i IMPKOVISHID HIRE) HOUSES. m ()p!iiiiill One of the most delightful nud suggestive of the teachers' leaflets issued by the CnJIege of Agriculture, Cornell University, for tine in the public schools, in one entitled "The Birds and I," by L. II. Bailey. Thin is illus trated by a number of suggestions for bird bonne, which may be copied by II the boys mid girls who are always wanting to use hammer and nnils and "make something useful." Home of the many forms which can bo nsed are shown in the picture. Any ingenious boy can suggest a dozen other patterns. The floor space in each compartment should not be less than 5x0 inched, and 6x6 inches or 0x8 inches may be better. By cutting the boards in multiples of these numbers, one cau easily make a house with several compartments; for there are some birds, as martins, tree swallows and pigeons, that like to lire in families or colonies. The size of the doorway is important. It should be just large enough to admit the bird. A larger opening not only looks bad, but it exposes the inhabitants to dangora of cats and other enemies. Birds which build in houses, aside from doves and pigeons, are bluebirds, wrens, tree swallows, martins, and sometimes tho chickadee. For the wren and chickadee the opening should be au iuoh and a half augur hole, and for the others it should be two inches. The MbVM's Well." By R. H. EDMONDS. Ten years ago the South fought its first skirmish in the cudless battle that ever rages for the world's com mercial supremacy. Its pig-iron en tered the markets so long domiuatod by Pennsylvania furnaces, and. to tho dismay of those who had nllected to despise its rivalry, won a substantial viotory. Alabama iron beoame a fao tor in every iron-consuming centre, and from this position, it could not be dislodged. About the same time Southern cotton mills were forcing their product into successful competi tion with the output of New England mills. But as Pennsylvania iron and steel people took refuge in the claim that the South would never advance beyond the iron-making stago, that it conld never become a factor in the higher forms of finished goods and in steel-making, so the New England mills lnlled themselves into a sense of security on the claim that though Southern mills might make ooarse goods, they could never acquire tho skill and the capital needed for the finer goods. In the light of what has been accomplished within ten years, it seems very strange that suoh argu mouts as these should have done duty in so many newspapers and iu so many gatherings. - A Prophaej. Judge Kelley "Pig-Irou Kelley," as be was familiarly kuown had been wiser than his people. Nearly twenty waois paid to factory rands. 1 880 1 K09 75,&00',000. 1350,000,000. years ago ho. proclaimed the coming power of the South in all industrial pursuits, and heralded it not as a dis aster to Pennsylvania and to New England, but as an added strength to the indnstrial powor of the country. "Th development of the South," said be, "means the enrichment of the na tion." In this light the progress of the South should be watched, for while its indnstrial npbuilding may mean the changing of some forms of industry ia other sections, there is versatility enongh in our people aud in our country to find a new avenue for the employment of brains and energy and capital for every one that nay be closed by changing business conditions. New Englaud may yield the soeptre of cotton-mannfaoturing to the Bantu, to the vast enrichment of i'e South, but New England will find new openings for its tireless energy and its accumulated capital. OBAIX PRODUCED BtTBHILS, IBM). 181)8-09. 431,000,000. 730,000,000. The South will become enormously wealthy through tho change, but New .England will not be mad tho poorer. ' Thm Sirs Skirmishes. - last about the time when tho South (Yo) was winning these first skirmishos, snd when its people were dazzled by the new opportunities of employment aud wealth creation which were open- RAILROAD iii,i:a(ii:. 1RH0. 20.000. 180!). BO.OOO. iug before them after the darkness of thirty years of war and reconstruction trials, thore came the world-wido financial panio following the Baring failure. Tho South, suddenly brought dowu from its dizzy speculative height, had to fnco now conditions. The business world recognized that tho supreme test of the South's in herent advantages and possibilities had come. It facod the situation its iron-masters steadily reduced the cost of iron-making until furnaces which had been turning out $S and $1) iron CONSUMPTION IN MILLS BALES. SOUTHERN 1880. 2'33,HHt). 1898-0!). 1, 81)0,000. were able to produce $Q iron; its cot ton-mill owners wisely abandoned old machinery, and, equipping their mills with every modern improvement, drove them to their utmost capacity night aud day, iu order to double the output on their invested capital and propor tionately reduce the oost of goods; its cotton-planters, who had kept their oorn-cribi and smoke-houses in the West, buying iu the aggregate about 9100,000,000 worth a yoar of Western corn aud bacon, commenced to raise their own food supplies, and iu this way, returning to the old ante-bellum system, reduced the cost of raising ootton. While these changes, all revolutionary iu their character, were in progress, the small bankrupt rail road lines were brought into compact systems, new and heavier rails laid, rolling-stock lucreaaed and uecessary exteuBious made. Iron anil Coal. Thus the South passed through the long period of depression, standing the great test, which came so nnex pecledly, in a way that strengthened the world's confidence. It not only SPINDLES IN COTTON-MILLS. 1880. 1899. 007.000. 8,000,000. held its own during this period, but its iron-makers entered foreign mar kets, ana demonstrated that the South could dictate the price of iron for the world. Alabama iron set the prioe in England and on the Continent, as well as in Japan, aud even from Jerusalem oame an order for it. This marked revolution ia the world's iron and steel interests. Henoeforth the world was the market for Southern iron. When this point bad been reached. the next Step was to build steel-works commensurate with what has been ao complished in iron-making; and to-day two gigantio plants one to make steel billets, and the other to make finished steel products are nearlng com plstion at Birmingham. They hare eost about $2,500,000. They hate l-HOHI'HATB MINED TON". 1H90. ISM. 750,000. 2,000,000, already booked heavy orders for steel billets for shipment to Pittsburg. A number of furnaces built during the bonra of 1880-00, and which have been idle ever since, have latoly been bought by strong companies, and are now being put into blast. Witli every furnaoo crowded to its utmost capne- 1 1 CAPITAL INVESTED IH isso. 257,000,000. MANVFAITrRtNII, ihoo. i,ooo,ooo,ooo. ity, which will soon be the case, the output of Houthern Iron in 191)0 prom ises to be uearly llfty por cent, larger than ever before. The demand for coal exceeds the production, thongh that is now at the rate of 40,000,000 tons a year. There is almost feverish activity in enlarging the output of old mines, in opening new ones, and CAPITAL IN COTTON-RKEU-OIL MANl'FAO Tunc. 1S"0. 1R00. 3,500,000. 40,000,000. in building coke-oveus; for a ready demand meets every ton produced, with a profit that makes glad the stockholders. Tim Flinnittint lniltilry. Turning from iron and coal, with the almost fabulous profits which they are yielding, to other industries, phosphate-mining looms into promi nence . Up to ten years ago South Carolina was the ouly American source of phosphnto rock, and our fertilizer factories, as well as those of Europe, had to depend upon the few hnndrod thousand tons which that State an nually produced. Then it was dis covered that Florida had vast phos phato beds, and soon that State sur passed South Carolina iu this indus try. Two or three years later similar discoveries wore made in Tennessee, aud the mining activity which has fol lowed reminds one of the tales of do- .'OAL MIXED TONS. 1880. 180!). 0,000,000. 40,000,000. volopment in new gold regions. Ten years ago the South's output of phos phate rook was Hot more than 750,000 tons; this year it will be 2,000,000 tons. w hat this means in the diver sification and improvement of agricul tural conditions is too broad a subject for treatment here. Tim Forest-. Possessing one-half of the standing timber of tho United Statos, the South is building np immense lumber and wood-working interests, and through out the entiro lumber region business is as prosperous as in the iron dis tricts. Cntlnn Is Ntlll KIiie. Though the value of the grain now raised iu that section exceeds on the farm the value of the cotton crop, cot ton is still the dominant power in the business life of the South. No other oountry has such a monoply of any agricultural staple of such world-wide influence as the South has 1 cotton. Cotton and cotton-seed bring to Sonth eru turners an average ot $300,000, 000 a year. Tho comparatively new industry of cotton-seed oil making now employs over $10,000,000 of capital, and yields an annual product of upwards of $50,000,000. From Galveston alone the foreign exports of cotton oil and oottou-seed meal are averaging nearly 1000 tons a day. Of this industry the South has almost as much of n monopoly as it has of cotton-growing, but iu the manufacture of cotton goods this section, though making marvelous progress, is still ouly gutting well started. There are about 100,000,000 cotton-spindles in the world. The South furnishes the cotton for about three-fourths of these, or 75,000,000 spindles, but has ouly 5,000,000 spindles. To consume in its own mills its crop of 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 bales would reqnire the investment of over $1,500,000 in new mills, and long before that point could be reached, even at the present rapid growth, the world will annually re guiro of this section from 25,000,000 OOTTON CROP BALKS. 1880. 1898-99. 6,750, 000 11,274,810. to 30,000,000 bales. Iu 1880 th South started on its cotton-mill de velopment with a basis of 667,000 spindles, representing a capital of $21,000,000. By 1890 it had 801. 000,000 oapital in this industry and 1,700.000 spindles. To-day it has 8,000,000 spindles and about 12o 000,000 of capital Invested in cotton mills, while mills tinder construction represent about (25,000,000 more. The most significant sign of tho times in this indnstiy is that New England mill-owners, recognising that the South is bound to win, are transfer ring large capital lo Sontheru mills. A valub op MANcrArTcnEi) i-nonrcrs. 18X0. 1800. 457,4.10,000. 1, 600,000,000. number of the leading milt companies of tho fornior section have, during tho last few years, built branch mills, Costing from 8500,000 to $1,000,000 each, in tho South; and now one of New Lnglmid s greatest corporations is spending $2,500,000 in building iu Alabama what will be tho largest cotton-mill ever constructed as a sin gle enterprise. The recent advance in the price of cotton is bringing pros perity to the farmers, and if it holds for tho balance of tho season, will nn-ir.o 1880. 097,000. PRODUCED TONS. 180!). 9,r,oo,ono. mean $75,000,000 more to them than tbey received for last year's crop. In diversified interests the same story of progress and prosperity runs. The Newport News Ship Yard, with over $10,000,000 of work under con tract, inclitdiug two steamers of about 12,000 tons each for the I'aciflo trade, tho largest ever built iu America, is said to be employing more hands than even the Cramps; the Iliclimond Ijo nomotive Works are competing with tho Baldwins in exporting locomo- tives; the Maryland Steel Company has been furnishing steel rails for Russia's Siberian Kailroad. for Aus tralia and other distant regions; Ala COTTON MILLS. 1890. 12.1,000,000. bama coke has gone to Japan, and the export of both coke and iron is only limited by the fact that the home de maud now exceeds tho supply. Tim Smith's Story In Htatutlm. Statistics aro ofteu nnintoresting, but the story of tho South's progress caunot be told more clearly than in the comparative illustrations scattered through this article, iu which reliable estimates are given where exact fig ures are not obtainable. Surveying the whole Sonthorn situ ation, what has been done and what is under way, it can be truly said that "all's well." Harper's Weekly. Caiaava. tha New Crop. The Spanish war seems to have given promise of benefit iu a direotion entirely unexpected in stimulating the study of tropical products. A plant has boon "discovered" that promises to become' to the Gulf states what whoat is to the North. For years this plant, which resembles a gigantio beet, has been a staple product ot SEVEN CASSAVA-ROOTS. Brazil aud other South American countries, and has recently boeu grown in Jamaica with remarkable re sults. In Eastern tropical countries it is known as "manioc," in Brazil it is called "mandioca," in Colombia it is known aa "yucca." and in tho West Iudies tho name cassava or cas sada" prevaila. The gigantio roots I produce a flour that rivals tho best of wheat. They give a juice that mukes an excellent table preserve. They yield an abundance of staroh of a su - perior quality. They also make a re- markable showing in fattening cattle. If one-half of what is claimed by the United Statos Department of Acrienl- ture aud the Jamaica Agriculture So- oiety be realized, the problem ot what to do with tho vast areas of almost arid lands of tho Gulf states is to be solved by "cassava." IIa! It In Various Auortinanti. It was in one ot the big department stores. "What do you wish to-day, raadatn?" asked tho eourteons floor walker. "Nothing. I " "Sixteenth floor. Take the ele vator. We have nothing there in large and varied assortments. James, ring tho bell for the lady." Harper's Bazar. Xlamulns of an Olil-Timar. The skeleton of a prehistoric sea monster resembliug a shark was uu earthed reoeutly at the quarry ot J. H. Davis, who live ton miles south of Bouham, Texas. Its jaws were about four feet iu length, and, thongh buried several foot iu solid liiuestoue, were in a good, state ol preservation,, the enamel being plainly visible on tho teeth. IP CAPITAL 188(1. 