TEMPERATURE ADAPTATIONS IN DOMESTIC FOWL This is the second article that discusses how birds respond and adapt to environmental temper ature changes. How does heat exchange occur between the bird and its environ ment? Heat is lost (or gained) to the environment in four ways: 1) Radiation. Heat is lost by radiation if the temperature of the body surface is higher than objects or surfaces in the environment This effect is what you feel when you stand near a cold wall. Even if the air is warm, radiant heat leaves the body toward the cold surface. Conversely, heat will leave a sur face warmer than the body and flow toward that body. Remem ber, it is heat that moves, not cold; the reason we (or the bird) feel cold is that heat is leaving the body. 2) Conduction. Loss of heat by conduction involves a direct trans fer of heat from the bird’s body when it is in direct contact with an object. Air has such low thermal conductivity that conductive heat loss to air is negligible. Birds on litter on cold days may be seen dusting in a spot warmed by the sun they are gaining heat Con versely, on hot days they seek cool, moist areas. 3) Convection. Heat loss by convection occurs because as air in contact with the body gets warmer, it expands, begins to rise, and is replaced by cooler air. In creased air movement (breeze or draught) increases heat loss be cause the heated air is removed from the body surface more rapid ly. In general, the effect of air movement is proportional to the square root of the velocity of air movement The convective effect is also directly related to the temperature of the moving air. A second, special type of con- Mon., Tues., Wed. FARM EQUIPMENT 10,000 gallon propane tank, excellent condition. 717-463-3701 Ext 212 ask for Gerald. 100% rebuilt industrial 6-cyl. stationary engine, best offer. 717/538-5198. 1845-C Case Uniloader, 2500 hrs., good condition. (301)223-5472. 1949 JD A, nice tractor in good shape, many new parts, with cultivators, manuals and weights, $2OOO 080. 610/562-8945. 1949 JD B. (2) 1942 JD A. 1947 JD A w/loader. 1949 JD A. Good sheet metal. Need work for restoring. (717)272-9595. 1957 JD 420 tricyle w/#4O loader, hyd bucket, low hrs., original, excellent condition, 2nd owner. (717)677-6703. 1958 Farmall Cub, new tires wheels paint, w/ vective heat transfer occurs within the body. As the deep body temperature increases due to the metabolism of the tissues, blood circulation to the surface increas es, which allows for greater heat loss from the skin surface. Radia tion, conduction, and convection are termed “sensible” or direct heat loss. The fourth form of heat loss evaporative heat loss is termed “insensitive” or “indirect” heat loss. The amount of heat loss by evaporation of moisture at a given air temperature depends on the difference between the amount of moisture on a surface and the moisture in the air as well as the rate of air movement over that sur face. Evaporative heat loss is what you feel when you come out of a swimming pool. Even on a warm day, if there is a breeze blowing, you feel cool until you dry off. Birds do not have sweat glands, so they possess dry skins; even so, they lose some heat by evapora tion from their skin. However, birds lose much more heat by eva poration from the moists surfaces of their respiratory tract the mouth, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and air sacs. Effect of feathers. Feathers moderate heat exchange by pro viding an insulating blanket of au to the skin. Remember, air is a prior heat conductor. In a way, fea thers act like the air spaces in a styrofoam ice chest. If feathers are removed or are defective, or when the bird molts, the metabolic rate increases because the body at tempts to increase its heat produc tion to keep its temperature con stant On the other hand, in hot en vironments, reduced feather cover allows for greater cooling. For ex ample, Naked Neck and Frizzle Fowl, which have genetically de ficient feathering, are presently re ceiving consideration for areas of RUY. SELL PHONE: Woods belly mower, very good condition, $2500. 610/767-7901. 