CD H A A A A VOL. XIV NO, 44. PHILADELPHIA, MONDAY, AUGUST 22, 1870. DOUBLE SHEET THREE CENTS. 7 FIRST EDITION THE WAR IN EUROPE. The Latest Situation. The Peril of Paris. PREPARING FOR A SIEGE. Fortifications of the City. Historical Analogies. Campaigns of 1702 and 1014. Comparisons with that of 1870. Exploits of Brunswick and Blucher. The Prussian Blilitary System THE SITUATION. Marshal Bazalne's Defeat, and the Crown Prince's March on Paris The Rumored Bau tie at Chalonn. Saturday's despatches render it almost an ab solute certainty that the battle near Rezonvllle on Thursday last was quite as disastrous to the French as reported by King William. The de spatch announcing that Bazalno attempted on the morning of the 20th to cut bis way through the Prussian Hum without success is doubtless without foundation, as despatches from Berlin, dated at noon yesterday, do not mention such an at tempt, and state that the French have drawn all their forces Into Metz. Despatches received this afternoon confirm this, by saying that Ba zaice is absolutely cut off from his resources, and that the Prussians are between him and Paris. As we write, no additional intelligence of the battle reported last night as having taken place before Chalons has been received. A despatch of yesterday mentions the fact that a deputy of the Corps Legislatif had announced to the peo ple the entrance of the Prussians into Chatillon-sur-Marne, a town of about 1000 inhabitants on the Marne, 29 miles W. N. W. of Chalons and within 60 miles of Paris. "This move ment,' continues the despatch, "would indicate that the enemy is marching on Paris by way of Sezanne. The latter town is about 30 miles southwest of Chalons, and 65 miles E. S. E. of Paris. If there be any truth in it, the Crown Prince has flanked Chalons, avoided a battle with MacMahon, and is now marching straight on the capital. We shall doubtless have some satisfactory news from him during the afternoon. ' THE PERIL OF PARIS. The Capital Preparing lor a 8lee-Its FortL ticatlous and the Efforts to Ntrenathen and Man them The Danger of Disorder Within the City Events of the Past Two Weeks. "Disorder in Paris would be victory for Prus sia," eaid the new ministry in their pronuncia mento but a fortnight ago, and from that day to this just such a Prussian victory has been im pending. Events la Paris During the Past Two Weeks. The embargo placed by the Government upon the telegraph and mails is so strict that it is im possible for us to realize yet how close to the verge of a serious uprising the French capital has repeatedly and constantly been. The alarm was fairly taken just after MacMahou's disastrous defeat at Woerth on the Olh, and on the follow ing morning the Journal Officiel ga.e expression to it by summing up the forces which could be collected on short notice for the defense of the capital against the invader. On the same day an official circular was issued by the Empress Regent, signed by the leading members of the Ministry, announcing that, "In order to facili tate the execution of military preparations, we declare the capital in a state of siege." On the 8th, a report of the Minister of War, approved by the Empress, appeared, stating that "existing circumstances oblige us. to provide f or Jthe de iense of the capital," but assuring the people that "Paris will not be taken unawares." Additional works for the defense of the city were at once inaugurated, thousands of men being put at the task, while the leading con tractors placed all their appliances at the free disposal of the Government. The undertaking was scarcely under way, however, before the neighborhood of the Palais Bourbon, in which the sittings of the Corps Legislatif are held, was the scene of wild disorder on the occasion of the reopening of the Chamber and the fall of the Ollivier Ministry on the 9th. 1 he decisive mea eures taken by Marshal Baraguay d'Hillicrs, at that time In command of the city, quelled the disturbance, and until within a few days past, at least, a sufllcient body of troops to overawe the multitude has been kept at band In this locality. Notwithstanding the show of activity which was made in preparation for defense, a leading journal, the Opinion Rationale, a week later ventured to raise a doubt, in response to which the Journal Offlciel on the 14th contained a manifesto in which occurred the following passage: "More than six hundred cannon are already mounted on the walls of those forts which are likely to be the Brut threatened with attack, aad the work of placing other pieces In position cotitluues without Interruption day and night. Yesterday tsoo work men were engaged la cutting off toe streets leading Into Paris. This work has been completed, and nothing