'It' JjjlIlIj 1 ' 1 . VOL. XIV NO. 35. ' PHIL AD ELPIIIA, THURSDAY, AUGUST 11, 1870. DOUBLE SHEET THREE CENTS. FIRST EDITION THE WAR IN EUROPE. The Military Situation. No Material CHangc. The Political Situation. Qllivier's Downfall. The Nc v Cabinet. Sketches of the ministers. Disraeli oix tlio War. How to Fight the French. Prince Frederick Charles' Notions. The Wars of Napoleon III. A Historical Resume. The Crimea, Italy, China, Mexico. KtC. KtC, Etc. Etc. Etc. THE CRISIS IN FRANCn. THE MILITARY. SITUATION. No Material Chance Mince Yesterday The French still t;onceutratln" and the Pras MaosNtlll "Advancing." Last night's cable telegrams do not note any material change in the military situation. The "noble infant" has sought refuge in London, and the Emperor has reiterated his deternii nation to return to Paris "victo rious or dead.1' Later details of the battle among the hills west of Saarbruck, on the 7th, coming from Prussian sources, stated that the contest was more important and more disas trous to the French than at first supposed. Froesard's corps was dispersed, the entire camp of one division and many magazines being cap tured, while prisoners were taken by the thou sand and are still coming in. " The French forces have entirely disappeared from the Prussian front, and none are to be seen by the Prussian patrols, who are within gunshot of Metz. All the obstructions within a mile of the fortifications of this stronghold, say the Frenoh reports, have been destroyed, in cluding houses and trees, and everything is being put in readiness for the next onslaught of the Prussians. The irench forces are being steadily concentrated around Metz, and on the road between that point and the capital. Large numbers of the Garde Mobile are leaving Paris for the front, and advices from the camp at Chalons state that they are full of fight and confidence, Meanwhile the Prussians are steadily advancing, the only obstruction en countered being villages filled with the wounded of the French. The next contest cannot be much longer delayed ' ) , THE POLITICAL SITUATION. The Bactlffce of Olltvler to the Fury of Paris Count Pallkao'e Ministry Sketches of the Member. The fury of the mob within the walls of the Palais Bourbon was not less than that of the mob without on Tuesday afternoon. Says the Paris Patrie, "When M. Olllvler attempted to ppeak the second time the deputies of the Lett rushed apon him and would have murdered him had not members of the Right promptly Interposed." With such manifestations of the temper of the deputies belore us, we can express no surprise at the downfall of the OlUvier Ministry at the very opening of the session of Corps Leglslatif. . Yesterday afternoon Count Palikao announced the names of the new Ministry which he has gathered about him, to save what is possible from the wreck of the "Constitutional Empire. . They are as follows: . Premier and Minister of War Marshal Cousin de Muntauoau, Count de Palikao, succeeding Viscount Hejean, who held the 'position ad interim, In the ab sence ox Manual la jkcui witn tne army. Minister of Foreign Affairs The Prince rte la Tonr d Auvergne, succeeding trie uuke ao uramout. Minister of Marine Admiral Kigault deGeaouilly, who held the same position under OlUvier. Minister of trie Interior Henri Chevreaa suc ' ceedlns the Chevalier de Valdrome. Minister of Justice M. Grandperret, succeeding ja. r.ruue unmer. ' Minuter of Finance M. Pierre Magne,suoceeding M. Km lie Alexis fceirns. Minister of Public Works Baron Jerome David, succeeding M. Charles Iguace Plichon. Minister of Public Instruction M. Jules Brame, snoceedin M. Jacuues Philippe Metre. Minister of Agriculture and Commerce M. Cle ment Dnvernoia, succeeding M. Charles LouveL . President of the Council of State M. Busson BuJauli, succeeding M. Esquiron an Farien. " The composition of the new Cabinet signifies t casting to the winds of all pretensions to Li' berialism and constitutional rale, but France Is not lees desperate than Napoleon, and a cable telegram announces that the sew ministry gives general satis taction and tends to unite the na tion. Its novelty rather than its strength is what satisfies the French people, and if the armies are to be driven still further back to wards Paris, the new ministry will quickly share the fate of the old. ;M . .:, " ., We gave yesterday an elaborate sketch of Count Palikao, the new Premier and Minister of War. Below we present sketches of the other members of the Cabinet. Prints Henri e la Tour eVAoTergue, the Mia Uier erelo Adakr. fe descended from one of the most ancient and dis tinguished families of France, dating back from Alfred, created Count of Auvergne by Cnarlesthe Minp, Jtixg of Fraace.darlng the latter part of tee h.md century. Many of the members were famous u ti&tesa.ta or soldiers, and the entire line has neJd ft prominent position In Prance for nearly one thou i And years. The genealogical hlssory of this family is a most Interesting one. The subjectBof this sketch, Prince Henri God frey Bernard Alphonsc, is the onief of the branch of Lauraquals, Into which the house has merged, and is now known by the title of Prince de la Tour Auvergnc-Lauraquais. lie was born at Paris en the 23d rff October, 1S23, his father being Prince Charles Melchoir Philippe Bernard. At the time of the coup d'etat, in 1852, he was a young man of twenty-nine years of age, and was distinguished for Ms abilities, diplomatic and otherwise. By promptly giving in his adhesion to the empire he was re ceived Into the favor of the Emperor Napoleon, and