112 FROM RUSSIA g A Body of Russian Quakers Who Are Settling in the Canadian Northwest to Escape Persecution. A large body of sturdy men and women, exiled from their native land on account of their religious opinions, consisting of 2000 of the 7500 Russian Quakers, known as Doukhobors or "Tolstoi's pets," who are settling in the Canadian Northwest, arrived at St. John, N. 8., a few days ago aud immediately proceeded by rail to their uew home. When the Doukhobors landed on Canadian soil they were greeted by a party of their representatives in America, among them being the Rus sian Priuce Hilkoff. Their arrival was made the occasion of a service consisting of prayer and supplication in which they gave thanks to God for having brought them safely to a land of freedom. The Universal Brotherhood Chris tians, as the Doukhobors (i.e., "Spir it-Wrestlers") prefer to be called, have Buffered terrible persecution, especially since June, 1895, and many of them have died for their faith. The Russian Government has ban ished the men of these people by scores to distant parts of Siberia. It has used its-arbitrary power to send Cossacks to attack and flog large num bers of unarmed and unresisting men anil women; to quarter Cossacks on villages where they outraged women; to uproot an industrious settlement of peaceful people; to oblige them to abandon their cultivated lands; to re duce many of them to the verge of starvation; to confine a population, accustomed to the cold climate of a district lying 5000 feet above the sen level, in hot and unhealthy valleys, where out of 4000 people about 1000 perished within three years; to do men to death by Hogging, underfeed ing, and physical violence in the MEMBERS OF THE FIRST PABTY OF DOUK HOIiOIIS TO BEACH CANADA. "penal battalions;" and finally, as an act of mercy, the Russian Government has consented that these ruined peo ple may leave their country, provided that they go at their own expense, that they never return, and that they leave behind those of their number who have been summoned for military service. The strangest fact in this drama of Russian life is that it was mainly through the influence of Russia's greatest philosopher, Count Tolstoi, that the Russian authorities permitted these people to leave their native land. This fearless man of peace, whose banishment the Government COUNT LEO TOLSTOI. {The influence of the Russian philosopher with the Czar enabled the persecuted Douk liol>ors to emlßrate.) in considering, used bis influence •with the Czar, with that the persecution of the Russian Quakers ceases with their emigration to a far off land. Count Tolstoi is one of the mightiest individual forces in Russia to-ilny, and though he dresses in the garb of a peasant and lives upon his farm engaged in the peacefnl pursuit of tilliug the soil, the Russian Gov ernment fears his power more than that of any other man. The Doukhobors believe in the pre cepts, "Resist not him that is evil," but "love your enemies;" and they be lieve in overcoming evil with good. They refuse to enter the Russian army, believing that it is wrong to prepare to kill meu, and the question, therefore, "What is to be done with men who would rather die than kill?" has made its way into practical politics. DOUKHOBOB CHILD BEN HOW IN CANADA. Some 7500 Doukliobors are prepar ing to migrate to Canada, where free land has been granted to them. Their new home is where the Territories of Assiuiboia and Saskatchewan and the Province of Manitoba meet. In Rus sia, and also in England, money has been collected to enable them to be gin to cultivate the laud granted them in the country of their adoption, and in the United States also, a "Tolstoi Fund" has been raised with the same object. The man they look up to as their leader is Peter Verigin. In his younger days he is said not tp have been as steady as ho should have been. Those were days when the Doukliobors, hav ing been exiled by Nicholas I.to the Caucasus, had settled on the lands al lotted to them, bleak as those lauds were. Conscription had not as yet been introduced into the Caucasus to trouble them, and they waxed fat, for got to obey the precepts of their fathers, smoked, drank strong drink, ate meat, accumulated private prop erty, discussed their religion as a matter of intellectual interest, and eased their consciences by being very "charitable." They founded a "Wid ows' House,"for the aged, the or phans, or such as by any misfortune were in want. Their "Widows' House'' accumulated a capital of some $250,- 000; and with so much property they were dragged into the net of the law, to have recourse to which was contrary to their principles. On the death of the woman who had been regarded as their leader for many years, and in whose bands the disposal of these charity funds had rested, the courts of justioe decided that the money should be regarded as the per sonal property of her heirs. This led to a split among the Doukhobors.who numbered about 20,000 at that time. A considerable majority of them re garded Peter Yerigin as the new leader. His conduct at this trying time ap pears to have been remarkable. He refused advantageous offers made to him, and set himself energetically to work to revive the old faith and the old cnstom of the Doukhobors. He and they returned to vegetarianism and total abstinence from intoxicants. They left off smoking. They redivided their property voluntarily, so as to do away with the distinctions between rich and poor, and they again began to insist on the strict doctrine of non reHistance. The Government folt that Peter Yerigin had better be removed, especially as the conscription was then being introduced into the Caucasus. He was therefore, about twelve years ago, banished to Lapland. It was a matter of "political expediency." It is customary for the inhabitants of the Caucasus to possess arms, but the Doukhobors feol that so long as you possess a weapon it is difficult to ab stain from using it when any one comes to steal your horse or cow. So to re move temptation and to hold fast to the rule "Resist not him that is evil," they resolved to destroy all their arms. This decision was carried out simul taneously in the three districts they inhabited, on the night of 28th of June, 1895. In the Kars district the affair passed off quietly. In the gov ernment or Elisavetpol the authorities made it an excuse for arresting forty Doukhobors, who were kept in confine ment more than two years. But it was in the government of Tiflis that the most amazing results followed. A large assembly of Doukhobor men and women attended the ceremony of burning the arms, and accompanied it by singing psalms or hymns. The bonfire was already burning down, and day had already dawned, when two Cossack regiments arrived upon the scene and were ordered to charge the Doukhobors. The Cossacks charged at them; but seeing a crowd of unarmed and unresisting peasants, they in stinctively stopped when close upon them, and only when the order to at tack had been repeated did they again advance and begin to flog men and women indiscriminately with their whips. They struck right and left, cutting the heads aud faces of the people; and when the lashes of their whips were wearing out, orders were given to attach fresh lashes to the whips, and the flogging recommeuced. Few stranger scenes are recorded in history. Here were some thousands of people bent on carrying out the dic tates of their religion, which was the Christian religion professed by their Government. And here were two regiments of Cossacks cruelly (though in some cases reluctantly) beating men aud women, till clothes and ground were stained with blood, and their psalms were turned into cries for mercy and into groans of pain. Why this was done nobody seems to know. No one was tried for it, and no one was punished for it, nor has any apology or explanation ever been offered to the Doukhobors. The au thorities iu St. Petersburg depend for their information on the local authori ties who committed this blunder or perpetrated this crime. The news papers have strict instructions not to make any reference to such matters; and three friends of Leo Tolstoi's, Vladimir Tchertkoff, Paul Birnkoff, and Ivan Tregonboff, who went to St. Petersburg with a carefully worded statement of what had occurred, and who wished to see the Emperor about it, were banished, without trial and without being allowed to make the matter public. Punishment fell not on those who had done the wrong, but on those who had suffered it unresistingly. Cos sacks were quartered on their village, and there outraged women and stole property. Four thousand people had to abandon their homes, sell their well cultivated lands at a few days' notice, and be scattered in banishment to un healthy districts, where about 1000 of them perished in three years of want, disease, or ill-treatment. t'Ove is a fountain, not a cistern. I FARM AND GARDEN.! Marl Reduce* LOM of Nitrogen. In an ordinary uncovered manure heap, the loss' of nitrogen during eleven days in a German test was 37 per cent, in a covered heap it was a little bit less. The addition of 30 per cent, of marl to the manure reduced the loss of nitrogen more than 60 per cent. InKpct rest*. Insects of various kinds lay eggs upon the stems and canes of currants, raspberries and other plants,the larvie of which bore the canes and cause the shoots to wilt and die. There is no wholesale method of destroying these pests. The only remedy is to cut the stem off a few inches below where it is bored and burn it. This necessi tates going through the patch occa sionally, watching closely for wilted canes. In many sections these pests do considerable damage,and by watch ing their appearance and destroying them as fast as found a great deal of trouble may be saved in future. Never allow any kind of an injurious insect to become established on your place, if you can help it.