1972 Freightliner parts, 400 BC Cummins, 4,000; 811. R 24.5 tires on Budd Wheels 1,000; 4.11F&R rears with supersion 800.00; 3.70F&R rears with supesion 800.00. Call (717)733-0654 1976 Gleaner F diesel, AC, 13' head, nice clean ma chine, $6500. Delivery available. 800/919-3322. 1976 JD 6600 hydro side hill, runs good, $6500. 717/437-2604. 1976 JD 6600 dsl combine, only 2700 hrs, AC. Excel lent. Doing beans now. 717/437-2604. 1976 MF 245 diesel tractor, 3pt hitch, live PTQ, 8 speed, 2670 hrs., excellent condition, must seel $5OOO. 610-367-0227. 1977 JD 6600 diesel, 404 engine, very good condi tion,. in field now. 800/919-3322. 1978 JD 302 A (same as the world where air temperatures ■are consistently high, such as Sub- Saharan Africa. In cold environments, bird fluff out their feathers, which increases the insulating air blanket. Chick ens originating from warmer cli mates such as the Mediterranean breeds (Leghorns) have tighter feathering than those from cooler parts of the world (Cornish or White Rocks). It is estimated that heat loss from a standing chicken is 40 to 50 percent greater than from one that is sitting, which, shows that the amount of surface exposed to the cold air (convec tive effect) is important. The skin and temperature regu lation. Skin temperature in areas covered by feathers remains close to that of the deep body in a wide range of air temperatures, but the skin temperature of non-feathered extremities is mote variable. For example, as environmental tem perature rises from 50*F to 86*F, the surface temperature on fea ther-covered skin only rises about 2*F. But the surface temperature rat the unfeathered shank increas es more than 9'F. As pointed out, as the body is warmed, there is an increase in blood flow in the blood vessels of the skin. In this way heat is lost by the body, as long as the environ mental temperature is lower than that of the body. In cold environ ments, blood flow to the skin sur face is restricted because small blood vessels in the skin are con stricted, which helps to reduce heat loss from unfeathered areas. Chickens reared in high temperatures tend to develop larg er combs than those reared in low temperatures. This adaptive modi fication allows a greater area of cooling from a part that has many blood vessels. Removal of the comb (dubbing) does not result in much of a change in body tem perature, but there is less huddling in birds with combs dubbed than in those with intact combs, which suggests that the birds with dub bed combs feel less cold. Along these lines, it is perhaps note worthy that Mediterranean breeds tend to have larger combs and wattles than English or American breeds. In my next article I’ll discuss some of the deep body systems that aid in temperature control. 2240), 50hp, diesel loader, 3pt, PTO, reverser w/ backhoe attachment, 2600 hours, runs great, $9,800. (410)658-2886. 1979 7720, showing 1,885 hrs., heavy rear axle, $26,500. Finance. Larry Stalter The Combine Man" 1-800-248-2151 1980 JD 6620 Sidehill, very clean, been thru shop, ready for harvest, good rubber, real sharp! $25,500. 800/919-3322. 1980 TRBS NH combine, 15' flex head, field ready, CAM, 2700 hrs. (610)779-3284 1981 1460, excellent con dition E-Hyd., $19,900. Trade & Finance. Larry Stalter ‘The Combine Man'. 1-800-248-2151 1988 7720 Titan 11, 2,016 engine hrs., about 1,400 sep. hrs., big rubber, chop per, heavy adjustable axle, sharp, $39,500. Trade & Finance. Larry Stalter “The Combine Man’ 1-800-248-2151 1988 White 185 tractor, 4WD, Cummins eng., 190 hp, 2800 hrs, exc. oond.; 717/867-4896. 1995 Agri Metal bedding chopper w/blower, 18hp gas, $2700. Gehl 315 side discharge manure spreader, good condition, $5OOO. 910/655-9728. 1 year old Gleaner 6R corn head; model 50 Case IH shredder. 717/235-2308. (2) 16.0x26 Rice tires, 80%-90% original tread. 410-778-2194 evenings. 216 flex header, $4,250.; 643, $6,500.; 443, $4,400.; 2-13, $4,250. and more. All veiy good. Larry Stalter 'The Combine Man" 1-800-248-2151 25KW automatic generator set, LP gas, Ford engine, brushless Li mo generator, 1979 model, good condi tion. Lancaster Co. 717-445-4726. (2) JD 443 Hi tin; (2) JD 643 Lo tin; JD 213 Black; (2) JD 215 Black; (2) JD 215 yellow; JD heads arriv ing every week. Zeisloft Equipment 800/919-3322. (2) JD 626 snowblowers, $B5O/both or $5OO/choioe 610-286-7089. 