after the lapse of a few yearj was named Senator of France, holding that position with credit. In Au gust, 1851, he was married to Emllle Celeste de Montault des lies, by whom he had one child, a boy, born In June, 1S53. His wife died at Florence on the Sth of March, 1S57, and he has not married again. Before 183 Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne held no special diplomatic position under the empire, al though he frequently took an active part In the political affairs or France. On the 13tb of October of that year, however, he was appointed Ambassa dor Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James, and In the December fol lowing arrived In London and presented his creden tials. This position he continued to hold until July 18, 18C9, when he was called by the Emperor to the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. His ministry fell at the close of the year, and he gave way to Count Napoleon Daru, nndcr the Olllvler regime. On the 80th of July of the present year he was sent by the Emperor as Ambassador to Vienna. The Prince Is a man of much ability, but he has already taken the oath of fidelity to four different governments whose principles were directly opposed to each other. All his tendencies are of a reaction ary character. Admiral Rlcanlt de Ceneullly, the minister of Marine, was born at Rochefort on the 12th of April, in the year 1807, and admitted to the naval school of France in 1625. He entered the navy In 1830, was captain of a frigate In 1841, a member of the Admi ralty in Paris In 1853, and Rear Admiral of the naval brigade operating against Sebastopol In 1856. In the year 1850 hewas despatched to csmmand the fleet In the China seas, and there ce-operated with the British at the capture of Canton In 1S57. ne was promoted Grand onicer of the Legion of Honor In 1855, and created Senator In 18C0. In the month of January, 1S2, he took command of the squadron In the Me diterranean, and was named Admiral January 27, 1S64. He was made Minister of Marine In 1867, and on July 18, 1S09, was appointed to the same position in Prince de la Tdufx d'Auvergne's Cabinet, retaining his portfolio under M. Olllvler, and still holding over now that there is another change. The Admiral has paid much attention to the development of the French Iron-clad fleet, and Is a practical as well as a scientific onicer. He is a writer also, and has edited some two or three popular works. 01. Henri Cbevreau, the Minister of the Inte rior, was born as Belleville, In the department of the Seine, on the 28th of April, 1823. His father, who died In 1SS4, snd was atone time a school teacher at Saint Maud, was a member of the Corps Leglslatif. For some time he engaged In literary pursuits, and published, In connection with M. Laurent Plchat, a volume of peetry entitled "Lea Voyageuses'' (1844-8). In 1848 he was a candidate for the Constituent As- sembly, and was defeated because of bis lacking a few days of the age necessary for eligibility to a seat. From the start he showed himself a warm partisan of Louis Napoleon, whose candidature for the onice of President received his active and enthusiastic support. On the 10th of January following he was rewarded fyr his devotion to the Interests of the newly-elected chief of the State by his appointment as prefect of the Ardeche, although he was then less than twenty-six years old. In. this capacity all his energies were bent to the successful achieve ment of the coup d'etat, and after the establishment of the empire he was further rewarded with the position of Secretary-General to the Minister of the Interior and of Agriculture and Commerce. Here again his seal in behalf of Imperialism had full scope and play. He subsequently , served with credit as a member of the General Council of Ardeche, and in 1853 he was appointed Counsellor of State, and charged to defend the budget before the Corps Leglslatif. But, In conse quence of some difficulties of detail and differences of opinion with M. de Perslgny he retired from the Ministry, and was, appointed Prefect of the Depart ment of Nantes In 1853. This position he held until I860, when he was made Prefect of the Loire In ferieure, and in.4664 Prefect of the Rhone. During this latter year he was again, made Counsellor of State. In 1865 M. Chevreau was appointed a Senator of France, and on January 6, 1870, was made Prefect of the Department of the Seme, In place of Baron Hanssmann, whose sacrifice was imperatively demanded by the supporters of the new "Constitutional" regime. M. Cbevreau la a man of ability and great energy of character, but he has always heretofore been a servile tool of the Emperor, and In the Interior office will have abun dant opportunity to render himself obnoxious to the anti-Imperialists. Among other Imperial favors bestowed upon him is that of Commander of the Legion of Honor. M. Pierre fflaarae, Minister of Finance. was born at Pertgeux, December 8, ltm, of what is termed an "obscure" family. In 1831 he was ad mitted as an avocat, or attorney, and was patronized by Marshal Bugeaud. M. Fould noticed his peculiar ability, and soon afterwards took charge of his political fortunes. He became a member both of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, In which bodies be was recognized as a practical man, although not much of a debating speech-maker. He retired to private Ufa la 1838, but was recalled .to offlclal position as Under Secretary of State for Finance la 1849. April 10, 1851, he was appointed Minister of PuUic Works, in srhlch office he