—Mirror and Farmer. llentnrini; Kxli:iu«te<t I.and. vVhen a piece of land has become so far exhausted that it no longer pays to crop it, no time should be lost in re storing the elements of fertility that cropping has removed. The old prac tice of lettiug the soil lie idle until nature restores fertility requires too much time. It is far better to apply enough phosphate and potash to make sure of a good catch of clover,and then rely on that to trap the nitrogenous fertility required. One good clover crop, even if only the sod has been plowed under, will do more to make the land tit for cropping than a dozen years of barrenness and trusting to the weeds and brush which nature will supply to unoccupied laud. In the thousands of years that our forest land has remained uucropped, much fer tility was stored in the soil. But when this is exhausted, it takes too much time to try to restore soil fertility by the same slow means. Fattening I.amlM, The lamb that goes into the market plump and in good general form is the one that brings the money. In this age of competition it does not pay to raise mutton when lambs can be turned off at a higher price and at much less expense. In feeding lambs that have had a summer or part of a summer on the range, the winter ration preparatory to marketing should be as inexpensive as possible, and yet secure the desired result. The use of grain is essentia! in fattening lambs, but it is more extensively used than is necessary. A food made up into ra tions eiperience has proven profitable and composed mainly of corn, barley, oil cakes, hay and a liberal supply of maugels and sugar beets will produce better results from a market stand point, than more grain withont the roots. Sm.ill, unsalable potatoes may also be fed, although mangels and beets tire preferable. As a matter of fact the feeding of roots to stock of all kinds is yet in its infancy and farmers are daily learning their great value. They are no longer used exclusively for milch cows, but are fed to all farm an imals as a part of the regular ration. —Atlanta Journal. MitnaKi<>C Hairy Cow«. The farmhand who knows how to milk properly is more valuable to the careful dairyman than any other help. To milk a cow requires time and pa tience. The milkshould be drawn slow ly and steadily. Some cows have very tender teats,and if you waut a well-dis posed cow be gentle in your treatment toward her, as she is naturally impa tient and does not like rough hand ling. With constant irritation she will fail a quantity of milk. As the bidder becomes tilled with milk she is anxious to be relieved of its contents, and will seldom offer resistance without a cause. When a patient cow becomes frac tious we can always trace it to the milker. Note this: We should not allow cows to stand a long time wait ing to be milked. When cows give a large quantity of milk it i.. very pain ful when the udder lias filled to the utmost; therefore causing them to be come very nervous and restless. To delay milking at the proper time will do more to cause a cow togo dry be fore her period than anything else. She should also be milked to the last drop, if possible, for the last portion of milk is said to be the richest. Still another point: There are mauy ways of conducting a dairy. Among them is feeding wholesome food, such as wheat bran and cornmeal. Always be careful to keep the cows well salted, protected from bad weather, giving kind handling, careful milking, regu lar feeding, clean stabling, good ven tilation and plenty of pure water. In some sections we have what is called bitter weed, which cows are fond of, causing the milk to become so much affected that it is hardly lit for use. I find that by giving the cow about two tablespoonfnls of sugar at each meal for two or three days the milk is en tirely relieved of the bitter taste.—G. JR. Dillon in Nebraska Farmer. Poultry and Fruit. We often read of poultry and fruit raising combinations, and wo have al ways advocated such a course for women, and to such an exteut as pos sible have followed our own advice to others. T Ve have always had plum trees in poultry yards,aud have raised beautiful plums as well as beautiful chicks aud biddies. And each has been of great advantage to the other. | Plums repay well, for the poultry droppings work into the soil, and the fowls help materially in the working of the ground. The grows rich and mellow, aud plum curcnlios can not live where fowls have full sweep. This insect pest is dislodged by fre quent heavy jarring of the trees, and the fowls are ever at baud to pick them up; and all in all, a better quality and a greater quantity of fruit is the result of the plum and poultry combina tion. The trees furnish shade for the fowls,and make yarded life endurable, and plumage more beautiful for the shade from the summer suu. An oc casional tree we allow to grow bushy about the base, for the sake of the wide Bhade and cooling effect upon the ground. Fowls will dust underneath these low hanging boughs, aud are very grateful for the cool earth to sit upon. And these same low limbs will often produce large aud perfect plums in quantities. Cherries and other fruits of trt e varieties are also to be exceptionally well grown when grown in poultry yards; but such yards must be ample in size. In truth, there are many pretty and pleasant and profitable combinations for the farinwife who wills to exert herself in money-making lines, and why so many fail to see it is always a mystery. With some it is lack of strength and physical inability. With others it all comes from a lack of ambition and care and from an indiffereuce. Nellie Hawks in Practical Farmer. Forest Hand Soil Moisture. We do not yet know with sufficient exactness the magnitude of the influ ence of forests on the humidity of the air to say in how far the moisture they throw into the passing winds niav be helpful to the crops which are grow ing iu their vicinity. Hut we have shown bv experiments conducted oil the sandy >oi!s of Portage county in this state that groves of second growth black oak there do affect the rate of evaporation in the adjacent fields to the leeward of them in so marked a degree that when at 300 feet from the margin of the grove, iu a whtat field, the rate of evaporation from a wet sheet of 27.0(1 square inches of white filter water was 1.13 cubic inches of water; at 200 feet it was 0.0 cubic inches; at 100 feet, ('.87 cubic inches, while at 20 feet away it was only 0.67 cubic inches. That is to say, at a dis tance of 300 feet from the grove the rate of evaporation was 17.7 per cent, more rapid than at 200 feet and 0C.6 per cent, more rapid than at 20 feet. So,too, iu the case of a single scanty hedge row along a line fence we found that while the rate of evaporation 300 feet away and to the leeward was 0.82 cubic inches, at half that distauce it was 7.2 per cent, less and at 20 feet away it was 30.1 per cent, less, and as these observations were made in the open fields of a piairie section it seems fair to presume that in a wooded coun try, where tall trees rise iutw the air 100 to 200 feet ami where they cover a quarter to a half of the whole sur face, the loss of water from the sur face of the soil on the intervening fields would be very materially less ened over what it must necessarily be with the forests entirely cut away. Now since our studies regarding the influence of the right amount of water applied to field crops at the light time in Wisconsin pro\e that very seldom if ever do wo have soil moisture enough under the best possible treatment yet devised to enable our soils to produce their maximum yields, I shall be very much surprised if, when we do come to know definitely the influence of forests upon the yield of crops ou the soils of intervening fields, we do not find their effect is to make the average of the whole field quite materially larger. The groves whose influence has just been cited were small iu extent aud the trees were low, not rising to a greater average height than 15 to 20 feet aud hence their influence could be neither as intense nor as far-reach ing as it would have been had the areas covered by trees been larger aud their height five to eight times as great, or 100 to 150 feet. If heavily forested areas do exert «n influence upon the rate of evaporation to the leeward of them which is anywhere nearly proportioned to the height of the trees, then clearings as wide as 80 and even 100 rods would have the rate of evaporation quite sensibly modi fied by them, and the clearings and forested areas could be so related as to give large fields for the purposes of tillage and yet have them well uuder the protection of the forests.—Prof. F. H. King in American Agricultur ist. YViftconaiii*s SWIHH Che«nemakerit. It is a peculiar feature of the cheese business in Wisconsin that it is entire ly controlled by Swiss cheesemakers (clieesers), the greater number of whom are young men who are trained in Switzerland and who apply the most approved methods in use there to the making of cheese here. Hence the quality of Wisconsin Swiss cheese is equal in most respects to the imported article. It is a frequent practice for these young clieesers to returu to the old country at the end of each season to come back here when the season again opens. It often happens that they have induced sweethearts to ac company them as wives, when, of course, their migrations cease. This practice is not so extravagaut as it seems. The idle six months would nearly consume the summer earnings of the cheesemakers at the cost of board and amusements here, and at the cheap rates of ocean passage pre vailing they figure out a little profit in addition to the pleasure of meeting friends and re'.atives. There are three times as many mus cles iu the tail of the cat as there are iu the human hands and wrists. ABYSSINIA'S SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 4 Remarkable Structure Maria With Cables and Braces of Vines. Many and strapge were the things seen by the French expedition Bou valot de Bonchamps in Africa, but nothing stranger than the bridge of A •WONDERFUL ABYSSINIAN* STRUCTURE. vines over the Omo Kiver in Abys sinia. In most parts of Africa bridges are undreamed of; big rivers are crossed by rafts and little ones forded. But in the mountains of Abyssinia the torrents that pour down to, join, the Nile are not so lightly stemmed. Over one of these tliß Abyssinians,who have something like a settled country and stable government, have thrown tho bridge. Unlike the Brooklyn Bridge or the Suspension Bridge of Niagara, these Abyssinian engineers had no cables, no scientific bands of steel. Instead they had only nature's growth with which to withstand nature's force. But ingenuity succeeded iu the absence of other resource. It is built upon the suspension plan, hung from big cables made of twisted creepers; from these depend the uprights bearing the floor sup ports. The roadway is very narrow, for no one ever travels across the hills except with caravans of porters bear ing trade goods. The skill with which the bridge is built is something marvelous. The Bonvalot de Bonchamps party set out from Djiboutti, on the Bed Sea, and traveled across the Somali desert and the Abyssinian hills to join Marchand at Fashoda, which he reached from the west coast. Thus they planned to throw a strip of French soil right across the Dark Continent. It reached the head waters of the Sobat and went boating merrily down the river; but mean while the British gnnboats reached the junction of the Sobat with the White Nile and the expedition is now toiling back to Djibouti. The road going out is a good deal longer than it was going in. Canada'* Famous Horsewoman. Miss Elsie Jones, of Brockville, Canada, is noted as being the only lady in Canada who ever personally superintended the training of a horse for racing. Miss Jones is a magnificent horse woman, a member of the Montreal Hunt Club and knows more of a horse's points than most men. Over three years ago Miss Jones came into possession of a young thorougbred colt, sired by Wickliam, dam Fanuy Carter. She thought the colt showed MISS ELSIE JONES. promise and undertook to train it for racing. How well she succeeded is shown by the fact that when the colt Wickler was two years old he weighed 950 pounds and stood 15.2, color of glossy, golden chestnut. When he was eighteen months old he was put in training, and in a month's time he worked one-quarter in 0.24, one-half in 0.53} —no whip or spur used. Miss Jones's splendid riding is so widely known that she was asked to ride one of the horses exhibited at the horse show by a New York man. She is a slight, fine-looking girl, with a pretty figure and clear, well-cut features. Her admirable management of her horse attracted much attention at the horse show. She is the daugh ter of Mrs. E. M. Jones, who owns one of the best herds of Jersey cattle in Canada, and who iu her youth was one of the best horsewomen in the country. Milwaukee had 2578 manufacturing establishments in 1898, employing 56,297 persons and having an output valued at $141,000,000. The latest available statistics (for 1896) place our annual production of petroleum at 60.960.361 barrels. _
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