TEMPERATURE ADAPTATIONS IN DOMESTIC FOWL H. S. Siegel Professor of Avian Physiology In contrast to their poiki lolhermic (cold-blooded) ances tors, the reptiles, birds are home oihermic (warm-blooded), which means that they must maintain a relatively constant temperature at their vital organs. To do (his. heat must be lost or conserved as the environment in which they live changes. Poultry producers know that excessive heat in the poultry house may result in mortality, especially if the birds are not adapted to high' temperature, and that even mod erately high temperature may result in reduced egg production or poor egg and shell quality. On the other hand, when the environment is cold, the metabol ism of the bird must increase to replace the body heat lost to the surroundings. Usually this increase is accomplished by increased feed intake. If the bird cannot increase its energy intake sufficiently, or if it looses heat faster than it can be replaced, body temperature falls (this is called “hypothermia”) and death may occur. I— RUY. SELL. TRADE OR RENT THROiII II INI —— PHONE: 717-626-1164 or 717-394-3047 FAX 717-733-6058 Mon., Tues., Wed., Fri. 8 AM to 5 PM; Thurs. 7 AM to 5 PM IQ CONSmUCWN EQUIPMENT 1989 Neal asphalt sealing machine and 1000 gal Sas’*’ ,7Mo - I®9o Ford 65,-0 loader Paekhoe 4x4, .standard feW 34 ’ 000 - FORKLIFTS 2,0001015,000 LB. $l,OOO TO $12,000 GAS/LP-mESEL-ELECTRIC Cushion-Pneumatic-Rough Terrain New Komatsu Forklifts Available PA INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT (610) 369-9778 The internal or deep body temp erature of birds is generally higher than that of mammals. Deep body temperatures of common domesti cated birds (pigeons, ducks, geese, turkeys, and chickens) range from 10S degrees to 108 degrees F, as compared to 97 to 102 degrees F for common domesticated mam mals. The upper lethal temperature is about 116 degrees F and the low er lethal temperature ranges from 59 to 73 degrees F, depending on the age. This range of temperatures means that if the deep body temp erature falls below or rises above these temperatures, the bird will probably die. There are several inherent fac tors that influence deep body temperature. Newly hatched chicks have body temperatures about four and one-half degrees F below those of adults; adult levels are not reached until about six days after hatch. In addition, the chick’s temperature control system is immature, so we must provide heat during the brooding period. The increase in body tempera ture during the first week after hatch is related to an increase in feather cover (insulation) and increased metabolism associated with feed intake and growth. Body temperatures vary with the size, breed, and sex of the bird. In general, lighter breeds have higher body temperatures. For example. Leghorns generally have higher rectal temperatures than Air compressor, SOhp, electric, Wcthington w/ tank/cooler/starters, $2950. /17/354-3105. Asphulund tree chipper, 6 cyf Ford, 12' head. $4,500. (814)658-3066. Pointers broiler breeders or crosses of the same age. Also, in general, males have higher temperatures . than females in cool environments, but this difference is not apparent in wanner environments. There are also several environ mental factors that cause changes in body temperature. Increased physical activity, food intake, and increases in environmental temp erature all tend to increase body temperature. These effects are modified by diurnal (day-night) rhythms. In most domestic birds, which are active in daylight, high est body temperatures occur dur ing the day. Experiments have shown that drugs that modify thyr oid activity tend to dampen the day-night variations in body temp erature, showing that the thyroid, which controls basal metabolism, is important in temperature regulation. Recent research indicates that triiodothyronine (T 3) is the active hormone. Reversing the period of daylight also reverses the diurnal temperature cycle, even though the environmental temperature cycle remains the same. * For your small to mid-size * I Crawler Tractor Parts I All Makes and Models call Dengler Tractor. Parts cleaned - Inspected - racked & ready for same day shipment 513-423-4000 513-423-0706 I FOR SALE 1976 Step Work Van. V-good Mech, Cond. 460 gas - ready to work Gallon 4-6 ton Roller, Gas, Clean, Good Condition 8-10 Ton Roller, Gas, Clean, Good Cond. Wayne Sweeper, Chrysler 318 Gas, Works OK 1976 General 21 Ton Tilt Top. Air Brake, Tag-a-Long „ I Can 610-9X6-9147 To understand how birds adapt to their temperature environment, it is important to know some of the basics of how birds control their body temperatures. In my next article. I’ll discuss how some of the anatomical systems of the bird interact to modify or control body temperature when the environment changes. JUST ARRIVED. 2 CAT DBH 46A 8/N Dozers w/ straight bladas, good c.i gines. Both units up 6..- running. Wil sod wnole or dismantled. BALANDA EQUIPMENT P.O. 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(2) 85c*m gas-powered rotary air compressors on skids, $BOO/each. 609/894-2849. rubber, low hrs. 4 1907 Case 1155 E, 3400 hours, good jj UC $30,000 g 1986 JD 71 OB Backhoe 4x4, EROPS, good rubber $28,000 3 1990 Case 1840 Skid Loader, Cummins dsl, good condition $10,700 No Sunday Calls Financing & Lease Purchase Available Weaver's Equipment Sales IsL - 11 '"' A Cia* 6000 forklift, prop ane, side shift. f> fc. rjst, 60' fork, pneuiTMlk! liras, $6OOO. 717-687-6767. Clark Forklift, 20001 b, IP, solid tires, good condition, $2150. 717/V33-2740. - RENT FOR LESS - STONEY CREEK Kutztown, Pa. 19530 NOW RENTING: CRAWLER LOADER CRAWLER DOZER FULL-SIZE BACKHOE HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR - DAILY, WEEKLY, OR MONTHLY RENTALS - Case 602,1102 Rollers Demonstrators Call For Special Pricing 1983 Case SBOD, cab, ext.-a-hoe P.O.R. Case 360 Trencher w/Backhoe Case 252 Roller $10,900 Rental Returns 6028, 1102 Rollers In Stock Stanley 695 Hammer Call For Pricing on Rental Return 90 Series Case Excavators New & Used Trailers In Stock Call For Information Vernon E. Stup Co. 5859 Urbana Pike Frederick, Md. 21701 301-663-3185 * $27,000 standard hi nis( 17, t tfctcs I 1991 Ford 4SSC loader backhoe, low hrs, $23,C00/obo; 1992 10 ton tilt trailer, elec, brakbs. $4,900. (717)872-5393.
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