was very success ful during three or four years. He was an able advocate of railroad extension In France, 'and during the interim inspected all the main lines already laid down in the empire and In other countries of Europe, adopting and suggesting im provements, from 1854 to I860 he held the portfolio or f inance. in isoe ne was nominated Minister without a portfolio, retired from the Cabinet In 1863 In consequence of ft disagreement with M. Fould, and was named a Privy Councillor la April of the last-named year. In July, 1869, he was again called to the head of the Department of Finance, and held that position until relieved by M. Buffet In January, 1870. For a tune ll was thought that he would be retained In the Cabinet under the new ministry, but It was found that there were so many factions la the Liberal ranks to conciliate that It would be necessary for him to vacate the position toVhlch he has Just been restored.- He is an accomplished and experi enced financier, having originated and successfully negotiated nearly all tne great loans which the Em peror has found necessary to bolster up his throne.' In December, 1852, he was appointed a Senator. In lwsi be was made a commander of the Legion of Honor, subsequently a grand officer, and la 1854 received the grand cross. Baron Jerome David, the Minister of Public was born at Rome on tne euih of June, 1823. He is grsnason to the great painter of the Revelation, His baptismal name was In honor of his godfather, Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia. He was first educated for she naval service, but subsequently studied for the army at the military school of Su Cyr. He got his communion and served with the army in Algeria. He filled several ad ministrative positions of importance in Algeria, and served in the Crimean war on the staff of rrlnoe Napoleon. Arte r the war he retired from. the army. In 1859 he was elected Deputy for the Glronde, and was returned again In 1863 and I860 by large majorities. He served as secretary in the bureau of the Chamber, and subsequently was ap pointed the Vice-President of the legislative body in the sessions ol 18C7, 1868, and 1869. He was an active debater, and took special Interest In Algerian af fairs, free trade, and foreign questions. He has been always strongly conservative, and his renoml natlonas Vice-President In June, 1869, led to tne retirement of M. Schneider, until the Emperor per sonally interfered. M. Jules Brame, the minister of Public Instrue iloo, for a long time known in French political circles, was born at Lille January 9, 1808, and was elected a member of the General Council for the Council of Czyoolng. He became ft member of the Corps Lesrlslatlf for the Department of the Nord in 1857, and was re-elected In 1863, and again in 1869. He has since achieved a deserved reputation as the author of "L'Emigratlon des Indes." M. Clement IlnvfrnoU, the minister of Agri culture and Commerce, has been recently conspicuous In French Journalism by bis servile subserviency to the Emperor, whose views he was regarded as expressing in the J'euple Francaw. He recently retired from that journal. Many political pamphlets have been written by him in the interests of Imperialism. It was M. Duvcrnols who led the assault on the Ministry on Tuesday afternoon, proposing and insisting on the order of the day, for the purpose of securing a vote of a want of confidence In Olllvler and his colleagues. WARS OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. Th Foreign Conflicts In Which Napoleon III Has Engaged The Crimea, Italy, China, and Itlexlro. The present French Emperor, conscious pro bably of a deficiency in military genius in com parison with the First Napoleon, has for the most part refrained from appearing before the world as an actual leader of armies. Notwith standing', however, that his most brilliant suc cesses have been in the capacity of diplomatist, he has been anxious to gratify the French love for glory and to consolidate his own power by waging successful war against foreign ene mies. If the Emperor has obtained for himself no celebrity as a general, it cannot be denied that the record of the French armies during his reign has been a brilliant one. The manner in which he was forced to withdraw his troops from Mexico at the bidding of the United States was the first serious loss of prestige that he sustained, and it was looked upon as practi cally a defeat, although no armed force was brought into the field to support Mr. Seward's diplomacy. The Crimean War. When Napoleon III assumed the imperial pur ple It was necessary for him to make himself both feared and respected at home and abroad by proving that he was no unworthy successor to his great uncle. The attack of Russia upon Turkey soon gave him the opportunity ho de sired, and In the war which ensued Franco managed to drag England into the contest, but secured for herself pretty much all the honors. This war was brought about by the cunning management of Napoleon, who was anxious to make French influence predominate in the East, and at the same time to engage la a contest that would afford opportunities for gratifying the thirst for military glory of the French people. lie began a dispute with the Emperor Nicholas about the guardianship of the holy places at Jerusalem, and succeeded in exciting that monarch to the.fighting point. ' Then he aban doned so much of his claim as was sufficient to appease the jealousy of England and to ex cite her against Russia. The Russian Emperor, led on by these ' manoeuvres, commenced