remains but to oloae up toe openings in tlie walla and place drawbridges In position. Tiiouaanda of laborera are occupied outside the walla on earth works, mines, ditches, etc., which are to connect and complete the network of fortifications around the capital. These facts and figures we are obliged to give in order to reply to perfidious and erroneous insinuations, and to restore the confidence of our good citiaens. If such a question should be re newed, their authors will have to anawer for their conduct before a councu oi war, wnere tuey wui oe Hubjevted to all the eonaequencea of the law ; for there are hours, and now more than ever, when justice cannot be permitted to sleep." A Paris despatch of the 15th noticed the fol lowing among the preparations for defense then progressing: "The beautiful Iron gateway at the entrance of the Bois de Bolougne, at the end of the Avenue de rimperatrlce, la removed. Blocks of trees have been cut down. The wall of clrcumvallatlon la nearly finished, uniting the two formerly open t paces, and la pierced wlih loopholes. The great ditch la dug across the road and a drawbridge la ready to be thrown across It. Earthworks are also being thrown up In front of what were the gates, and will now be only entrances guarded by sentinels instead of Cus tom House offlcers. The big gans are being mounted and the little ones craftily concealed in ugly little unsuspicious corners. Many of. the barriers are en tirely closed." By this time, however, the danger from within had become greater for the moment than that from without. On the afternoon of the 14th a band of about eighty men, all armed with re volvers and polgnards similar to weapons which had been seized on the previous night in an out-of-the-way house near the fortifications, made an attack npon an engine-bouse in the Boulevard La Vlllette, in which one or two ofli- cials were killed and several wounded before the emeute conll be suppressed. A large number of arrests were made at once, and every day or so since persons supposed to have been impli cated in the disturbance have been arrested and turned over to a military commission for trial. On the 17th, General Trochu, who had boen appointed Le Bueufs successor as Major -General of the army, on the fall of the Ollivier Ministry, but who bad been sent to Chalons as commander and organizer of the new levies, was ordered back to Paris to replace Marshal Baraguay d'llilliers in command of the city and the forces for its defense. He was followed by the Garde Mobile of the Department of the Seine, which bad manifested signs of insubordination in the camp of Chalons, and a new impetus was at once imparted to the preparations for the de fense of the capital. The entire garrison was placed at work making cartridges, and several days ago it was announced that by Sat urday, the 20 tb, oue thousand guns would be mounted on the fortifications. De spatches of tbe 19th announced that Trochu had under his command for the defense of the city 250,000 men, one-third of them regulars. It was also Etatcd that an intrenched camp had been formed outside the walls, between the Marne and the Seine, and that an entire division of the regular army bad already been placed In it to give the enemy a warm reception before he reaches the city. Later despatches, however, state that tbe garrison will number 80,000 men only, of whom 80,000 will be placed in the out lying forts. Among those who have been rallied to man the ramparts are several thousand sea men, 8000, according to a despatch of the 20th, being already enrolled, while 3000 more are ex pected. On the 10th orders also went forth for the de struction of a portion at least of the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes, as a ne cessary precaution in case of a siege. We gave a description of the famous Bois de Boulogne on Saturday, inadvertently locating it on the north of tbe city, its true position being to the west. The Bois de Vincennes, which is situated to the east of the capital, near the confluence of the Marne with the Seine, differs materially in its character from the Bois de Boulogne. It is a park of considerable extent, covered in great part by a magnificent forest. Some years ago the Emperor began to lay it out in walks and drives, and to adorn it as a pleasure- ground, but the work was discontinued. In the centre of the wood, and four miles east of the Barriere du Trone, is the suburban city of Vincennes,with a population of some 10,000 souls and a famous castle, begun by Philip Augustus and need as a royal residence up to the time of Louis XIV. Tbe keep of this castle was con verted into a state prison by Louis XI, and several illustrious personages confined In it at different times. The