300 JD corn picker, good working condition, $lOOO. 717/423-6719. #324 Ml Corn Picker, 12-roll, 2RW, low acreage picked. 717/264-2051. 327 Nl 12 roll husking bed, like new. 814-355-2087 (3) Deere 643’5, very good, $5,950 to $6,500. Through our shop. Trade & Finance. Larry Stalter “The Combine Man’ 1-800-248-2151 3 nearly new 66X43X25 full floatation tires and rims. Call (717)243-5924 Eve. 50 tractors, 1994, 6200 CAM. $26,000. 1992 2755 CAM $16,000. (717)758-2076. 5100 Int. grain drill, 24X6. (610)779-3284 550 Long tractor w/60“ Howard rotovator, good condition, $5500 080. 610/268-8463 after spm. 651 Ford tractor w/3pt sickle bar mower, $3200; Gehl 920 silage wagon, as is $375; Small dump trailer, $175. 717-534-1253. 6600 diesel, very good condition, $7,950.; Deere 443 header, $4,200.; JD 213 flex, $4,250.; JD 213 rigid, $2,950. Call Stephen. 717-249-2317 Days. 671 Detroit diesel, 10,000 original miles, excellent shape, $2,000. (717)656-2373. 7-Tooth Athens chisel, $500; 9' Brillion cultimul cher, $450; 8' 3pt disc, $750; Nl 323 com picker, Ex.. $1950; (3) Brillion SS 10' packers/seeders- Clearancel Working shape $1975. JD #8 backhoe off 850 JD $3900. Thom Whe ary Jr.. 717-687-0102. 86 Bobcat 743, 2500 hours, nice condition, aux. hydraulics, Kubota diesel, $8,900. (717)336-7375. 'B9 Bobcat 843, 2800 hours, good condition, aux. hydraulics. $10,900. (717)336-7375. 93' Bobcat 7438 skid loader, aux hydro, 950 hrs, new tires, $12,900., 717/336-7375. 94' Case 1838 skid loader, aux. hydro, 1300 hrs, $12,900.; 717/336-7375. AC WD4S, NF, runs, needs paint. Best Offer. (717)469-0448 Athens/Rhino 17’/»' disc, double fold, rock flex, new blades and bearings, packer hitch, excellent con dition, $6500 080. 717-426-2659. Aurora centrifugal pump, #748322, 5500 GPM, type 612a1, hd.ft. 100, size 10x22 RPM 1175, qty-2; Aurora pump centrifugal #74834, 3000 GPM. type 612a1, hd.ft. 67, size 8x22, RPM 375. 617-933-6328 Amie. Automatic Roller Mill, like new, 1800 bushel per hour. Phone (717)949-0208. Automatic roller mill, auger discharge, husk shredder, ready to go, $4500. Benj King. 228 Gibbles Hill RD„ Quarryville, PA 17566. Automatic roller mill w/ auger discharge, ear com crusher head, $5OOO. 717/597-8810. Badger Forage Wagon, 18’ long, used 3 years, $4OOO. 717/428-1865. BELTING: We specialize in flat belting, cut to order, baler throwers, self unload ing wagons, long table blower belts. Franklin Co. 717-263-0573. NO Sunday calls. BELTS BELTS BELTS SAVINGS SAVINGS SAVINGS) Gates Ware house. Ship Anywhere. Central Hydraulics.' 1-800-567-5127 Brady Chopper w/engine, $lBOO. Joel King, 536 Strasburg Road, Ronks, PA 17572 (1110687-0186 Call 8-B:lsam. 'UfeAtfef ‘FWWiIKfI, 1 SltUfdiy. Wdvtmbcl-'B; TSsWtf? Brand new manifolds for tractors, 1930-1975. 507-433-0073 anytime. Brillion 16' wing harrow, $875; Athens 10-tooth chisel 3pt w/wheels, $1000; JD 336 baler w/ ejector, nice, $3450 610/562-4464 Bush Hog 7-tooth 3pt chisel w/wheels, nice, $975; Oliver 10' transport disc, nice, $1150; Brillion 12' packer, nice, $950; (2) 3' packer pups, $250/each. 610/562-4464. CASE 900 Wheatland, PTO, dual hyd., diesel, no 3 pt„ from North Dakota, $2,800. 410-833-9091 CASE 900 Wheatland, 71 hp, 6 cyl. diesel, dual hyd., no 3 pt, no PTO, good rub ber, ready to work or for parts, $l,BOO 410-833-9091 CASE 930 Wheatland, 85 hp, diesel, no 3 pt., live 540 PTO, PS, dual hyd., dean $3,100. 410-833-9091 Calumet Vacuum spreader, 1500 gallon, very good condition, $4500. Franklin 263-1704. Case 18358 gas, skid loader, excellent condition, $7500. Case 1740 diesel, skid loader, rebuilt engine, $3900; Satoh 25hp tractor, 3pt, PTO, $2400. GD EQUIPMENT 717-859-3533. Case crawler 310, new mo tor, good U/C, good condi tion. 609-965-6242. Cat D4DSA, Serial #8402056, very good U/C, 24* pads, 2 hydraulics, $7750. 717-445-6156. Cletrac & Oliver crawler tractors 1931 Cletrac IS, 100% complete including louvered hood sides, en gine rebuilt. 