an attack upon Turkey, and Napo- leon,by consummating an alliance with England, obtained the position and recognition as a lead ing sovereign of Europe that he desired. The war between Russia and the two allied Western powers broke out inl854,and on the 14th of Sep tember the allied armies affected a landing at the bay of Eupatoria, in the Crimean peninsula, and commenced to march upon Sebastopol. Upon the banks., of the . river Alma they were met by the Russian army, under the com mand of Prince Mentschikoff, and on the 20th of September a bloody battle ensued, in which the Russians were totally defeated. On the 25th of September Balaklava was , seized by the British - troops, and on the 9th of October the southern section of Sebastopol was regularly besieged, the northern part of the city being beyond the reach of the allies owing to the entrance of the harbor havln been rendered inaccessible by sunken vessels. The Russians were badly routed at the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann on October 25 and November 5, and afterwards they mostly con fined themselves to the defense of the city. It Was at the battle of Inkermann that the French troops under Canrobert won special distinction In this fight SOU Russians were killed and 5097 wounded. The English loss was 463 killed and 2143 wounded, and the French loss 389 killed and 1337 wounded. During the siege the Russians made frequent sorties, and some of the contests which ensued frem these were of sufficient magnitude to war rant- being designated as regular battles. Among the most prominent of these incidental fights were a brilliant but unsuccessful attack by the French upon a new redoubt: their first assault upon the Malakoff and Redan, Jane 18, 1855, and the battle of the Tchernaya, August 16, in which the Russians with 50,000 Infantry and 6000 cavalry made a desperate effort io cripple the enemy. The trenches having been advanced close enough, the final bombard ment commenced on the 5th of September and was continued for three days. The Malakoff and Redan were stormed on Sep tember 8, and captured after ft tremendous struggle, and Sebastopol was at the mercy of the allies. With the conclusion of the siege of Sebastopol the war with Russia virtually ended, and the French Emperor found himself recog nlzed as the leader of European politics. ' - - The Italia War. Having humbled Russia, Napoleon III next turned bis attention to Austria, and he deter mined to aid in establishing an Italian kingdom, which would be the natural ally of France and a perpetual barrier against the extension of Austrian influence, and power to the south. A few remarks addressed to the Austrian Ambas sador hy the. French Emperor ou NewYer, day, 1859, informed the world of his Intention to Interfere between Austria and Italy, and so soon as hostilities were publicly determined upon, the Italians were assured that the coming contest did not mean for them merely a change f masters, but a free and united Italy nnder ft liberal and progressive government. The quar rel In ltft j&clpiencj was between Austria and Sardinia, although it was well known that the latter small power was backed by France, and the Austrians, taking the initiative, crossed the Tlcino April 26-39, 1859. The popular risings in the several 8tates com pelled the Duke of Modena, the Duchess of Parma, and the Duke of Tuscanv to flee to Austria, and the Italian troops, under the lead of Garibaldi, made themselves masters of the greater portion of Italy. For nearly a month the Austrians did not venture to rick a battle, butoccupied themselves with plundering; the pro vince of Loraelllna. The French Emperor des patched his forces to the field as the ally of Sardi nia, and the Austrians having suffered reverses at Montebcllo on the 20th of May, and at Palcstro on the Slst of May and 1st of June, they recroesed tho Ticlno. A great battle oc curred near Magenta on the 4th of June, in which the Austrians . were totally defeated, and they were compelled to abandon Milan and the whole northwestern portion of Lombardy. Retreating to the line of the Mincio they were met by the French at Solferino on the 24th of June, and again suffered a defeat. By this time the attitude of Prussia began to be threatening, and the French Emperor was ap parently unwilling to follow the Austrians within the lines of their famous quadrilateral. He therefore took all Europe by surprise by concluding a truce and making ar rangements for a personal interview with the Emperor of Austria at Villafranca. This interview took place on the 11th of July, and the preliminaries of a treaty were agreed upon by which a portion of Lombardy, exclusive of the fortresses of Mantua and Pes chlera, were ceded to Sardinia for the sum of t42,0O0,0O0. The practical result of this war was the establishment of the Italian kingdom under Victor Emanuel, who ceded his dukedom of Savoy to France in exchange for the Italian crown. The Chinese War. The next power against which the French arms were directed was China. Various alleged acts of outrage and treachery on the part of the Chinese authorities in defiance of the treaties with European powers induced the French and English in 1S60 to send out joint expeditions to punish past misdeeds and to Eecure guaran tees lor the future. The French forces were under the command of General Montauban, who, in conjunction with the English, attacked and captured the fort of Taikou, at the mouth of the river Pelho, on the 20th of August. On the 21at of September this officer achieved another great