A A vw ee wwe CRATER a Gh Cae GE MISE SEER RE EEN ? i * # ¢ + : $= : 3 5 3 hd ¥ Page 4'- April 7, 1975 LION'S EYE HX NA kk kkk kok kkk A ok ok ok oh kk A Ak dk kk Toy Commercials Influence By: Janet Malin Television toy commercials show boys and girls in stereo- typed sex roles. Carol Edelman, instructor in social psychology at the University of Delaware, told a small group of students in the ‘“Women and the Media?’ class here. “Incidental Learning’’ Edelman, who has completeda study to determine if sex role behavior is influenced by tele- vision, said ‘incidental learn- ing’’ or ‘‘learning without seeking information’’ takes place as a child watches television, Some people believe sex roles are determined by biology and some believe they are learned behavior, affected by the society we live in, she said, Conservative Argument Those who believe sex roles are determined by biology feel the genes control masculine and feminine behavior. ‘‘This kind of argument is a very conservative one’?, she said. “It’s a very good one to use if you don’t want change.” She believes children learn what behavior is expected for each role while very young. ‘‘This behavior. is never real- ly spelled out but we all seem to learn sex roles through as- sociations with = friends and through education, parents and the media”’, Edelman feels boys are forced * into more rigid roles than girls. ‘Girls or females are given a wider latitude than boys when they are young, Society allows girls to be tomboys, but doesn’t allow boys to be feminine?’, Male Role More Important She feels this may be be- cause children are told the male role is the more important one in society. “The males in this society have a higher status and the male ’ 3 Je se J vk de dk desk ke dk ke dk dk ko ok Ak kk ok kok de kk kk role is the preferred one. Little girls who become tomboys would like to be boys because it is the preferred status’’, she said. Toy Classifications. In order to determine if sex roles were transmitted to child- ren through toy commercials, Edelman classified the toys as those intended for females, such as home-centered toys, those intended for males, such as skill and occupation related toys and " neutral toys such as games, de- signed for girls and boys to play together, Edelman found the commer- cials for female toys used all female actors, those for male toys used all male actors and neutral toys used actors of both sexes,’ She also found boys never played with girls toys and girls never played with boys toys in the commercials. In commer- cials for neutral toys, sometimes there would be all male actors, but there were never all female. actors. The background voices used in the commercials were mostly male, Female background voices were used only for female toys. Male voices were sometimes used in female toy commercials. Toy Attraction When studying toy attraction, Edelman found when both sexes were together, the boys ‘were more active than the girls. When there was an extra actor in the commercial who was not using the toy, it was twice as likely for the actor to be a girl. Edelman classified the toys advertised in one of six cata- gories: adventure, fun-loving, - competition, other skill and at- traction, The adventure toys featured danger, where bravery was called for, The actors were all male. The fun-loving games were FRESHMEN Children’s Sex Role Behavior those created for pure enter- tainment, Most of the actors were female. In the competition games, there were no girls shown where skill was required. Girls only ap- peared where the winning was faded, by luck or by chance. In the other category, adults showed how to use toys. The i- dea was ‘to play the game to please another, The skill toys showed how to do things which would be useful to the child in later life. The actors were mostly female and girls were shown only ‘‘female?’ skills. Attraction games used all fe- male actors and centered on ap- plying makeup and styling hair, Conclusion ‘Edelman feels her findings are proof that advertisers try to sell toys “according to sex role stereotypes?’, P.l.R.G. Progr am (Continued from Page 3) Involved Students Benefit Ultimately, Penn P.I.R.G. will not only serve as a consumer protection group but will also directly help the students invol- ved. For example, the students participating on the local board will become well trained inhand- ling problems as well as in community relations. They will - also aid the professionals in ~ independent research. Students will investigate and report on local problems as well as do various studies (or papers) on topics as needed. Initially each project will require the approval ‘of the State Board of Directors of Penn P.I.R.G. and each re- search team is required to keep _in contact with them via periodic progress reports. The final re- port must meet the Boards’ ap- proval before being released to the general public. These re- ports, in most cases, canbe used for academic credit as well. It's not too late to sign up for ROTC next year. See how to compress two years of ROTC into one. Come visit the friendly ROTC Cadre in our new office soon. SOPHOMORES / Army Where are you spending your summer? . = « Europe? - « « Hawaii? - «= The Shore? Some of your classmates are flying down to Kentucky and making $500.00. WHY ? To make up the ROTC they missed - and ehe best part - there's NO OBLIGATION. Interested? Ask us NOW! ROTC Hook kkk Ak A kok ok kok kk kk Mans ah ohh bE By: Joe Lanciano For the second-straight