1946 Oliver HG-42, good condition 1958 Oliver OC-6, gas, wide gauge. 1927 Cletrac 20K, runs. 717/738-2573. Complete rim assembly w/11.2x24 tires, new to fit JD9SO, $675. 1-press steel rim 9x38 to fit JD A or B, $lOO. Wico Magneto type X, $lOO. JD cultivators to fit MT4O, 420, 430 tricycle, $125. 717-677-6703. Corn drag w/electric motor, ex. cond. DJ Implements (717)949-3769 7;3oam-s:oopm Corn stalk choppers for rent, 2-3 row. We can de liver. Reasonable Rates. 717-687-0186 between Bam-B'3oam Joel King, 536 Strasburg RD., Ronks, PA 17572. CRAWLER DOZER CAT D 2, like new chain, many extra parts, $2,900 410-833-9091 CUB LOWBOY 154 w/5’ Belly mower, $1,200. 410-833-9091 Danuser PTO drive, 3pt. hook up, post pounder. (717)656-7159 Deere 404 good diesel en gine w/radiator, out of combine, $2,450. Call Allen at 717-355-7253, New Holland, Pa Deere 6600 gas & 2 heads, very good, $10,500. 717-249-2317 Deere, Gleaner, MF and IH headers. Floating cutter bar. Also most any com heads. Larry Stalter, The Combine Man' 1-800-248-2151 DIRECTORY LISTING NAMES. ADDRESSES. PHONE NUMBERS OF 700 USED AGRI-PARTS YARDS. Send $2O to Aus tin’s, RT 4, Dept LF, Butter,' MO 64730. Parts for sale for new, used and antique equipment 816-679-4080 Dismantling for Paris: Hun dreds of farm tractors new and old several 4D 2 cylin ders also dozers and track loaders. Call for any part you might need. Atkins Tractor Salvage. Union WV 24983. Phone 304-772-3741. Deutz 90-06 diesel, 96hp, new 23.1x30 tires, $6,200. Deutz 60-06 diesel, 60hp, 18.4x30 tires. 40%, $4,800. (814)467-8839 Deutz DX 160 KfcWD. CAH, 3 outlets, new 18 4-38 tires, 3200 hrs., ready to work $15,500. (717)369-4115 Dismantling for parts: Case, NH. Bobcat, IH. Hy dro Mac, Toyota and Mus tang skid loaders. New, used, reconditioned parts for Kubota, Ford, Wiscon sin, Perkins engines, Cessna, Vickers, Sun strand hydrostatic trans missions. G.D. Equipment, 717/859-3533. FIOO Vermeer bale pro cessor for large round bales. (717)933-4893. Fail Sale on large selection of chisel plows, discs, field cultivators, drills. Zeisloft Equipment. 800/919-3322. Pnces gladly given over phone Farmers = Dealers -- Your advertising pays for itself when you advertise your equipment in the farm equipment section. 717-394-3047 or 717-626-1164 Farm tractor 9N wide front, 3pt hitch, $1995 cash. 717/362-3578 FB JO grain drill 610-932-8999. Feed East Trailer TMR w/ scales, 60 cow; IH 110 3b roof silage wagon, no chassis Best offer on both. 717-463-2551. FORD 8600, cab, good rubber, no dual power, 3 pt, PTO, nice Midwest tractor, $7,250. 410-833-9091 FORKLIFT YALE 15,000 lbs, Detroit diesel, pneumatic tires, 1968, $7,000 410-833-9091 FOR SALE. Small farm equipment, plows, pack ers, discs, harrows, mow ers, crimpers, tedders, rakes, etc. Trade ins wel comed NH mowers, rebuilt and guaranteed, engines, hydraulics, crimper hoo kups available. KIRK WOOD REPAIR. 550 Coopers DR, Kirkwood, PA. 17536. 717-529-3299 BAM-B:3OAM. Ford 1300 Compact Trac tor w/loader, 4WD, 3pt hitch & remotes, good con dition, $6500; IH 664 diesel, 3pt hitch, runs & works good, $5500; Fisher power angle snow plow off 1-ton 2WD Chevy, used 1 season, good condition, $2OOO 717/278-1910 Sus quehanna Co. Ford 2110 tractor, 4WD, w/ loader, excellent, $12,500. Miller's Repair, (717)656-6109. Ford 2 botton plow $l5O MF 3 bottom plow $250.4R cultivator $3OO. 12' disc $3OO All 3p th (757)665-5590 Ford 4500 loader tractor 3pt PTO new rubber, nice, $7250. (610)932-5576 Ford 4x16 semi-mounted auto reset plow, $l,OOO (301)898-7426. Ford BN, new paint; excel lent condition, $2850 080. 717-668-1549. For sale; JD 145 loader, new bucket, double cylin der. 717/587-2659. FRONT CUT MOWER RANSOME BOBCAT 16 hp, 60' deck, sulky, $7OO. 410-833-9091 Generator system, 135 KW diesel engine, feed bins. (301)432-8332 Gleaner E combine, cab, flex bar, exc. cond., 717/799-5466 bet 7-9 pm. Gleaner K gas 2 quik tach heads, grain saver, CAC, very good cond, $4500. 215-679-4282 HAY FLUFFER Tonnutti 17', excellent, $1,700. 410-833-9091
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