victory at Palikao, which was followed by the plunder and demolition of the Chinese Emperor's summer palace and the entry of the European forces into Pekln. The Chinese were forced to accept the terms dictated by the allies, and they concluded treaties which secured the protection of Euro pean interests in the East. General Montauban was created Count of Palikao ou the 22d of January, 1860, as a reward for his services in China, and under that name he has now been again prominently brought before; the public as the head of the new French Ministry. ' ' In 1861 the French engaged in a war with' Cochin China, and succeeded in capturing a1 large portion of the country and establishing a firm foothold there. The object of this war was ostensibly to punish the Emperor Tu-Duc for his cruelty towards the French missionaries and the Christian converts, but the real reason was to obtain possession of the country, so that the French influence in the East might rival that of England. The RIefclcaa War. The first serious loss of prestige Sustained by Napoleon III was on account of his Mexl can blunder. This was a mistake of the most serious character from first to last, ni the mortification of the Emperor and the French people was extreme when the French troops were withdrawn at the demand of the United' States, and the unfortunate Maximilian left to his fate. The civil war in the United States apparently gave the French Emperor the oppor tunity ne aesirea to establish himself on this continent, and to oppose a check to the growing power of the American republic. It was evi dently expected that the result of the contest between the North and the South would lead to the disruption of the Union, or that, even if victorious, the North would not be in a condition to engage in a war with France, eo that Mexico could be converted into a French province with comparative Impunity. The pre text for the invasion of Mexico was reparation for injuries .inflicted upon subjects of France and the payment of debts which the Mexican government bod practically repudiated. Eng land and Spain, who bad similar grievances, consented to join with France in an expedition against Mexico, but they thought better of it when it began to be apparent that Napoleon had other objects in view than the mere redress of grievances, and the proportion to place the Austrian Archduke Maximilian in Mexico as Emperor induced both England and Spain to abandon their alliance with France." The allies effected ft landing In Mexico early la January, 1862, but they failed to receive that cordial wel come that the enemies of the Mexican President Juarez had led them to expect; and although they obtained possession of a large portion of the country, they really had very little success In the direction which they most desired. England and Spain finally withdrew from the allianee. and the French carried on the war alone. Juarez in the mean time rallied the Mexicans to his standard and succeeded in giving the enemy constant annoy ance, although no battles of any importance oc curred. In October, 1863, General Forey arrived with thirty-five thousand French troops and Immediately marched upon . Puebla, where he was repulsed with great loss. In addition to this disaster the smallpox broke out among the French troops, and the people of the United States expressed such dissatisfaction at the French occupation of Mexico that It began to be feared that they would interfere in spite of the enormous war they already had on their 'hands. About the middle of February the French made another 'advance 6o Puebla ' and captured it, and on the 10th of June General Forey entered the city of Mexico. The Republicans all tied, and the Im perialists and adherents of the Church party who remained received the French with enthu siasm. . A provisional government was esta blished, and on the 10th of July the Assembly elected the Archduke Maximilian of Austria Emperor. This prince was the candidate of the Emperor Napoleon, through whom he hoped to establish the ascendancy of the Latin race on the Western Continent, and in electing him the Mexican Assembly was simply obeying orders. Maximilian, after much hesitation, was induced by Napoleon to accept the throne thus offered him, and on the 28th of May, 1803, he and his wife landed at Vera Cruz and be assumed the dignity and authority of Em peror. In the meantime Juarez and his faithful adherents were in the northern part of the country, and although defeated were not dis mayed. . A desultory war was carried on against the so-called empire, but Maximilian assumed that the Republicans were no better than ban dits, and undertook to treat them as such. In the meantime the civil war in the United States drew to an end, and the clamor for the with drawal of the French from Mexico became more intense. - Napoleon found that he had gained very little glory by bis attempt to secure the ascendancy of the Latin race la the New World, and foresaw a contest with the victorious armies of the United States if he did ' not yield to the demand made upon him by Mr. Seward. The expedi tion had already cost one hundred and thirty millions of dollars and eleven thousand men; the real , empire of Maximilian was limited to the area commanded by the French troops, and practically the whole affair was a lamentable failure. Napoleon saw that If he could not make himself master of Mexico with only Juarez and his adherents to contend with, he would have no hope .whatever if the United States entered the arena; and on the 6th of February the French troops evacuated the City of Mexico, leaving Maximilian to his fate. The Mexican expedition was a serious loss of prestige for the Emperor Napoleon. It exposed him to ridicule and contempt, and he has been eager ever since for an opportunity to recover his credit. Tho success of Prussia in 1866 was another check to bim, and the war in which he is now engaged was undertaken for the double purpose of re straining the power of Prussia and of reviving the glory of the French arms. HOW TO FIG1IT FRANCE. The Views of Prince Frederick Charles of Prus sia on the French Soldier "Seeing on the Offensive." Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia wrote some years ago a military memoir. This memoir contained some Important remarks on the con dition of the Prussian troops, and a sort of comparison between their efficiency, discipline, and military organization ana loose ot tne French. It was prophetic In its very title: "The Art of Fiarhtimr tho French Arniv." The opinions are not only valuable la themselves, but they attain an added significance when It Is remembered that the prince Has attained great military renown, and that he has the power of carrying into practice tne opinions wnicu ne ex presses. He says: U. nose who nuppuse iuub tue rreucu ugm in au irregular and desultory manner, like the hordes or Attiia, are as much In error as those who suppose them subject to the strict rules of military art. The trutn must oo Bougm oeiween me two extremes. Undoubtedly the French army in time of war is de ficient in forms, but these are replaced by simple principles and actual truths, that can be renewed at will. For instance, coup de main that had been practiced by Moreau in the wars of the Republic, were seen again in the last Italian war. Marshal Bugeand, tthe most able Instructor and the most ex perienced in contemporary military art, knew the French soldier better than any living man. He em bodied their principles In his own short treatises, from which they were almost textually extracted by Marshal Saint Arnaud. The French principles of war, as briefly as I can give them, are : 1. Absolutely to lay asiUe in time of war the regu lations, the instructions of the barrack drill, and the very memory itself of the parade ground. There Is no Bach thing with the French as an order of battle, a form that prevails on every occasion. The mode of carrying the troops Into action is left to the inltla- tive and the talents of the generals. 8. The real principle, which becomes as familiar to the soldier as to the general, rests on this truth : moral force la superior to physical force." Napo leon himself expressed this Idea when he said that moral force contributed three-fourths to success, while physical force was only worth one-fourth. The entire education of the French soldier is on this principle. The French disdain to manoeuvre one division against another. There is no moral element In tne matter. The French officer has no sense of fear, of deference to superiors he does not feel himself crushed by the presence of a chief, and every general, every ortieer, goes Into action without misgiving, sure of himself, full of confidence in his own light and in his own courage. The French are not above the Machiavellian arts of surprise, the unexpected, to astonish the enemy. Thus they attack with terrible cries, and the hideous aspect of the Turcos and the Zouaves may Intimi date young soldiers; tor which reason It is expedient to warn recruits against such practices. 8. Another French principle is to attack In close column when operating againsteneuiies little ac customed to drill, because they are usually braver and more enterprising. On the contrary, when en gaged against regular troops they fight as shlrmlsh era and without order. ft 4. An essential principle with the French, one in deed that they have constantly adopted In these last campaigns, Is never to defend themselves In a pas sive manner, bat to act constantly on the offensive, even whea it Is only for the purpose of defensive operations. I think this defensive activity, pushed to excess, as we now see It In the French, may be charged to Marshal Bugeaud. We must do our bent to raise the moral force of our own men and to depress that of the enemy. To thin end, we mut never wait or attack at the deciMve moment, but always teinontheotfensioe. Attacking movem nts In flank or rear, even if executed only or a hanuf ul of meu. n rod nee an extraordinary moral impression. These lines contain not only the advice for offensive de fenses, but tne means or resisting an attacx ; mat is, not front to front, but, at In cavrlry tactics, front to flank. 1 6. The French idea In the employment of skir mishers seems to me particularly interesting. It la that "aklrmishlUK is but an expedient" (Le tiraille. nfU u'esl yu'un pU aikr). This mode of lighting being only a less of time and never decisive u only to be used v hen it can be done with freedom. It never should be forced by the enemy, for not nis clans should be forced on us, but ours on him. This is the real moral supremacy. The enemy's skir mishing line should not se opposed by our skirmish lnrr line : that Is a loss of men and time. Skirmish ers must act against the nana.. Better still, bow ever, Is It to repel such an attack to send m a squad ron at a charge, and without firing to break the opposing line. 6. We must pay special attention In the French attack to that spirit which is peculiar to them, and which Casar himself has remarked. lie considered their first burst as the most dangerous and each