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Penn State
Poultry
Pointers
Bill Weaver
PRACTICAL
INFORMATION
ON LIGHTING
Andrew G. Yersin
Assistant Professor
Poultry Science
The fact that lighting programs
are a critical component of poultry
management is well understood
However, the terminology asso
ciated with such programs is not
always as easy to utilize.
What are some of the common
terms used, and what do they
mean?
• Candela the unit of lumin
ous intensity of a light source in a
specified direction.
• Lumen the rate at which
light falls on a square foot area sur
face which is equally distant 1 foot'
from a source whose intensity is 1
candela.
• Lux equals 1 lumen per
square meter (10.7 lux = 1
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inald Singletary Andrew Yersii
footcandle).
• Lumen efficiency the
amount of electricity necessary to
light a bulb in watts. The number
of lumens per watt of bulb is an
indicator of the efficiency of the
light source. The rule of thumb is
that 1 watt produces 12.60 lumens
of light.
• Footcandle illumination on
a surface is measured in footcan
dles. This is defined as the density
of light striking each and every
point on a surface within a 1-foot
radius with a 1 candle power sour
ce at the center.
* Available lumens not all
light is available many of the
lumens are absorbed by the walls,
ceiling, and equipment (30 per
cent). Dirty bulbs and dusty or
cloudy conditions may also reduce
the available lumens so that the
average is approximately SO
percent
To illustrate by example, con
sider that 1 watt = 12.60 lumens x
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SO percent = 6.3 lumens/watt.
Now, calculate footcandles: (1) 60
watt bulb x 12.60 lumens = 756
lumens x (SO percent) = 378
lumens of light available. If this
amount of light was spread evenly
over 240 square feet (which nor
mally does not happen) then
378/240 = 1.58 footcandle per
square foot.
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General management
guidelines:
• Use reflectors when possible.
• Clean bulbs every 2 weeks.
Dirty bulbs can significantly
reduce light intensity.
• Distribution of bulbs fol
low a 1-1.5 ratio. The distance
between bulbs should be 1.5 times
the distance from the bulb to the
bird level.
‘ Always use a light meter to
obtain accurate measurements of
in-house light conditions.
Also remember that the environ
ment (temperature), physical
requirements of the lamps (line
voltage), and light distribution can
and will affect the lighting prog
ram selected for your operation.
Evaluate your individual hous
ing situations and consider all fac
tors when deciding on the type of
light source and the lighting prog
ram for your operation.
1-800-673-2580
Sheep President Spells
Out Year Of Challenge
ORLANDO, Fla.— Playing off
the convention theme of “Building
Bridges,” American Sheep Indus
try Association President Jim
Magagna said 1991 was a year of
“creative solutions setting some
unprecedented opportunities for
the future. It was our beginning of
bulding bridges.” he told the board
of directors during ASPs annual
meeting here recently.
Magagna drew some parallels
between the issues of 1991, his
first year as ASI president, and the
challenges expected in 1992.
“The coalitions we are building
with other industries and organi
zations on the endangered species
issue will make it workable for our
industry in the upcoming debate,”
he said. “It will set the stage to
move forward in building public
policy to stabilize public lands and
grazine policy.”
Magagna pointed to work with
other industry groups like the
Sheep Industry Development
program, saying the industry is
prepared to move forward
together to create programs to
benefit all sheep producers.
In the wool area, Magagna
talked about the efforts in intcma
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lional marketing and wool quality
improvement “We have created a
niche in the intemaitonal market
for U.S. wool,” he said, “We will
build an integrated effort for
marketing opportunities with our
products,”
The lamb market “drew a tre
mendous effort from the entire
industry in 1992,” he said. “We
are building a foundation on
which we can build and move for
ward.” The results include moves
toward value-based marketing
tools such as quality and yield
grading and price discovery, he
said. “Information and quality will
be a base on which we can build a
future for our industry,” Magagna
said.
“Our industry has an image to
be proud of,” he said, pointing out
new materials developed to tell
consumers about the quality and
wholesomeness of lamb and wool,
and the environmental benefits of
sheep production.
He called on the board to be
innovative and progressive in
looking at the association and in
creating its vision for the future.
He said funding will be a continu
ing issue for the industry.
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