November, 1990, the following
companies manufactured test kits:
Environmental Diagnostic Sys
tems Corp., P.O. Box 908, 2990
Anthony Road. Burlington, NC
27215, (919-226-6311 or
800-334-1116). ‘
IDEXX- 100 Fore Street, Port
land, ME 04101, (207-774-4384
or 800-548-6733).
International Diagnostic Sys
tem Corp.- P.O. Box 799, St.
Joseph, MI 49085,
(616-983-3122).
Neogen Corp.- 620 Lesher
Place, Lansing, MI 48912
(517-372-9200).
Oxoid U.S.A. Inc.- 9017 Red
Branch Road, Columbia, MD
21045, (301-997-2216 or
800-638-7638).
Rialdon Labs, Inc.- 3609 E.
29th Street, Bryan, TX 77802
(409-846-6202 or 800-888-5688).
Romer Labs, Inc.- P.O. Box
2095, Washington. MO 63090
(314-239-3009).
Transia- 8, rue Saint-Jeau-de
Dien, 69007 Lyon France
72-73-03-81.
VICAM- 29 Mystic Avenue,
Somerville, MA 02145,
(617-623-0030 or 800-338-4381).
Two mycotoxins that will likely
contaminate com this fall are zear
alenone and vomitoxin (deoxyni
valenol). Zearalenone can lead to
reproductive problems, whereas
Dtal-m exact opener dom
pressurefor the entire drilL.to
put seed at just the right depth in
a variety of field conditions.
CREEK
ement
I Mills, PA
_ POLE TAVERN TOBIAS EQUIPMENT
EQ. SALES CORP. CO.. , NC>
en E J Halifax, PA
609-355-2880 717-382-3132
13-2161
SCHEFFEL EQUIPMENT
CO.
Somerset, PA 15501
Equipment
•1 Rl, 66
Wit City, PA
■364-5159
GEORGE V. SEIPLE
& SON
Easton, PA
215-258-7146
Hake inc.
•WII*. PA
‘•35-2335
SUE
h ENT INC,
J».PA
•63-6277
vomitoxin causes feed refusal.
Zearalenone is an estrogen-like
compound. One ppm in the feed
enlarges the vulva and uterus,
even in young gilts. Sows may fail
to cycle, or show pseudo pregnan
cy when consuming feed contain
ing 3 ppm of zearalenone. Higher
levels may lead to abortion.
Levels as low as 2 ppm reduce
testicular growth and total sperm
numbers in boars. When levels
reach 40 ppm of zearalenone, tes
tosterone in the blood may drop
and prevent the boar from mating
successfully.
Zearalenone also reportedly
irritates the lining of the rectum.
This leads to straining and eventu
al prolapse or “blow-out” of the
rectum.
Vomitoxin is also common in
damp com, and especially in scab
by wheat The most obvious effect
of vomitoxin is a dramatic reduc
tion in feed intake. Levels as low
as 2.5 ppm impair feed intake and
weight gains. Levels of 20 ppm
can cause vomiting in young pigs
A positive mycotoxin test o
your com is clear proof that yc i
have a problem. A negative test
only means that there was no
mycotoxin present in the sample
you checked.
3. Diluting the com with uncon
taminated grain may help. But
keep in mind, that if the grain has
a lot .of mycotoxin present, dilut-
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814-445-6500
SMITH’S
IMPLEMENTS, INC
Mercersburg, PA
717-328-2244
SOLLENBERGER
EQUIPMENT
Everett, PA
814-652-5223
WALTEMYER’S
SALES & SERVICE
Red Lion, PA
717-244-4168
WINELAND EQUIPMENT,
INC.
Marllnsburg, PA
814-793-2109
M.S. YEARSLEY
& SONS
West Chester, PA
215-696-2990
ing with clean grain may be futile.
4. One feed additive, Nova-Sil,
has been effective in reducing the
harmful effects of aQatoxin, a
mycoloxin commonly occurring
under hot, dry conditions. Nova-
Sil is an aluminosilicate that was
developed as a flow agent to
reduce caking in feed. It also has
the effect of absorbing aflatoxin
when added at the rate of 10
pounds per ton. The cost is about
$.25 per pound. In experiments
with young pigs, it almost com
pletely reversed the effects of afla
toxin. Unfortunately, it provides
only a marginal response against
vomitoxin and zearalenone.
5. If you can feed the grain to
cattle, the losses will probably be
minimized since ruminants are
generally less affected by mycoto
xins compared to pigs.
6. What about putting com in
the silo? Hundreds of studies have
shown that pigs perform well on
good quality high moisture com.
But the silo will not correct a mold
problem that started in the field.
7. What about roasting? It will
probably destroy the mold, but
may not affect the mycotoxins,
which are generally heat stable.
Summary
1. This year’s com crop is high
in quantity, but low in quality. The
moisture content has been so high
for so long that molds (and the
mycotoxins they produce) seem to
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be contaminating many fields.
2. Watch your pigs closely or
consider testing the com to deter
mine whether you’ve got a prob
lem. If mycotoxins are present, at
the very least, avoid feeding the
com to the breeding herd.
3. The feed additive, Nova-Sil,
is relatively economical and is
National Angus
Show Offers
Merit Awards
ST. JOSEPH, Mo. If you arc
a junior member of the American
Angus Association and have been
an active participant or exhibitor
at a previous Atlantic National
Angus Show, you are eligible to
apply for an Atlantic National
Merit Award. The awards are in
the form of scholarships to by
used towards higher education.
Students must be 25 or younger
as of January 1.1993 and must be
a high school graduate or senior.
The student must be enrolled or
moldy grain in separate bins. This practice permits spe
cial handling and will give you time to evaluate alterna
tive options.
The best management practices do not always guaran
tee success. Low quality or moldy com still can cause a
variety of problems during storage. Reports of grain heat
ing in the center of bins have begun to surface. This heat
ing can lead to rapid mold growth, or “hot spots,” prone
to severe spoilage and mycotoxin development.
Headng and eventual molding of grain thought suffi
ciently dried can still occur when large outside tempera
ture swings affect the air movement within the bin. For
example, when inside air next to the outside bin wall
cools, it moves downward. The warmer air is then forced
upward in the center of the bin. As this air reaches the
surface it cools and moisture condenses within the top
layer of grain increasing the potential for mold devel
opment.
Grain should be monitored regularly to minimize the
risk of heating in the grain bin. The most accurate moni
toring technique is to auger out small quantities of grain
and physically check for heating in the center of the bin,
or to look for condensation within the top layer of grain.
Heat and/or moisture buildup can be reduced by install
ing a low-volume fan at the top of a perforated duct in the
center of the bin which will pull air down through the bin,
equalize the temperature and prevent condensation. The
most prudent course of action may be to market or feed
the grain as soon as possible to prevent further losses in
quality.
Proper grain storage will generally minimize further
problems but will not reduce the level of toxins already
produced. If you suspect your grain may have a problem
with mycotoxins, or are concerned about low quality
moldy com, have the grain checked by a laboratory such
as the BAI Diagnostic Lab in Somerdale, Pa.
(717-787-3400). Testing is not a guarantee of safe grain.
Mycotoxin assays can be expensive and are only as reli
able as the sample from which they are taken.
A more reliable test for mycotoxin contamination is to
feed moldy grain to a few test animals. Generally, if the
level is high enough to cause serious risk, the symptoms
will be observed in these test animals. Furthermore, addi
tional precautions should be taken when feeding highly
susceptible animals like horses, poultry, swine and young
or gestadng animals.
Preventing future problems with low quality or moldy
com begins with early planning and a thorough review of
your agronomic practices. Choose hybrids with maturity
ratings compatible to your growing conditions. Early
planting aimed at timely harvest can overcome many har
vest concerns. When possible, rotate out of com or small
grains to reduce the amount of disease spores present in
the field.
Where rotation is not feasible, tillage should be used to
incorporate crop residue and help reduce disease pres
sure. Minimize plant stresses by matching population
with hybrid recommendations. Maintain soil PH and fer
tility at optimum levels and control weeds as well as in
sect pests as needed. Healthy plant stands are your best
defense against low quality moldy com.
A
Lancaster Fanning, Saturday, Mardi 61M3-E2S
probably worth a try. But studies
have shown it is not too effective
against Fusarium molds and
mycotoxins that are common
under the present conditions.
For more information, contact
the Penn State Cooperative Exten
sion Office (757-9657).
must plan to enroll in a college,
vocational, or trade school, or
other institute of higher education.
Applicants must be available
for a personal interview during the
Atlantic National Angus Show in
Baltimore, Md., on Memorial Day
weekend.
For an application and complete
information, contact Lee V. Leak,
17800 Trundle Rd., Dickerson,
MD 20842. Completed applica
tions are due May 11, 1993.
Corn
(Continued from Pago E 24)
Grain Testing Recommended