suo cesHive one less imposing. The vehemence of attack, the French fury of the wars of tae revolution, is to this day a national charautemtio. The Freucb have the habit. In beginning a figlit, to sound the enemy s line, and so to take an account of liis forces and their disposal, 'iner nave recourse to partial atuusits which seek to penetrate to tae point whose posses. Bion is deemed useful. If these are not immediately successlul, they wait until the supports come up. Io Italy, however, they changed this opening, aud by and by throwing out heavy skirmishing parties, and at the same tune charirlnir in column. In this way, at aoifenuo, they surprised the Austrians Just as tney were forming for the march after their din ner. The vldettes were driven la without tiring a shot. The outpost fell baik, and then the fight began. The Freucn naa gruuini oi iueir own cnoiue, kegides the moral effect of surprise. Tie Instance proves now they accommodate themselves to cir cumstances. J Bo rreui:n uuu.uiaiij eiuiiu; men best inea. The eorp d'elite are composed of picked men, whose ambtiion is excited ana wnose places ever can be supplied by tiuse who are emulous of thi-tr nniiMiderauou. . 'J bey inarch in the front rank and thus maintain the French supremacy, and make subsequent work earner for the'less reliable troops, it is a theory that immediately on attack is decided upon; it cannot be made too nrompUy. The firing ' is prolonged as little hs Dobbiiile. and In the Italian war the musketry would scarcely last a quarter of an hour before the bayonet wss brought into use. The French attack at the double quick, in wriichthey are well drilled In time of peace, so that tuey do not lose their breatn ij tne time ibej com bp witn tne enemy Arnaud says, In writing to Ms wife from the Crimea t "The English attacked some strong redoubts and lost more men than we did. My brave boys run, while the Englishmen are satisfied to walk." The first assault being thus at the double, the skir mishers advance without firing till they get within one hundred and fifty feet of the enemy the co lumns are moving up behind them. This impetuous assault in column and In open order terrifies the enemy. If successful this disorder Is soon recti fied, bnt if repulsed disorder and confusion are Inevitable. Frenchmen dont understand an orderly retreat. They try to get ahead of each other, aad their flight becomes a general native qui prut This is one of their great failures, which roust be seized on the moment by sending cavalry and Infantry In pursuit as they soon recover. "LOUIS ASP I. Thackeray's Foresltadois'loB; of Modern Napo leonic Bulletins. Thackeray, in his "Burlesques," describes the history of the next French revolution, and at tributes a proclamation to Louis Napoleon which pictures his theatrical and humbug pro pensities in lifelike colors. There le a wonder ful similarity between Thackeray's invention and the proclamations recently issued by Napo leon III. Hero is Thackeray's version: "Soldiers I From the summit of the Pyramid forty centuries look down upon you. The sons of France now worship at the shrine of Glory! You have been promised ltlerty, bnt you have had none. 1 will endow you with the true, the real freedom. When your ancestors burst over the Alps were they not free T Yes; free to eonquer. It us imitate the example of those Indomitable myriads, and flinging a defiance to Europe, once more trample over ner, march In triumph into her prostrate capitals, and bring her kings with her treasures at our feet. This is th liberty worthy of Frenchmen. "Frenchmen I promise you that the Rhine shall be restored to you, and that Kngland shall rank no more among the nations. I will have a marine that will drive her ships from the seas; the fear of Ans tcrlltz has risen once more. The Uuard dies but never surrenders. I have seen the fields of Europe wheie your laurels are now withering, and I have commnned with the dead who repose beneath them. They ask, Where are our children? where is France? Europe no longer glitters with the shine of Its tri umphant bayonets echoes no more with the sbouta of Its victorious cannon. Who could reply to such a question save with a blush ? And noes a blush become the cheeks of a Frenchman ? "Nol Let us wipe from our faces this degrading mark of shame. Come as of old and rally round my eagles 1 You have been subject to fiddling prudenae long enough. Come, brave regiments will do the rest. Henceforth the traveller in that desert Island shall ask, 'Was It this wretched corner of the world that for a thousand years defied Frenchmen?' "Frenchmen, up and rally I I have flung my banner to the breezes; 'tis surrounded by the faithful and the brave. Up, and let your motto be, Liberty, Equality, War all over the World. "NaroLKOM IIL" "Such Is the proclamation!" soys Thackeray, "such the hopes that brutal-minded and bloody adventurer holds out to our country. 'War all over the world, is the cry of the savage demon, and the friends who have rallied around him echo it in concert." DISRAELI ON THE WAR. Speech of the Ex-Premier on the European Crisis Tho secret Treaty and Borland's Duty. In the English House of Commons, J air 25. on the motion for going into committee of sup ply, jit. uisraeu saia: - It is probable that the document to which I shall have to call the attention of the House may be con tained in tnose papers wnicn are to De lata on the table, and that they may bo accompanied by expla nations, ii tne papers auoui to ue uisiriDuted con tain the documents and a satisfactory explanation -my observations will be useless ; but I am bonnd to say that If they do not contain that document and a satiBiactory explanation, iney wm merit tne same epithet. I regret very much that those papers are not In mv possession : no one feels justified under ordinary circumstances in hurrying the Government in the production of diplomatic documents, but I can t understand, speaning, or coarse, with the deep want of knowledge which those not in office must necessarily labor under, I cannot understand that the awful events that may have occurred or ar abont to occur could have been preceded by a voluminous correspondence on the part of our Government with the belligerents or any other power. I do not know whether any change has taken place with respect to the administration of the Foreign Ofllce In regard to the printing of papers of this kind. If so, we shall become acquainted with it In the course of this brief discussion. Perhaps there may have been, from motives of economy (laughter) which, under ordinary circumstances, might be found to be a source of great public con venience, and some security for the faithful admin istration ot our most secret affairs; but if this be the case the delay that has occurred is not accounted for, because if we really had to appeal to the promises of the private press of the country, I own I am at a loss to conceive what can occasion this extraordinary delay that these papers presented on Friday, and expected by some members of this House to be in their hands, so that, in the intervening hours between Divine service they might feel Justified, in ft crisis like the preient, if they thonght it necessary, to look at them (laughter, and hear, hear) whereas they have now bad to come down to the House on Monday, having no papers In their hands. It appears to me that, under the circumstances, considering the great and awful results that are at stake, some explanation should be offered by the Government on tnis head. It seems to me extraordinary that the peace of Europe should be broken In a manner and en a scale so vast and threatening, and that Parliament should reaily have no conception of the cause of such a great event, and that we should go to our constitu ents, and when they ask us any questions, as they always do in the course of autumn, we should be perfectly unacquainted with what has occurred, and unable to satisfy their Justifiable and reasonable political curiosity. (Laughter.). I attribute the discordant statements that are made to the rapid and Imperfect mode of commu nication which is the characteristic of the scientific agein which we live. (Laughter.) But It is not a Btate of affairs which any English Parliament can think very satisfactory to depend only upon broken telegrams of public declarations made by persons, however great may be their position and authority in their own country. What we want are docu ments. Now, sir, to-day a document has appeared, and it is with respect to that document that 1 wish to make inquiry of the right hono rable gentleman. That document appears In the form of ft projected treaty between Prussia and France. It involves considerable modi fications ef the present settlement ot Europe, and among other provisions It contemplates tue uiilitarp occupation and finally the conquest of the kingdom of Belgium by the Emperor of the French. Now. sir, I do not know what may be the date of that pro ject of treaty ; but it refers to a state of affairs w blr.h proves It cannot be a remote date. I should like to know if the luformation can be given to us when this project was first proposed, whether it was at some Interval from the present date, and if It U la her Majesty's knowledge ;the project has been renewed. I need not touch upon the Im portance of an accurate knowledge of the subject to the Parliament of this country. I wish entirely to avoid entering into the merits of the bel ligerents In the war, which now, I am sorry to say, I may describe as having already commenced. If the House feels it to be Its duty to come to some opinion upon It, I have no doubt It will not shrink fiom the fulfilment of that duty. (Hear.) But it will not attempt to exercise lis privilege of so doing without being in possession of the best Information it can obtaiu after havlug given that information Its mature consideration yuid thought. I hope I may be permitted to say, without reverting to the causes or the merits or eventhe consequences of the present struggle, that 1 think the policy which is Indicated In the project of treaty is one that this country most heartily dlsapprtv J and deprecate, (Cheers ) 1 should look myself upon the prospect of the ex tinction of the kingdom of Belgium as a misfortune to Europe aud an injury to England (loud cheers), and therefore trust that such ai attempt will never be made ; nor can I forget that if any such attempt should t made the engagements which the sove reign of this country has entered Into In respect to that klDgdom will demand the gravest consideration not only of the no vert meat but of the Hwuseand the country. (Cheers.) KeculBS Prussian Pilots From tho Fresch. A letter from Hanover, in the tiitcle, states that the Prussian Government has removed all the male population from the Isles of Norderney, Borkuin, and Juist, to prevent the French from findlug Dative pilots. The port of Heppens is defended by the famous Kruppguns which were in the Paris Exhibition of 1807. Throughout all Hanover every one between nineteen and fifty is called to arms.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers