THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN AND GENESEE EVANGELIST . ABeligions a n d Faintly Newspaper, IN THE INTEREST OF THE Constitutional Presbyterian Church. PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY. AT THE PRESBYTERIAN 'HOUSE, 1934 Chestnut Street, (2d story,) Philadelphia. Bev. John W. Nears, Editor and 'Publisher. Bev. B. B. Hotchkiss, Editor of News and Family Departments. Rev. C. P. Bush, Corresponding- Editor, Rochester, N. Y. gfmtritan iptisirgtffirtit. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1865. ' OUR COHIffEE'S PUBLICATIONS As PnMIVIITJIVIS. LIBERAL OFFERS. Desirous of enlarging the circulation both of the .AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN and of the publications of our Committee, we make the following extremely liberal offers, .to hold good until the first of Jan uary, 18 6 6 : SOCIAL HYMN AND TUNE BOOR For EvEAy new subscriber paying full rates in advance, we will give two copies of the Hymn and Tune Book, bound in cloth, postage or express prepaid. 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A list will be sent if de- HUSS AND HIS TIMES. We also renew our offer to - send, pos tage free, to any address for FOUR new subsCribers, the above standard work. (1.-I . * — All orders must be accompanied with the cash. If possible buy a draft, or a postage order, as in case of loss of money we clnot send the premiums, though we shall adhere to our rule of sending the papers. Only bona fide new subscribers will be accepted in making np lists for premiums 'll ,ittratim N)(-)-iresIbintro' New Series, Vol. II; No. 45. transaction; the simple object is to give wider circulation to the paper and the Committee's Publications. Hence pas tors and others may the more freely en gage in the work. NEW ENGLAND THEOLOGY. SECOND ARTICLE. Following prettly closely the lead of Rev. D. T. Fiske, of Newburyport, the second and last of whose very satisfactory and val uable articles on the above subject appeared in the Bibliotheca Sacra , for October, we also conclude what we have to say on the subject of New England Theology at the present. We have already presented the views of this school, commencing with its great founder, Jonathan E4wards, on the Nature of Virtue, Original Sin, and Abili ty. and Inability. It remains to speak of Regeneration, the Atonement and the De crees. These half a dozen points will cov er all the important distinctive features of the system. On tile siibject, of Regeneration it is im portant to remember that 'the doctrine usually ascribed to Dr. Emmons, that the Soul is nothing more than a series Of states or exercises, must not be charged upon New England theologians generally. In deed it is not absolutely certain that Dr. Emmons himself held the doctrine. Prof. Smith, in his valuable additions to Hagen huh says that "he, [Emmons,] was under stood as affirming that it (the soul) is a series of exercises." But Professor Park, in his recent memoirs, attempts to ,show that Dr. Emmons did believe that the soul was a reality, apart 'from its varying phe nomena, but that he chose to say little of it in this aspect, lest he should withdraw attention from divine sovereign efficacy. Such a superficial view of the human spirit is not only utterly unphilosophical, but it must be followed by the, shallowest views of -the transactions..between God and the in dividnal sinner. Perhaps all the originators of the New England Theology held to a nature back of the separate acts, exercises and phenomena of the soul. Hence the most illustrious of them all, Edwards, says that regeneration is " a foundation laid in the nature of the soul for a new kind of ex ercises of the understanding and Vie Will." He calls this a "holy disposition," a "holy principle." Hopkins speaks of a good taste, temper or disposition, which the Spirit begets in regeneration, and which lays a foundation for holy exercises in the heart. This is as far in scientific definition of the process as the older New ngland divines appear to go. Dr. Dwight, in Ser : .74, says that reaeneration is a " relish for spiritual, objects communicated to the heart by the power of the Holy Siiirit." He ex pressly declines, page 422, describing the metaphysical nature of the work, confess ing that he, has not sufficiently distinct and comprehensive xiews, to undertake it with any satisfactory hope of success. The ac tion of the'Spirit upon the nature of man, and not merely upon the states - and exer cises of the seal, is freely admitted, though left unexplained. Edwards, however, in sists that the new disposition thus implant. ed has no moral character. All goodness consists in voluntary action. Even a "holy principle" by itself, does not constitute fit ness for Heaven. ' Therefore regeneration, as a complete act, includes conversion; or, in the language of the reviewer, involves two things ; " a change of nature, and a change in the nioral acts or exercises of the soul consequent upon the change of nature, the whole ,change to be ascribed to the Holy Spirit as its primary efficient cause." How far the sinner is active in regenera tion, is a question whose answer depends upon the prominence given to one or the other element in the process. Conceding that there is only a logical and never a chronological distinction between these ele ments—regeneration strictly so called and conversion—and that the . whole process is synthetic, we are compelled to say that man 'is both passive and active in the process ; passive so far as a change is made in the nature of his spul; active, so far as that change consists in the exercising of holy instead of unholy affections. e All. these New England divines agree in denying that the sinner is passive in the sense that he passively receives a nature, which, irrespec tive of all voluntary exercises is holy, in the place of a nature, which irrespective of all voluntary exercises was sinful; and they all agree in teaching that the sinner cannot have a new holy heart, without himself actively putting forth those holy affections in which a new heart consists; and they all agree in teaching that he never does (though he has the natural ability) put forth those holy affections except under the special influences of the Holy Spirit. PHILADELPHIA, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1865. divines and since, is whether the spirit acts directly, or by means of truth iu regenera tion. Edwards and Hopkins plainly teach a direct, immediate operation of the Spirit as absolutely before all agencies or instru mentalities. Emmons, of course, ascribes regeneration to the immediate efficiency of the Spirit. Mr. Fiske gives the following statement as a fair presentation of the present position of the New England theology on. this point : "In regenerating men, God, in some respects acts• directly and immediately on the soul, and in some respects he acts in con nection with and by means of the . .truth. His mediate and his immediate influences cannot be distinguished by, consciousness, nor can their respective spheres be deter mined by reason." In its teachings on the Atonement, the New England Theology lays stress upon the sufferings and not upon the obedience of Christ. Iu gaining a proper view of the design of these sufferings, it draws a distinc tion between ." distributive" and " general justice." The former, in the language of President Dwight, "denotes exactly that treatment of the subject 'which his personal conduct merits." General justice accord ing to the same authority "denotes doing that which is right upon the whole in all. cases, in other words, that which will most pro mote the universal good." The atonement, is not designed to satisfy distributive Ins tice,but gener i al justice; it was not a literal, fulfillinent .of the penalty of law, nor an exact, equivalent for the penalty, but it accomplished as much for the general good as the infliction of the penalty or its equiva lent would have done. It was not a substiL tuted penalty, bUt a,substitute for the pen alty. The atonement 'has a close relation to law, just as close as,punishlpent itself.. The only way in which it works for the general good and fulfills general justice is by sus taining laNi. It is vicarious, but in a wider sense than held by those who would make it a literal fulfillment of the penalty. It takes the place of the sinner's sufferings and of penalty "The atonement," says Dr. Edwards, "is the substitute for the punishment threatened in the law, and was designed to answer the same ends of supporting the authority of law, the dignity of the divine moral. government and the consistency of the divine conduct in legis lation and execution." It was designed to be, says the reviewer, " not punishment but sufferings equivalentto punishment, i. e. equivalent in respect to the ultimate end of punishment, viz :_the good of the universe through the support of law and govern ment." Says Mr. Barnes in his little treatise on Justification, page 87, speaking of the Atonement: ' 4 Jesus Christ becomes .the surety that under this arrangement as great good shall result to the universe by our being saved as would be by our punish ment forever." The same authority in his " Defence," admits, that in a certain sense, the sufferings of Christ ark penal. -" If by penal ills be meant such sufferings inflicted by a moral Governor as are a proper expres ; sion of his sense of the evil of transgres lion I admit and hold that Christ endured such ills!' We confess that just here,' especially if we omit the last quoted remark of Mr. Barnes, the New England Theology has an unsatisfactory appearance.. The human . conscience burdened with sin requires, as it seems to us, a remedy clear of vagueness, and derives comfort mainly from passages of Scripture and modes of statement which represent the work of Christ in the closest relation to the Jaw. In fact it is to the younger Edwards we owe this reference of the atonement so distinctively to the 'gen eral justice of God,* 7hile the older divines of this school use language and figures of speech which tie the work of Christ more closely and distinctly to the sinner's imme diate necessity. The elder Edwards has already been quoted in favor of one view; take another passage from•hisvorks: "The justice of God -is exceedingly glorified in this work. God is so strictly and immutably just that he would not spare his own Son when he took upon him the guilt of men's sins and was substituted in the room of sinners. He would not abatelim the least mite of that debt which justice demanded." Nor does Samuel Hopkins come short of a the.ory of strict satisfaction, in using such language as this ; " One important and necessary part of the work of the Redeem er of men was to make atonement for their sins by suffering in his own per son the• penalty or, curse of the law. The sufferings of Christ were therefore for sin, and consequently must be the, evil which - sin deserves, and that which he must have suffered had not Christ suffer ed it in his stead, or that which is equiva- lent." Indeed Hopkins appears to have pushed his views on this point quite out of harmony with the general teachings of his school. The best form of the New England Theology is that which avoids the repulsive commercial or quid pro quo theory of the Atonement, without falling into the vagueness of Bushnell, and without losing that distinct idea of a sacrifice and substi tute before the law, towards which the con victed sinner instinctively turns, and which once we/I : apprehended, is such a living, perennialpring of personal holiness and devotedn . Anotherobjection which might lie against 4 this systenl of theology, just here, is that, as well know , it resolvs all right character into bene olenee, and makes justice but a derived fom or phase of that quality. The i. conceptio of, justice as a l divine attribute is lowerethby making it a tecondary instead of a primacy quality, and room is scarcely left in the orking of the divine mind for that holy iddignation against sin in itself considered, 1. hich is so important to a pro found view of the Atonethent. Something is due, says t writer in the Presbyterian Quarterlyview, 111, 244, "to the divine. feeling Of hatred to sin, and would be due j i to it, if He !had' no kingdom of moral be. - lie were alone in the universe finer." ings, and_ with the.s On the ecrees, there is not much re quiring note save. the stoutness and un flinching boldness with which the New ,England dines clung to these iron pillars in their s, tem , and e mode in which they met t e difficulties in this part of the subject. on the place of sin in a world governed by a Sovereign, such as they loved to conceiveod to be, the conclusion gen erally acq esced in after generations of powerful e ntroversy may be stated to be that " God ecreed the best system, and thatAnclud the permission of sin." t What is belhe fate of the New Eng, land Theolo y, ? Its radical principle, the et happinessr, benevolence theory of virtue, I is certain shared in by few. In one shape S 'or other/that theory of virtue which Dr. Hickok so \felicitously indicates by the term spirit-wort mess' seems to *be taking its place. Ye? the system ,has exerted and still exerts a, powerful influence in Ameri can theolOgy and metaphysics. It has proved itself congenial to the common-sense, active minirof the country. It has given freer play to thought on theological sub jects, and bas put far up on the heights the beacon of progress within the, limits of a sound interpretation of Scripture. It has made its mark perhaps indelibly upop the history of the Presbyterian Church in this C'onntryr- , -It has paved the way for those ideas of God, humanity and liberty, which hi v e made at leaSt • one Branch of that C?urch an-anchorage in the most troublous hours of the Republic. The altitude of East Tennessee, in Church and State, is due in 'part to the teachings of men whose attachment to "New School Theology" was as marked as their hatred of oppression. Should the tomes of its great writers die, there are results of their work which' are imperishable. 'But its principal contribu tido, di heology can hardly be outlived by those of Augustine and Calvin. And lead ing feat 'res of the system must, we think, continu to assert themselves, in the face of all the odifying and positively hostile in fluences that can be brought•to bear upon them to generations to come. ALMOST AS BAD. • The ferenee itself, i to stir forth n t eat worst thing to crime, is indif- At crime. Frightful as it is in becomes far more so when it fails e public conscience, when it calls indignant response, when its punish ment is tint languidly sought or mildly laid on. Snell a state of things argues nothing less than a wide diffusion of the virus of ,nd forebodes its outbreak in in creasing violence and malignity. An at mosphere, of honest indignation is stifling to crime, and it is the part of teachers of public morals and of rulers of a people to guard Ind cultivate its capacity of sound and viiturs indignation against every'un dermining influence. Unspeakably bad as have been some of the demonstrations of rebel malignity dur ing the war, we are in , ; danger of adding largely to their mischievousness. The starvins and torturing, and slow murder of thousands of our prisoners, was beyond doubt, ithe worst of all the outrageous acts of the rebellion. It was long continued, it was deliberate, it was a matter of malignant. Satart4 exultation to those engaged in it, it was yeffectual. There is' no sign of re gret, no acknowledgement of its fearful enormity as yet. on the part of the South. Beyond doubt, some of those respon more o less for,it are held in honor to Genesee Evangelist, No. 1016 of power and trust. Will the nation con sent to forget these unparalleled atrocities upon her brave defenders ? Will she weary of the search for the real authors of these crimes, and content herself with the pun ishment bf one or two wretched under lings ? Nay, it is well gigh three weeks since the trial of one of these was con cluded,—the only person in the whole "Con federacy" who has been called to account fotithis perfectly gigantic wickedness,—and yet tle mind of the Executive has not been revealed as to his ,doom. We really feel that for tiffs people to fail in properly esti mating such a crime, to want indignation against its perpetrators, to be not Unwilling that the crime should share in the white washing 'sqemingly going on' in regard to the whole rebellion, to show a languor in working up the case which would discredit a detective on the track, of a pickpocket, would be only less scandalous f and less mis chievous than it was to commit the crime itself. In the name of the two myriads of victims at. Andersonville, in the name of the cargoes of living skeletons landed at Annapolis, in the name of the noble defen ders of the Union turned into naked, wan, pining, imbruted, demented wretches to whom the eead line was a blessing; in the name of common humanity and simple jus tice let us press the inquiry into the whole reach of this tremendous iniquity, postpone every act of clemency, and hold every rebel leader responsible, until the truth is dis closed and the righteous wrath of the people and the awful dginc,L of justice are appeased. THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND Time was when the British Government was regarded in every t yart of the world as the friend of Protestant missions. Its interposi tion was invoked by the victims of persecu tion with confident expectation of relief. ,Missionaries turned to its representatives in remote parts of the earth when every other human resource failed. • Great Britain was the honored Chief Advocate of liberty of conscience all over the world. Especially was this the case in Turkey, where important concessions to the spirit of religious freedom were obtained through their Christian Am- . bassador, De Redeliffe, and which, while he continued to occupy the position, were , not suffered to become a dead letter. The conduct of Sir Henry Bulwer, now about to return home from his position as British minister at,Constptinoplewill long be remembered as encouraging thii opposite polio, on the part of the •Ottoman Govern ment. Our readers have not'forgotten how, when'more than a year ago, the Sultan took violent measures against the converted .Turks and closed the offices of the Bible and Mis sionary Societies, Sir Henry was discovered rather - to lean towards the persecuting:Sul tan than towards his unoffending subjects and the missionaries themselves. They have since learned that Missions need expect no countenance from him in his official capacity. Only a'few weeks ago he refused to interfere when the Censor condemned a little book containing nothing but a brief compendium of the Bible. "It is a matter of great con gratulation," says a Constantinople corres pondent, "that Lord Lyons is expected here next, week to take Sir Henry Bulwer's place." In India, the Government refuse to put the Bible in the established schools among the natives; they contribute from the public treasury in support of heathen priests and idol temples, and when the civil courts are appealed to in questions arising from the altered position of the native converts, 'there is no certainty but that as in the cage of Judge Mordaunt Wells and the Hindoo youth, who wished to escape from heathen associates, the decision will be altogether ad verse to the progress of Chriitianity or the execution of justice. And in eases of petty persecution for conscience sake, the officials, instead of protecting the converts, have actually alloied themselves to be made instru ments of accomplishing the cruel purposes of the persecutors, sometimes even aggravat ing, by their decisions, the hardships of the. case. Such is the testimony of Missionary Tracy, published in our last issue, in regard to instances occurring in the Madura Mission of the American Board. Even among the tribes of South Africa, the interference of the English is dreaded by the Missionaries. A war of violence and wrong is being waged by the Dutch Boers against the Basutos, a native tribe, among whom the French Protestants have had a prosperous mission, now id imminent danger of being.overthrown. .The missionaries were in hourly dread lest the British Colony at the Cape should take sides with the Boers and so seal the fate of the Basutos and of the mission at once. We trust that these indieatio'as are but temporary, and that the British Government will prove itself once'more a friend of religi ous progress and a protector of the victims of heathen persecution in every land. REv. J. S. C. ABBOTT has determined to resume the charge of the Howe Street Church in New Haven, which h• re• FOREIGN MISSIONS. TERMS. Per 1111113Ult11, in adrxnee . • .. • • By Mail. *a. By Carrier, Bit SO Fifth , cent* additional, after three months. Clubs.—Ten or TO ore papers, sent to one address. payable strictly in advance and in one remittance: By Mail, 82 50 per annum. By Carriers. e. 3 perannum. Ministers and Ministers' Widows, $T in ad vance. Home Missionaries, $l5O inailvance. Fifty cents additional a fter three months. Remittances by mail are at our risk. Postage.—Five cents quarterly, in advance, paid by subscribers at the office of delivery. Advertiaements.-123 cents per line for the first, and 10 cents for the second insertion. One square (one month) $3 PO two months 5 50 three 7 50 six 12 00 one year 18 00 The following discount on long advertisements, in serted for three months and upwards- is allowed: — Over 20 lines. 10 per cent off.; over 50 lines, 20 per cent.; over 100 lines, 33% per cent. off. PASTORAL LETTER. CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY. [The following Pastoral on the subject con tained, was issued by the Synod of Pennsylva nia, and ordered to be read in the churches and distributed to the families of the congre gations. J The Synod of Pennsylvania, in session in Philadelphia, Octoher 18, 1865, to the churches, under its care, greeting DEAR BRETHREN:—During our present sessions, amid many causes for eo,ngratula don, and many reports cheering to the cause of Christ at large, and to our own branch of the church in particular, we have had before us one painful subject of<contemplation. Our church, so often is the past embarrassed for the want of pecuniary means for following the openings of Divine Providence for exten sion, now finds its enterprises in that direc tion imperilled for the want of men. In our own country, our General Assembly has un dertaken to push our evangelizing work along the track of advancing population, lasing in the new settlements foundations for churches and pastoral settlements, so that generations to arise may grow up in the ordinances of God, and under the holy influences of Chris tian institutions. To the country at large—to the new settle ments where the shock of this neglect would be first felt, and to the older States upon which the moral influence would react in desolating power, no public measure can be more important than that which our Assem bly proposes. It could not set for its enter prise any - lower mark, without becoming derelict to the calls of Providence in the great movements of the hour. Melds, both missionary and pastoral, abound. Imploring cries come up for men to hasten with the Gospel of salvation to ex tensive communities, largely living in sin and dying without hope. These fields, in general are of a character which require the sternest self-denial, the most patient endurance, and the most unconditional consecration tif . Christ and his work. But their needs are in almost ex.actinverse ratio to their inviting aspect to those who seek worldly comfort in the minis try. To earnest and self-devoted men they commend themselves as affording noble spheres - for ministerial zeal and for enduring records of faithfulness and usefulness. But the men fail to come. But one is found where scores are wanted. Candidates for the ministery are few, and, their number does not increase. The prospects of wealth in secular vocations are brilliant. Our Chris tian young men are dazzled by them, and their Christian parents know not how to con secrate their sons to the ministry, with its hazards of poverty and lowliness, when in' a worldly career they may spring with a home to opulence and position. So young men who, by parental consecration and personal profession, are under solemn vows to be the Lord's, whom the Lord needs in the minis try, and who ought to be there, ary withheld from the work to which they are due, and fastened for life to temporal avocations. We commend these statements to our pas tors and sessions.. We urge them to look out from the young men of their churches, those who by grace and gifts, seem fitted for the Gospel ministry, andvto urge upon their consciences, and upon the consciences of their parents, the solemn call to go and work in the Lord's vineyard. ,We affectionately address the parents of Christian young men, or those who stand to them in the place of parents. We affection ately remind such of them as profess religion of their solemnly expressed purpose to give up all for arist: It is offering the lame, the sick and the torn, to say to the Lord, " Take I my money, but ask me not for my son." We ask what should be the fair meaning of the first consecration of these sons to the Lord? When the mother of Samuel brought 'her best gift to the altar, she said, " I have lent him to the Lard; as long as he liveth, he shall be lent to the Lord." Did you mean any less when, with consecrating vows, you gave to the Lord that which he gave you, not as your own, but in trust for his service ? Our pastoral exhortation to you is, that you can answer for this dread responSibility only by an honest carrying out of this consecration in the letter and spirit. - We appeal to young men upon whom God has bestowed his forgiving grace and whose gifts are sufficient for service. 'We remind them of God's ownership of them in the covenant of redemption. Ye are not your own; ye are bought with a price. Therefore glorify God with your bodies, as well as your spirits. Both, and each alike, are the Lord's. If God has a place for you in the Gospel ministry, you will be out of your place anywhere else. In some secular em pbyment or worldly position, you may acquire wealth and fame. But against all these ad vantages stands the oppressive fact that you are living in a false position, and that, so far as meeting the first claims of heaven upon your existence is concerned, you are spending a lost life. Special duties are shaped by the hour. When the country was in struggle for political life, then arose calls for self-conse cration whkh belonged only to such times. The crisis in the world's religious life hastens. Men who !Light not have been wanted once are most pressingly needed now. 'Beloved young men, we beseech you heed the call of heaven ! Finally we approach candidates for -the ministry with our affectionate admonition, that no common consecration will be likely to sustain them in the work now opening for the Christian ministry. There may be throngs of recruits without constituting any supply. The ministry that we want is a soul saving ministry. The work spread before the Church is one which makes the self-deny ing spirit an indispensable point of fitness for the ministry. We commend this view to our candidates with the more cheerfulness, be cause this way of the cross is the surest and best way to the crown. The richest laurel is for the soldier who comes out of the war soiled and scarred by well-fought . battles for the right. So, beloved young brethren, it will be in the distribution of the crowns, in' heaVen. ." They that be wise shall shine as the bright ness of the firmament, and they that turn. many to righteousness, as the stars forever and ever." B. B. lloircHKlN, } • U. F. WISWELL, Committ ee. WlLLlAM T. EVA. OUR EAST TENNESSEE LETTER, has ST-
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