castle is now strongly fortified, and is used as an artillery school and depot for the garrison of Paris, the open spaces in the woods being devoted to heavy gun and shell practice and other artillery movements. Tbe question of sustaining two millions of people during a protracted siege could not be lost right of, and M. Thiers, a few days ago, advocated calling into the city the country people of thepurrounding districts, with all the bread stuffs and provisions they could gather, after which, if it should become necessary, the country could be laid waste to Impede the movements of the enemy. This suggestion has not been fully acted upon, although the Pre' feet of the Seine has advised farmers and grain merchants to store their supplies in the Govern ment warehouses, as a resource for the people to fall back upon in case of need. It bas been stated that enormous quantities of provisions have been stored in the city, while more is arriving every day; and mills have been esta blished capable of furnishing more flour than the resident population could use. A despatch of last night asserts that the city has been sup plied with an immense quantity of provisions and munitions of war, and Is now prepared to Hand a six months siege. Meanwhile, during the past week Paris has been in a constant ferment over the battles around Metz. Great crowds of impatient peo ple have surrounded tbe Ministries of War and of the Interior day and night, clamoring for news frem tbe front, and roaring the "M arse 11 lalee" on tbe repeated announcement of French victories and the complete success attending Marshal Bazalne's grand strategical movement on the capital. But on Saturday aueruoon Paris was thrown into consternation by receiving news of the disastrous defeat sustained by Bazaine near Metz on the 18th, and the scenes which followed the announcement are said to have beggared description. Imme diately on top of this came another seizure of arms on Saturday evening, and a report that a great conspiracy against the Empire had been discovered; and tbe finishing touch was put npon the agony of tbe capital by a proclamatlen from General Trscbu, in which he acknowledged that tbe peril of bis position was equal to its honor, and gave a fair warning to the people that a siege was Inevitable. If tbe reports of a victory by the Crown Prince ever MacMabon near Chalons should prove true, the news will tend still further to complicate the situation at the capital, and to place the mere shadow of impe rial power which still overawes Its turbulent population in greater jeopardy than ever. The Ferilflcatloas of Paris, erected during tbe reign of Louis Philippe, while M. Thiers was at tbe head of the ministry, are of tbe most elaborate and formidable charac ter, and it is estimated that their total cost bas i not been lets than 1100,000,000. They consist of a bastioned and terraced wall, streglhcne 1 by numerous outworks or detached forts. The wall embraces the city on both banks of the Seine, and has a continuous circuit of 23 miles, presenting 94 angular fronts. It is S3 feet in height, faced with masonry, filled in with "rubble," backed by an earthen rampart, and lined by a fosse or ditch about 20 feet in depth. Around the whole circuit runs a mag nificent military road to facilitate the concen tration of artillery or Infantry with the leat possible loss of time at any given point, in ad dition to which there is a circuit of railroad in-. tcrsectlng the five grand lines which radiate from Paris to the boundaries of France. The detached forts are seventeen in number, and each of them is connected with the wall, as well as with the others, by fine military high roads for the rapid movement of artillery and troops. These forts arc situated at a distance of from a mile and a quarter to two miles from the walls and from each other, thus forming a com plete girdle of fortifications beyond the wails. The forts are of tbe most elaborate character, and were constructed without regard to expense, one of them, Fort Mont Valerian, costing about $1,000,000, and another, Fort Charenton, $800,000, tbe lowest estimated cost of any one of them being $700,000. This peculiar style of defensive works is known in engineering terms as "a continuous enciente" and "a surrounding girdle of exterior forts," and the only other city in the empire similarly fortified is Lyons. The object of the system is to have not only two lines of defense, but two such lines as would furnish a powerful forfreas all around the city, and at the same time debar an enemy lrom gettingjnear enough to that fortreseto shell the city beyond. Tbe forts prevent tbe erection of a siege line against the city, aud in case an assault were made between the forts to take tbe city by storm, tbe encieiUn with its ninety-four bastions is there to protect it. An army surrounding Paris within cannon range of tbe girdle of forts would not occupy lees than ten leagues, a circumstance which renders a siege or assault extremely difficult and very doubtful of ultimate success. In 1857 the fortifications of Paris were pronounced impregnable, and since then millions of dollars have been expended in the effort to bring them to the highest degree of efficiency. But the outer forts are bo situated as to command the city itself, with the view of suppressing a turbulent aud insubordinate popu lation, and in case the advance of the enemy upon the capital should be followed by an out break among the people, the question of im pregnability would assume another aspect, and might possibly be solved by the discomfiture of engineering skill. THE BATTLE-FIELDS. An Impromptu Map. We give below the relative location of the different towns and cities which figure princi pally in tbe cable despatches of tbe past month, with several points referred to in tbe article on the campaigns of 1792 and 1814. It will assist tbe reader who has not a good map ready at band in comprehending tbe situation. " PARIS Rtiaii&e Loon 1 Rbeima CHALON J v . . . . ' Vitrjle-Franca Car Is Pm VEKDUN Cemmerci Mare la-Tcura Pont-e-afooasoa Treves ' rtirack Bfc.STBS STRASBURQ Haceaaa Weiueabnrc MAYRNOR The distances of the principal points from Paris are as follows: .Viltt, Fom Paris to Mayence 270 " ' weiBsenourg " btrasuurg uaa " Hagenau 3B0 Baarlouls 200 ' Metz 170 Nancy 170 " commercy uo Verdun 140 " " Har-le-Duc V25 " " Valmy : 110 " " Vitry-le-Francois loo " ' Chalons W " Kheuna 30 " " Troves 90 " " . Laou 74 " " , Sezanne W HISTORICAL ANALOGIES. The Campala-as t 17 V aad IS 14 -The Tide of Victory Tamed la the Former, but Hweep. . lac Onward In tbe Iauer to the Capital -The Bombastic Duke of liiusswick and the Antt- Diplomatic Blucher. . In its general outlines and ultimate objects, tbe Prussian campaign of 1870 resembles those of 1792 and 1814, although it differs materially from each in its details. A comparison of the present advance upon Paris with the similar events of tbe past Is so natural at the present moment, that we give tbe following brief out line of tbe celebrated campaigns of tbe Duke of Brunswick and Blucher. ' The Advance npon Paris In 1909, and Ite Dis astrous Defeat. Tbe nt French revolution was regarded In Germany with extreme interest, and when It bad advanced Sufficiently to render the dis tracted country to all appearances easy of con quest, tbe resolution was quickly taken to inter fere. Austria, taking to herself the insults and outrages beared upon Marie Antoinette, the , sister of the Emperor, and, as the head of the Germanic Empire, fee'ing bound to protect the rights of tbe petty Rhenish princes in French territory wblcb were apparently endangered by the new constitution, assumed the lead, and Prussia enme forward as her champion in the hope of gaining new laurels for her unemployed army. In 1791 a conference was held at Pillnitz, in Saxony, between the Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II, the King of Frussia, at which, in the presenco of the Count d'Artois, tbe youngest brother of Louis XVI of France, an offensive league was formed against the Revolution. There was strong opposition gainst ibe scheme throughout Germany, even Ferdinand, the Duke of Brunswick, who, as fleld-n.arebal of Prussia, commanded the in- adlng army the next year, declaring in favor of peace. Tbe French Directory met the menace of this alliance by a declaration of war early in 1792; and, while the forces of Austria were kept at borne to watch Russia, Poland, and Turkey, the Duke of Brunswick, at the head of the Prussian army, was ordered across the Rhine. On enter ing Fiance bo issued a famous manifesto, in which he declared bis intention of levelling Paris with the ground should the French make a show of resistance. Hitherto he had enjoyed the reputation of being the greatest soldier of bis day, and the Emperor and King of Prussia were persuaded that his mere presence on French soil at tbe head of an army would sufllce to con quer Franco. On his entrance luto French lemtory he was confronted by the fortress of Metz, but be passed to tbe right of this, entered Longwy, near the Belgian frontier, on the 221 of August, and then, leaving Metz in hit) rear, advanced upon Verdun, which fell into his bauds on the 2d of September. But the Duke, full of confi dence in the terror of his name, aud anticipating a counter revolution in Paris, had delayed his movements so long that, unlike the leaders in the present campaign, he lost bis opportunity and gave the French time