B4—Lancaster Farming, Saturday, August 1,1981
How to stop scab
NEWARK, Del. This year’s
scab can scar next year’s grain
fields, according to University of
Delaware Extension plant
pathologist Bob Mulrooney.
He cautions farmers to be aware
of the amount of scab that oc
curred in this year’s wheat crop
and to keep in mind that the
disease can be carried over from
one crop to the next, both in the
seed and on crop refuse in the
fields.
“The fungus carried with the
seed can infect wheat seedlings
next year as seedling blight, while
the fungus from cornstalks or
wheat or barley straw allowed to
remain over winter on the surface
of the ground may infect the heads
on next year’s crop, causing head
blight,” he explains. “Scab occurs
most commonly when wheat
follows com in the rotation. ”
The scab fungus attacks both the
seedlings and also the heads of
plants. Infected seedlings are
killed or greatly weakened. The
infected parts of heads are killed.
The most conspicuous symptom in
this case is a premature drying of
one or more spikelets, giving the
infected part a bleached or
whitened appearance.
Usually pink- or salmon-colored
masses of spores of the scab
fungus are evident at the edges or
bases of affected glumes. The
kernels in killed parts of the head
are greatly shrunken, almost white
new Deputy
under Secretary of Ag
Hammer is
WASHINGTON, D.C. -
Secretary of Agriculture, John R.
Block has appointed Thomas A.
Hammer, of Falls Church, Va., to
be deputy under secretary ot
agriculture for international af
fairs and commodity programs.
In his new position, Hammer will
help formulate and administer
policies tor USDA’s Agricultural
Stabilization and Conservation
Service, Federal Crop Insurance
Corporation, Foreign Agriculture
Service and Office of International
Cooperation and Development.
Before his appointment.
Hammer worked as an
agricultural consultant for several
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and scabby in appearance hence
the name “scab”.
The milling value of scabby
wheat is low, and infected grain is
objectionable as feed because it
makes animals sick. Growth of
fusarium fungi in scabbed grain
produces toxic compounds
(mycotoxms) that cause muscle
spasms, acute vomiting, nausea,
dizziness, diarrhea and soreness in
man, young chickens, pigs, dogs,
horses and other non-ruminant
animals with simple stomachs.
More than three percent scabby
kernels in swine feed is poisonous
to hogs.
Pigs that are fed 10 percent or
more of badly scabbed grain vomit
and then refuse to eat the mixture.
Cattle, sheep and mature poultry
(except pigeons) do not react to
scabbed grain. But because one of
the mycotoxins involved has some
estrogenic activity, scabby gram
should not be fed to breeding
animals.
Scabbed wheat kernels are
easily removed by modern grain
cleaning equiment. Scabbed
barley and oak kernels are much
harder to separate from healthy
gram.
Scab is difficult to control, says
Mulrooney. In areas where it is
frequently severe, the most ef
fective control is obtained by not
sowing wheat after com. If you
must do this, cornstalks should
either be plowed under thoroughly
agricultural businesses and as
national affairs director with the
American Farm Bureau
Federation here. During 1974-75,
he worked as an economist with
Mitsubishi International Cor
poration m Washington. He has
also worked as a banker and
served as a pilot in the U.S. Navy.
Hammer earned a bachelor of
arts degree in political science
from Marietta, Ohio, and a master
of business administration in
finance and international business
from George Washington
University, Washington, D. C.
Hammer is married to Jennifer
Florer of Marietta, Ohio.
from scarring next year’s grain
or cut as low as possible and
removed from the field before the
land is disked. The seed should
always be cleaned thoroughly and
treated with a piotective chemical
before sowing, it you’ie saving
over some of your own grain as
seed.
Some wheat varieties are less
susceptible to scab than others, but
none is even moderately resistant,
says the specialist. He recom
mends growers consult their copy
of the extension Wheat and Barley
Review for disease ratings.
The plant pathologist recom
mends growers adopt the following
practices to minimize the in
cidence of scab in their gram crop
nextyear:
/ Plow under cleanly and deeply
all infected stubble and straw of
n
==• - 114 ;
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CALL COLLECT
OFFICE
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small grains and weed grasses,
cornstalks and rotted ears.
Complete coverage of crop
residues helps reduce head blight
infections. Sanitation is most ef
fective when it is done on a com
munity-wide basis, so talk with
your neighbors about doing this,
too. Manure containing infected
straw or cornstalks should not be
used for top dressing.
Sow only plump, small-grain
seed that has been thoroughly
cleaned to eliminate all light
weight seed and then treated with
carboxm (Vitavax; or a com
bination ot carboxm plus captan,
maneb or thiram (.sold as Vitavax
200;. Proper seed treatment
controls seedling damage trom
infected seed. But it will not
control the head blight or scab, toot
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rot and stem bhgt:* phases of the
disease.
Delay the sowing of winter
cereal grains until the tem
perature is 60° Fahrenheit or
below, to reduce the chances of
severe seedling blight.
Sow adapted and recom
mended small-grain varieties in a
fertile, well-prepared seedbed.
Rotate small grains and com with
legumes, allowing at least one
year break in cereal, grass or com
cultivation. Plant small grains as
far as possible from old cornfields.
No highly resistant varieties
of wheat, oats, barley or rye are
available. Some varieties are
infected less frequently, ap
parently because of physical
barriers to the infection of florets
and spikelets.
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