year the Delaware County Campus ice-hockey club traveled to Un- iversity Parkand defeated a team composed of intra-mural all- stars, 5-3. Last year the branch campus won, 9-2, Eleven players made the four hour, 200 mile journey to the main campus for the March 15th game, The all-stars had eight former DelCo players in the lineup. One of them, Ed Rafter, gave the home team a quick 1-0 lead in the opening minutes of play, Defenseman Mark “Air Head”’ Sports Injury Data University Park--A unique - data bank, to be crammed with more information about sports injuries than any source any- were, has been established at The Pennsylvania State Univer- ~ sity. And the impact of NAIRS (Na- tional Athletic Injury/Illness Re- porting System) promises to be felt in athletic circles for a long time. Aids in Safety Decisions “For the first time, nation- ally representative, meaning- - ful information about athletic in- juries and illnesses can be in- stantly available to persons re- sponsible for decisions affecting atliletic safety for review and an=- alysis,’”” says NAIRS director, Dr. Kenneth .S. Clarke, head of the Dept. of Health Education. ‘After our project is far enough along, for example, when a rules committee is thinking about a possible safety-oriented rule ‘change, NAIRS will have the ca- pability for displaying the ne- .ecessary data about injuries re=- lating directly to that particular phase of the game,’ Until now, Dr. Clarke points out, information about sports in- juries has been far from rele- vant to decision making and has been limited by design costs to episodic regional studies which often are obsolete by the time they get reported, Not Limited to Football “I want to emphasize that we ‘are by no means limiting our system to football, We are col- lecting data, on” various men’s and women’s sports on a volun- tary basis,” The data collecting began last Fall after an interorganizational - advisory committee reviewed and approved the concept at a meeting funded by the NCAA, Data from nearly 40 football teams, includ- ing most teams from the Big Ten and Pacific Eight Conferences, plus high school teams from Pennsylvania, Texas, and Ar- izona are already inhand awaiting analysis. The Schutt grant in- augurates the computerization phase. Further funds are anti- cipated to train key athletic trainers throughout the country . as ‘‘cluster coordinators. ?’ NAIRS coordinator, Sayers Mil- t ler, is the former head trainer . at the University of Washington, According to Dr, Clarke, NAIRS will be ready toissue per=- - lodic detailed reports by the : 1975-76 school year. Trainer's Cooperate ‘“NAIRS is designed around A —m— wpe DelCo ics Hockey Club WA U. Park Intramural All-Stars Hendrexson tied the score for DelCo with his third goal of the season late in the first per- iod. In the second period, the All=- Stars beat goalie Joe Miller twice and had a seemingly insur- mountable 3-1 lead. y But the Lions, who finished ~ the regular season with a 2-15- 1 record, scored four un- answered goals in the final stan- za to win, 5-3. Hendrexson tallied twice while Joe Milligan, Earle Jewell, and Bob Worrell added single mark- ers for DelCo, Bank Established athletic trainers and epidemiolo- gical principles to obtain com- prehensive nationally repre sentative information immed- iately,’”’ says Dr. Clarke, with emphasis‘on the ‘“Immediately?’’, ‘“The cooperation and encour- agement of the National Athle=- tic Trainers Assoc., the ones who do the hard work like filling our forms very conscientiously, is most gratifying, Without their support, we could not use this system, Sports injury patterns vary. considerably between teams and certain detail is necessary to look for common causative fac- tors, These details can only be observable via a nationally uniform system - that asks the \ ‘right questions and can render up to date answers. Further, this system must operate inex- pensively to enable continuous use.” How it Works : Here’s a situation in which NAIRS might be used: During the football season, in=- jury and illness reports on NAIRS forms come in weekly from around the country. At season’s end, the NCAA football rules committee meets to re- view a fecent rule change pro=- hibiting below-the-waist block=- . ing on kicking plays. The com- mittee wants to know if knee . injuries have been reduced and if head and neck injuries have been increased due to this rule. NAIRS could deliver, within a day, an analysis of the number and type, of injuries suffered on plays affected by this rule, the severity of these injuries, the position and activity of the play- ers hurt, the player’s playing ex= perience, the nature and condi- tion of the playing surfaces, the shoes worn by the players, etc, Further information could in- clude the results as compared to previous seasons. Other people who will use this data include individual teams who want to see at mid-season if their injury experience to date is the same as the average of all teams contributing data. And equipment manufacturers will learn if their products are as- sociated more with non-injured or injured athletes. : ‘‘We are especially encour=- aged by the response from the equipment manufacturers,’’ says Dr, Clarke, ‘For this pilot year, the National Sporting Goods As- sociation printed our forms atno charge and we have a recent grant from Schutt Manufacturing Company to prepare the comput- ” er for our system,
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers