B36—lancaster Farming, Saturday, October 24,1981
Hog producers must ‘fine-tune 9 operations
NEWARK, Del. Recently the
cost ot producing hogs has been
below the prices received. Such
situations seem to be a part ot the
hog cycle. The prolonged period ot
depressed prices made this recent
"down” phase a difficult one tor
those with long-term commitments
to hog production.
"The present state ot our
economy may mean the protits tor
hog producers won't approach
those experienced in the 19705,”
predicts University ot Delaware
Extension livestock specialist
Richard Fowler. "The situation is
a challenge to those who want to
operate profitably in the years
ahead. It calls tor some fine tuning
of production systems.”
Least cost performance is one
way of improving teed efficiency.
This program doesn’t produce the
best gains ot maximize feed ef
ficiency, but it does produce the
cheapest gains. Little research has
been done on this type ot feeding
program for hogs, though it is a
standard practice in broiler
production.
"Obviously, swine producers
can’t afford to own a finishing pig
for a year when tacilities and
equipment are part ot the
overhead costs,” says Fowler. "On
the other hand, too much emphasis
may now be given to the number ot
days to market or feed efficiency
when we measure nutritional
adequacy of a diet.”
Nutrients such as protein and
energy must have greater
digestibility, he says. The per
centage ot protein lost in the feces
ot a pig ranges up to one-tourth ot
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the amount ted. Energy losses are
usually 15 percent of the amount
taken in.
Research being done at Texas A
& M on protein digestibility
particularly ammo acids shows
that which is digested in the large
intestine is useless to the pig. The
nitrogen from protein absorbed in
the fund gut or large intestine is
excreted in the urine.
Five grains and eleven high
protein teedstutts are bmg tested
to find out how much prutem is
digested in the small intestine,
where it is of value to the pig. The
three most limiting ammo acids
for pigs lysine, tryptophan, and
threonine are the lowest m
digestibility at the end ot the small
intestine.
The source ot protein also affects
ammo acid digestibility. Lysine
from soybean meal was found to be
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aa percent digestible in this study,
while that Irom meat and bone
meal was 60 percent digestible.
More research is needed, but there
may be an opportunity here tor.
using lower quality protein
teedstutts in practical swine diets,
says Fowler. So watch tor turther
developments in this area ot
nutrition.
Protein taken in by the pig must
be more etticiently. Kesearch
being done in England shows that a
pig consuming approximately one
pound ot protein daily deposits
about one-tourth ot it in body
tissue. Ot the protein which is lost,
one-third is due to a poor balance
ot ammo acids.
This is a ditticull problem to
overcome and probably involves
the use ot something other than
natural teedstutts. The question is,
can such changes in ration for-
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mutation be made economically?
Lysine and corn are already
substituted tor soybean meal when
costs justify it. In most swine
rations the last 100 pounds ot
soybean meal is added to meet the
lysine requirement ot the pig.
increase the mature size ot
breeding stuck and you can also
improve feed efficiency. "This
doesn’t mean we should be feeding
elephants," says the specialist,
but body weight, muscle, tat and
metabolic rate increase trom
conception to mat
urity.
This process can be shown by a
curved line that gradually battens
as the animal matures. The pig is
most efficient at utilizing energy
when it weighs about one-fourth ot
its mature size. So, it a hug is
mature at 60 pounds, energy ef
ficiency is greatest at 1M) pounds.
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What does this mean? it
maturity atlects eftciency ot
growth, pigs that are still growing
when they reach 230 pound market
weights are more etficient than
those that have stopped growing at
200 pounds and are putting on fat
instead. In other words, the large
framed, large mature-size pigs are
likely to be more efficient con
verters ot feed to pork.
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