {tate, and, ad ding imprudence to reniiffnefs, he committed it to the flames, fayincr his friend could Coon write another. But how mutually agreeable mnft have been the furprizeof one hearing the fate of bis letter, and the other, that it contained a bank note of jol. When arsenic, or cerrofive sublimate, has been incotifiderately swallowed, a solution of common pot or pearl allies, or any other alkaline fait giv en after, renders it nearly harmless. Two or three absolute proofs of tliishave been madepnblic and in one instance recorded, nearly half an ounce of the sublimate had been intentionally swal lowed. CHARLESTON, March 24. Yellerday between twelve and one o'clock, was executed pursuant to his sentence, Thomas Walfli, who has long been known in this state and Georgia, by the appellation of major Wash ington, for counterfeiting the indents iflued by the authority of this state. His countenance was sickly, but his demeanor manly, and would have suited a conscience void of offence. At a few mi nutes past twelve, he ascended the fcafFold, at tended by the officers of execution ; and was af filed in his devotions by the Rev. Dr. Keating, pastor of the Roman Catholic church, to whom, as we are informed, he had confeff'ed that hi' name was Walfh, and was born of a refpeiftable family in Ireland ; that he had not profefled an/ religious perfnafion for a series of years, but as he had been baptized agreeably to the rites of the church of Rome, he wished to die a Catholic - At the conclusion of his devotions hewasalked by the Iheriffif he had any thing to fay—he re plied, nothing more than he had already decla red, that in this business he died innocently. He mentioned that he had been indisposed since the day before, and intreated the multitude not to attribute his sickly countenance to the fear ot death ; for as he died innocent, he trusted, he (hould also die brave. "As Chriflrdied upon the cross forgiving his enemies, so I forgive mine- He politely waved his hand to the crowd and faidj " Good day gentlemen then ilepping forwar on the deadfall, he pulled the cap over his faying " col. Ofbarne, I am readyand wa-> immediately launched into eternity.
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