to rally f.n ii i ise. Dumouriez was in command of the French, and tbe Duke, after the fall of Verdun, still delayed his advance in hope of gaining over tlw wily French commander, and thus securing beyouj. all doubt a triumph which could not possibly imperil hifl reputation. King Frederick Wil liam II, like bis successor of the present day, accompanied the invading army and endeavored to spur his leisurely General into greater acti vity. But Frederick William II, unlike Will liam L, was not a soldier, and was without mili tary experience, and the Duke's views finally prevailed. Dumouriez, meanwhile, was enabled to gather considerable reinforcement and to effect a junction between his army and that of Kel- lermann. The Duke of Brunswick finally crossed the Meuse, passed over the wooded plateau of the Argonnes, aud, descending into the plain watered by tbe Marne, came within sight of the French army at Valmy, a vil lage about twenty-five miles northeast of Chalons, on tbe 21st of September. The King gave orders for battle and the Prussians wero about advancing upon the heights occupied by Kellermann, when the Duke of Brunswick sud denly gave the order to halt, and drew oil: his forces, this extraordinary movement being re' celved by the French with astonishment and loud viva: The King's anger at the failure of bis General to show fight was finally appeased, and negotiations looking to a friendly alliance were entered into; but tbe only result was an armistice, followed by tbe precipitate retreat of the Prussians from French territory, their rear being harassed by the French and their home' ward march being rendered extremely dis astrous by sickness, bad weather, and almost Impassable roads. . i ; . Meanwhile General Custine had invaded the Palatinate and captured Worms and Mayence, and Dumouriez, following op tbe retreat of tbe Duke of Brunswick, encountered and defeated tbe Anstrlans at Jemappes, just within the pre sent borders of Belgium, on the 6th of Novem ber, captured Brussels on the 14th of the same month, and soon overran the whole of the Netherlands. Thus ended the first attempt of the Germans in modern days to conquor France and dictate to ber a government and ruler. The Kucceasfal March of the Allies on Paris in ami. The next attempt was more successful. The campaign of 1813 was a mere succession of dls asters to the first Napoleon, and by November all Germany as far as the Rhine was freed of the French. Driven west of tbe Rhine, Napoleon was quickly deserted by the whole of the Rhenish Confederation which he had founded, by Holland, by Switzerland, and by Italy. Even Murat, who bad been placed on the throue of Naples by the great Corslcan king-maker, joined the Allies, in tbe hope of saviug bU crown. Then tbe Allies, reinforced by Bavaria and all tbe confederated German princes who had been overawed into neutrality or au alliance with the French, Invaded France, solemnly declaring, as the German allies of 1870 have done, that their enmity was directed not against tbe French nation, but against Napoleon. In another re spect the analogy between tbe two campaigns holds good. The French people, notwithstanding the terrible misfortunes which befell them under the sway of the first, as under that of the third Napoleon, remained true to their despotic leader as long as there was tbe faintest hope of hU ultimate success. By tens of thousands in 1814, as in 1870, they flocked around the imperial eagle, wild with enthusiasm for the defense of their native soil. Tbe allies advanced into France simulta neously on four sides from tho Netherlands from the Lower Rhine, from the Upper Rhine and from the Pyrenees, la the midst of the preparations for battle, a conference of the powers was held to avert the impending blood shed if possible. The whole of ancient France was offered and guaranteed to Napoleon, ou the sole condition of bis keeping wlthlu its limits and desisting from breaking the peace of Eu rope, like bis successor of tbe present day, be refused to be pacified, and was bent upon staking all upon the arbitrament of the sword Tbe allies again passed around Metz, In front of wblcb an army was left to engage the attcn I tion of the garrison, while the bulk of the In vadlng army was pressed forward towards the I capital, under the command of Blucher. In stead of following the direct route to tbe eat by way of Nancy and Chalons, as the Crown Prince of Prussia has done, he diverged towards tbe south for fancied strategical reasons, and during the delay caused by the fluctuating diplomacy of the conference, Kapoleon was enabled to throw himself in his way on the 29th of Janu ary, 1814, at Brienne-le-Chateau, a small town about fotty miles S. S. E. of Chalons. If Napo leon had followed Blucher's retreat, this contest might not have been tbo practically drawn bat tle it was. But tbe Emperor neglected bis opportunity, and Blucher, reinforced by other leaders, attacked him on tbe 1st of Febru ary at La Rotblere, about 10 miles S. S. E. of Brlenne, with such superior forces as to put him completely to rout. The battle lasted from noon until near midnight, rivalled in its fury by the snow storm wblcb accompanied it, and when the French retreated they left seventy-three cannon sticking fast in the mud. Blucher then pushed on towards Paris, but between the 10th and the 18th of February Napoleon fell npon detached portions of the allied army, repulsing them in detail, after his favorite fashion at Champeaubert,;Montmirail, Chateau-Thierry, Beauchamp, Mormant, Villc-neuve-le-Comte, and Montcreaa the feena of these operations being restricted to the tri angular space included between the Seine and the Marne, with Paris at the apex of the trian gle, and the base distant but 70 miles. Mean time Augcrcau, at the head of an army which had been collected in the south of France, drove the Auslrlans under Bubna into Switzerland; and such was tbe consternation of the Invaders that, at a council of war held by the allied sovereigns at Troyes, only 90 miles southwest of Paris, a general retreat was resolved npon. Then it was that Blucher set diplomacy at defiance, and resolved single handed and alone, and in defiance of all bis superiors, to hurl Napoleon from power if possible. The victories gained by Prussia had been viewed with con siderable alarm in that day as they have in this, and the other allies, jealous of her growing power and influence, were more disposed to diplomatize than to fight. Blucher was aware of this disposition, and jealous of bis country's preEtige, more than once cut diplomacy short with his sword. It is related of him on one occasion that, when told by a distinguished diplomatist that even if left to himself Napoleon could not long maintain his foothold on the throne, as a league had been formed wlthlu France for the restoration of the Bourbons, be answered him to his face: "The rascality of the French is no revenge for us. It Is we who must pull him down we. You will no doubt do wonders in your wisdom! Patience 1 You will be led as usual by the nose, and will go on fawning and diplomatizing until we nave tho nation again upon us and the storm bursts over our heads." These sentiments of the sturdy old Prussian of the early part of the century doubtless find a hearty echo In the equally sturdy Prussian leaders of the present day, aud they are quite as applicable to the present situation as they were to that presented by the constant peril iu which Germany stood from the first Napoleon iu the early part of the century. Blucher anticipated the coming diplomatic solution, and averted the disastrous results that night have followed tho retreat of the allied army, by pushing forward alone and in defiance of orders to tbe contrary. Having been rein forced in his position on the Marne by Winzln- gerode and Bulow, he fell upon Napoleon's army at Laon, 74 miles northeast of Paris, on the 9th ef March. Wbcn nightfall put an end to the fight the battle was undecided. Here Napoleon committed a fatal blunder by allowing his troops to rest, while Blucher remained under arms, and during the night detached a portion of bis command under York to surprise the enemy. The result was that the French were completely dispersed, aud when they forsook their position left forty-six of their guns behind. This was tbe turning point in the struggle. On tbe 20th of March Napoleon managed barely to bold bis own against an allied force under Schwarzcnbnrg at Arcis-sur-Aube, 30 miles 8. S. E. of Chalons, and then threw himself upon Troyes, 15 miles further to the south, and 90 miles southeast of Paris, in the rear of the allied army, expecting that, by the junction of Augeraau's southern army with bis own and a general rising of the population, he would be able to draw tbe er.cmy off from Paris towards tbe Rhine. But the fall of Lyons, which Auge- rcau had been guarding, on the 19th, compelled this general to retreat still further to the south; tbe people were at last sated with Napoleonism and invasion, and refused to answer the sum mons for a general rising; the allies effected a grand junction of all their forces, and marched by way of the main road from Chalons upon the capital, without meeting further obstructions of a serious character. 1 wo or tbrce small en' gagements scarcely delayed their triumphal march, and on the 29th they defiled within sight of Paris. A spirited resistance was encountered on the 30tb, on the heights of Belleville and Montmartre; but the city, in order to escape bombardment, capitulated during the night, and on tbe Slst the allied sovereigns made a peaceful entrance into the French capital. Within a few days after this event, Napoleon's ai my, from tbe devoted Ney down to tbe mean est subaltern, had milted away, and on the 10th of April the hero of Austerlitz, Jena, and Wa gram, who for ten years bad been overrunning all Europe with his victorious armies, ex changed the imperial crown of France for the bauble sceptre of the island of Elba. The pro grees. of the Prussian campaign of 1870 thus far po'ntfl to a similar conclusion, with this mate rial difference such disposition of tbe third Napoleon will doubtless be made as to render it unnecessary to supplement Rezonvllle with a Waterloo. THE fRUSSIAX SYSTEM. An Epitome of the military System of North tier many. The New York Times bas the following: The Pi usslan military system, codified by the "Law of 3d Beptember, 1814," bas been often enlarged upon, but seldom epitomized; and not one-half of those who peruse with nufalling interest the accounts dally published of the great war at this moment convulsing Europe have any clear conception of even its general provisions. The whole of Prussia proper was, in 1733, divided by Frederick William I into districts, each of which was bound to maintain the efiective strength of a regiment. - This was tbe bat is of the Landwehr ryatem, improved by Frederick the Great so aa to create a miniature tut complete army within each province. The amended scheme of 1814 established four bodies, which comprised: 1, a standing army; 2, a Landwehr of the first call; 3, a Landwehr of the second call; and 4, tbe Landsturm. The standing army was to con bis t of voluntecra of two classes, and of a sufll cient number of the youth of the nation, called out between the ages of twenty-one and twenty five, a service of from one to three years being compulsory. The Landwehr of the first caU was a militia liable to serve either at home or abroad in case of war, but in peace time com pelled only to undergo such exercise as wae ne cessary for training. It was composed of all young men between tbe ages of twenty-one and twenty six not serving in the regular army, of volun teers trained In the light battalions, and of the rest of the population np to their thlrty tecond year, not having completed twelve years' service. The Landwehr of the second call con sisted of all who bad left the army and the first call, and all other able-bodied men up to forty years of age; while the Landsturm included all men not otherwise allotted up to their fiftieth year, all who had completed Landwehr service, as well as all youths able to carry arms of the age of seventeen. These latter are called out only when the province in which they reside is actually threatened- an eventuality which bas never arisen since their organization. With so all-cmbraclng a scheme of service, applied as it now Is to all those States recently absorbed by Prussia, her immense military power is easily understood. Less oppressive, or at all events more popular, than the French con scription, owing possibly to its universality and the general impossibility of providing substi tutes, it is more efficient, and seems to appeal more successfully to tbe patriotic Instincts of tbe people. A comparison of Prussia as she was in 1807, and Prussia as she is in 1870, reflects immense credit npon the administrative ability of her military authorities, impracticable as some details of her system would be nnder other forms of government And this remark holds good, quite irrespective of the result ot the pre sent conflict. THE MASSACRE IN CHINA. Attack on the French Catholic Mission at Tlen tain The French Consul and Fifteen Other Europeans, Together with Numbers of the Natives, Killed The Kmperer'e Proclama tion. Frtm tit Korth China Netc, June SI. About half-past 9 A. M. on the 2lst instant. Chow, the Taotai of Tien-tsin (lntendant of Clrcnit) vailed at the French Consulate, situated at the leen-cheo-tang tbe Chinese name for tbe Roman Catholic Mission premises, where tue uatnoiic priests reside accompanied by a man who bad been arrested while collecting Chinese children In the country, and who bad later declared himself to be an employe of the Latnoiic priests, i be Chancellor of the French Consulate, M. bimon, received the Taotai, M. Fontanier, the French Consul, sending out word that he was sick and could not see him. After Borne conversation, and after reporting matters to tbe Consul, M. Simon was seen about half- fiast 10 A. M. to proceed with a Chinese Catbo ic teacher to the Yamen of his Excellency inung now, ocing sent mere witn a message Dy M. Fontanier. lie returned within an hour to the Consulate, accompanied by some petty man darins. Fontanier was seen a little later to be talking to these men in a great state of excite ment, throwing bis arms about, aud eventually pushing or thrusting these men from him; and it is said that tho Chancellor, M. Simon, now took the first offensive step against the Chinese, by firing his revolver among them. Tbe wounded people began veiling out; ftnd the Chinese people on hearing this at once rushed on the foreigners and killed them, throw ing their bodies in the Grand Canal, situated five or six yards distant. Chung-bow and the magistrate wero dragged by their attendants into the Yamen. There was now heard a tre mendous veil from the people, numbering over 10,000, and they rushed at once to the Teen-choc-tang, from which before long flames were seen to issue. The priests In charge, M. Che vernier, and M. Tomasl and wife, just arrived per Mancbu from Shangbae, and a number of Chinese were killed. After this place was de stroyed the people rushed to the Vin-tsze-tang. tbe establishment of the Sisters of Charity, and situated nearer to the British settlement than tbe Teen-choo-tang. Before long flames were seen coming from it, and it was then known everywhere that it was being burned. The Sis ters of Charity, five In number, and all the the Chinese in the place were killed, except the female children, over one hundred and' thirty in number. M. Chalmaison and his wife, who resided near the north gate and kept a pretty store, were also killed. They were both Roman Catholics, but tbe Chinese say they would not nave been killed if M. Chalmaison bad not fired on the people. I suspect in any case, bwever, they would have been destroyed. Two Russian gentlemen, and the young wife of one of them (they bad only been married four days), while coming on sedans from town to the settlement, just when the people were burning the Yln-tsze-tang, were murdered and their bodies thrown into the river (Haiho).. From M. Coutris we have been able to obtain tbe name list of the slain, and they are as fol lows: Henri Fontanier, French Consul at Tientsin; Mr. Simon, Secretary of the Consulate; Mon sieur Thomassin, French interpreter of the Legation at Pekin. and wife, guests of tbe French Consul; Pere Chevrier, a Catholic priest; Mr. Protopopoff, a Russian officer, and wife; Mr. B a scoff, a fur merchant; Sister Louise, an English subject, with Sisters of Charity Mary, Louisa, Victoria, Therese, Josephine, Vlncenta, Orelia, Eugenie; Monsieur and Madame Chalmaison. PROCLAMATION BY TUB EMPEROR. Chung-how, having reported to the Emperor about the troubles in Tientsin, between the peo ple and the missionaries, and the fight which has taken place between them, and acknowledg ing himself guilty, having prayed that be might be punished, and that the other local mandarins might likew ise be chastised severely according to their greater or lesser guiltiness. The Privy Council (Nie-ko) have now received an imperial decree, dated Tungcblb, 9th year, 5th moon, 27th day (25th of June, 1870), which runs thus: In consequence of some bad people having kidnapped children, and charged the mission aries' establishments with being implicated in this crime, it came to pass that the people of Tien-teiu began to entertain doubts in their micd, and created disturbances. And farther, in consequence of tbe r'reuch Consul Fontanier having discharged a revolver in the Yamen of Chung-bow, and fired a shot at the city magis trate of Tien- uln, the excitement of the people rose to euch a degree that a general fight en rued, in tbe course of which Fontanier was killed, and tbe missionary establishments set on fire and demolished. It Is evident that so great a disaster could never have taken place but for the alleged rea son, and that therefore all tbe above-named oMi cials must be considered guilty and responsible for these event. The Ministry of Administration (Ll-pu) bas therefore been instructed to define tbe several punishments to be inflicted upon tbe said offi cial. , i Further, Tteug-kwo-fan has been ordered to repair to Tteu-tsiu to institute strict inquiry Into the occurrctices, and to report upon them to the Emperor. Again, as regards tbe miserable individuals who have been guilty of kidnapping aud the principal Instigators of the late disturbances, they tuue-t be arrested and punished. It will be ibe duty of Taeng-kwo-fan, in concert with Chung-bow, to execute the measurea necessary with regard to this latter point. In tbe dis charge of this duty Ihey will have to invett!ga'e tbe bottom aud to starch for the root; ihey must proceed with justice and without parti ality or any private coBtideraiious. This Is our imperial will.
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