21.0(10.000 IN NEW YORK I 4 Designs For Costumes That Have Be ll come Popular in IHIMEIliiliia New Tons Citt (Special). There, bs Devor been a season when so many s immer gowns, or rather the style ot gowns associated with ttio summer noURB OOWN OP MENf-H TLANNEt., TIIIMMED WITH VELVET ItllinoN. season, have been made np for winter wear, declares Harper's Bazar. The light silks are to be nsed all through the winter of course not for street wear while some heavy silks, satius, crepons, are trimmed with white lace, and have quite as light and airy au effect as thongh they were Intended to wear in July and August. For street wear, blaok and brown a warm shade ot brown are considered especially WONDERFUL IN CUT fashionable colors. The most stylish house gowns are made of French flan nel. But never before at this time of year have so many light grays and tan cloths been made np. Indeed, all the styles ot dress this year are on a most elaborate and expensive scale, and it requires considerable thought and in genuity for the woman with a moder- ! ate income to dress according to tbe latest fashion diotates. Fortunately there are a good many styles in every sort of gowu, whether for street or house, that are attractive aud quite inconspicuous, and these are the best to choose from where economy has to bo considered, while in tbe black gown the different methods of trimming work a transformation in the too som bre and workaday look that a cheap black gown so often possesses. wiit Wonderful in Cut. Truly wonderful are tbe designs, both of fubrio and cut, of the new ; evening waists whioh made their first appearauoe at the Horse Show. Two ; of the most notable examples are shown in the large engraving. Al- ' though much of the material from j which they are made comes from the factories of the old world and some of i tho garments fashioned are upon French models, yet there are exceedingly handsome ones here. mauy made As modish as any are those made of satin, but not of a heavy variety, and thus the fulness ot a waist is allowed to fit gracefully on the figure. This is tucked, straight, in squares, in diamonds, or hemstitched aud drawn One of tbe new embroidered styles is made in white mauve and cream. The embroidery ii oueu uud loose, aud through it is shown a lining ot c'.oth of gold. The stylo of this waist is really a blouse, but is open at the trout aud filled iu with knots ot uious sohne de soie or cbitloD. The collars bio bauds of crushed silk, and the re markable little jeweled button which shine through the filmy ruches of chiffon whioh edge "all things" odd not a littlo to the gcueial effeot. Mauve aud other delicate shades of lilao aro much used. . Juto these waists axo insorted jokes or vests, often cM rf n. vUin fw lijl ii Ait 'i jIpxy ' " FMHI0N& tho Metropolis. colon in fantastic figures. A net shade of blue whioh ia light, bat not a baby blue, is another material which is seen in a smart waist. Not the least fascinating are the ex quisite blouses of guipure lace. These are made entire, without lining, and made to slip over any soli J lining. One illustration shows a new style of silk which comes in one piece skirt-length, it is called. This has ao applique of inousseline do soie which Is embroidored in neutral shades and a sot pattern: The silk diners from the material usually employed in . waists, inasmuch as it is soft and tbin, almost transparent. Simple Shirt-waist Moilnl, Tho Czarina shirt-waist, notwith standing its title, is a simple model that is suitable for making np almost any pretty fabric, but a particularly taking one included in the handsome trousseau of an autumn bride is msdo of amethyst velvet and heliotrope silk. It is formed with a deop yoke at tho back. There is a wide plait down tho front, where tho waist fastens with pearl and amethyst studs. Tbe back of the waist is very closely fitted, the sleeves close coat shapes, with velvet mIT, and tho fronts droop a little at the belt. I'lnln Srllln for KnmniMa. Most people consider emernlds must be surrounded with diamonds to bring ont their beauty, but a big square emerald owned by one woman who is fond of the rich, green stones is in a a perfectly plain setting, square out, as emeralds are, and is beautiful ia its soft velvety richness. Ifnw ttm lints Arc Worn. Hats are worn in Paris and New ARE TFIE NEW WAISTS. York very far forward of tho face. The new style of arranging the coiffure which brings it high np in the back means that the hat shall be worn over a full roll iu front, not pompa dour, but a soft arrangement in which the hair extends very widely at tho sides. The hat itself extends far over the face, that ii not down, bat up ward st least from three to four inches beyond the linos ot the face, that is to say the new pointed, round hats, toqf.es and other styles which aro being shown. The turban must bo poised suffi ciently high, and though the hair is being parted and worn apparently softer, there is no squat or flat tendency permittod. The forward inclination of the hat gives a rakish and peculiar, but graceful turn to tho entire appearance when not pushed too far. The entire outlines of dress have an attenuating effect. Tho idea is to make the woman appear taller. TUB KKW PICTDUa DAT. more slender, willowy and graceful. Tho lifting ot tho bat and pusbin it ...,.,H.. iu, ,p. P,n .
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers