Lf . ;-vs,.,T'.tj,- . ' -JMt.. t -. "t-" L"- ViW :' THE LANCASTER DAILY INTELLIGEOER, SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1889 i , . m- W- m .".V! x.? ttl"? r-e i k& c.-v- th IF1 te& &;. m jv-.i w b$ :1M 'iif-l l & kip'yJ',Wi.. fc- "! " UUE iIUlaI.lVa.fi. r- , ' ' ' - - - .. - ... . - The Icm or tie ec&nurai iniceii f ,. UreHght te the Bleck. :r . JMCMEMBLE CRUELTIES OF 1793. Baptist Carrier, One of the Most -', MeOttlfclrtty or Hi Itevolntlenlsts Sn 't MOW lUpaallean Baptism and Marriage. "; Antecedents of the Queen. fc Sv"- t TTrwrrra trrmrjT TJTJYnrrrr1 l-f XJJ UlUUiJ ULUiU uuunuu ? ;'f ICepyrlght, 1989, by American rrcss AssocUtlen 1 lVft . ......,, . .. .. ' 1 VT Fl? bloodthirsty of the revolutionists A native '.Vaf the old province or Auvergne, he ravorea i."V member of the convention, and voted 'j'vi ler the death of LeubiXVL He fanned also pf'.Ar tha netmlar flame acntnst the Girendists. Se Ri. V-AS' .- . . t ii Jjw aealeua, ae sanguinary was he In bcli.ilf of tb ';k fuiueune wat ue was aepuieu ie inre &--wfracterylnihe provinces. In Normandy ,,Ji 'aad Brittanr. where civil war prevailed, lie TyftrivnA numberless arrests and condemns IjiBi Men and women te the scaffold en the sngut- $-.. ait mnfetan. often for no cause whatever. r'liT r T . V i. .. ..-. i 'tv MM also tnvaueu tenen, anu ni wuc- ew L.lt . - .1 I.,..- ,l. i.a fcTft speedily emitted nny form of trial or Judicial proceedings. INCREDIBLE SAVAGERY. Prisoners were decapitated by scores. In truth, the ax was Insufficient; It could net de its ratal weric , fast enough; con sequently ether means of cxtermt- ; nation weVe do de IspL He was a Gallic Caligula; he Invented new meth ods of murder. I eats were fur nished with waives, hundreds of prison ers having been put en beard and tow ed tothemiddloof the river Leire, where they were sunk with tbclr human freight. He called these, with hideous Irony, republican (feep UMUUJ..W laptism. Several -of these cargoes were composed of women & and children. The peer wrctcnes were leckeu "? sfiSSSSSBF It f'K E sM J vk. B. SLssssssssHIwk sr a . i 'v.- rr l - Jffi; up In a large building, driven out lewntu dark en these vessels, and luclr drowning $ concealed by the night. '.L What he styled republican marringe wnj &t hurling couples bound together, frequently S?, of different sexes, Inte the water, or forcing A them Inte It at the point of the bayonet. The It convention was net aware of these atreci ties; but the citizens of Is an te?, supposing It RS. te be, feared te denounce Carrier lest they jjSTT tee should be decnpltated. Finally the con- S.W' of nuhlle safptv. After Uie oxecutlen of wrtjirfj- Bebespterre, his arrest was ordered by the iHi? tribunal, and be was ueueaucu, wuicn ime fTv litt V,A Mtpttn.1 n tiimilrAil tlmp Some of the rovelutlonUts carried out pri vate grudges In official capacity, llke Collet d'HcrbeIs, who first proclaimed the republic He had been an actor, was en the stage fur years, and had written a number of success ful plays. Having joined the Jacobins, lis drew attention there by his resonant voice, striking attitudes, and tmpawlened elocution. He was chosen president of the national con vention In thesummoref 1703, and the next November was sent te Lyens with FeuchS and Couthen te punish the city for Insurrec tion. Collet is said te lme ordcred tin sheeting, In cold bleed, of hundred! of the inhabitants with grape shot, liecause lie ua 1 cneebecnhlased thereen thestage. Wounded vanity smarts long, and dreadful sometlmei suv the means of healing It, as in this in stance. It is a pity that he did net meet the deem te which he condemned his fellows, as did be -many of the extreme revolutionists. Drap ing the ax, he was transported te Caycnne, where be died miserably and most Uiaorve.il. Teulon sought te avoid the horrors that ether provincial towns sudcred from their own people by surrendering te the English. Dut it was retaken by the French, and treated with foreclous cruelty. In fact there seemed te be nothing but despair for the nntl-rove-lutlonlsts anywhere, as tha emissaries of the convention penetrated te every corner of the country, literally with flrenud swenl. Th history of that epoch has hardly been equaled for Immitigable horrors; thoseof the Hemiui empire, in Hi final da s, cannot exceed it. The coalition of the European peneri against France did net, mcanwlilky make xnuch progress; they were inharmonious, while the ene bleeding nation was lighting for life, mid with a dospcrnte energy that challenges our admiration, in l'nris, com oerce and Industry had coased. The might; mob robbed and ravaged as It chese; such authority as there claimed te 1 letting tin gigantic wild beast rend whom and what it might Barere had avowal la a speech that "Ter "Ter eor is the order of the day," which It had long been. He was ene of the few leaden who reached old age. At ths outbreak 111 was chosen a deputy, being a lawyer by pro fession and &L A member of the conven tion, he advocated the death of the king and of Marie Antoinette, the confiscation of all property belonging te outlawed citizens, and the raising of a revolution army. He was noted for a florid style, and as lie was very feed of speaking, he get the title the 1'arM aasmust, under all circumstances, have their Jestef the Anacreon of the guillotine. His associates distrusted him, and he would have been prescribed but for Itobespierro, Be basely turned ngaint Ids protector, whom be violently traduced, and was subsequently condemned te transportation. This he avoided by escape from prison, having lecn nearly tern te pieces by a mob while going there. After divers vicissitudes he kept hid den until after the 13th Ilrumalre, w hen he was amnestied. He became a journalist and pamphleteer in tha interest of Napeleon; was banished as a regicide en the second return of the Bourbons; went back te France nfter tha revolution of 1830; became a member of the general council of his department later, and resigned iu 1SI0. He died in hi bCth year. He must have been a man of soma sort of ability te keep hU head en his shoul ders through all these times. THE QUEEN'S LIFE AND CEATH. The convention having passed an edict (Sept. 17) that all eutfrctcd perxeus should be rigorously dealt with, no one, unless a beggar or common ruffian, but was in Im minent and continual peril. Tha turbulent republicans had been christened ragged fel lows (sans-culottes, literully,w itheut breeches) because most of them belonged te the prele tariat They, like their class Inlvery com munity, hed nothing te fear and everything te hope from general disorder, rapine and the suppression of authority. Uefore tin. Girendists were sent te the block, chuutlnj the Marseillaise from the Conclcrgerle te the Place de G rove, Marie Antoinette had been selected as a victim. The famous battle hymn had then been known te Paris little mera than a twelve month, though It had beca composed since the beginning of the previous jear. At that time, us a column of volun teers was te leave Strasbourg, the mayor of the city, who was te give a banquet In then honor, aked a young artillery of ficer, Ileuget de l'lsla, te write a Jb f AXARCIUSIS CUWTZ. "D,B f0' lb O"' lien. The result ' was the Marseillaise, words and rausie hating I '-? been done at a single sitting. He called it the tAv war song of the army of the Rhine. It was t . - ,.n I . f.I. 4t ..t I T't.(HWMg tUO UmilJUUfc Will, IU? Itti-CAV Jk'J- ?.ty Yerj indued, it w as se patriotically stirring P Sfr 41... nit il.w nim Imnpn .unmll. .... 3 W" MW MW IWj AVUI HUUUIIMIW.IU(I, HV g, y ! : mijij se sue inarcaing cejumn. sne ury . i sktbuis were caugut up uy tne army or me V north, but were net Introduced te 1'arU until .'."f Barbareur. with lilt five huuibretl veuul- ' -, i lYoveecaU, took a prominent part in the t ;- 'attack en the TullidesfAu-g. 10, ITVJ), which Wt U tM tlewnfaU Of the monarch Kite then It Las ever been the chant of freedom In France, and has gene round and through the civilized world. Fer passion, movement, Inspiration, It scarcely has counterpart, llccent researches have given rle te the opinion that the melody was net original with De ITsle, but n conscious or un conscious memory of the Crede of the fourth mass of ene Heltzmaun, of Mursberg, com posed In 1770. But the opinion Is net well based, nor Is It widely nccoptei The Mar seillaise Is the true national hymn of france. It Is as an Invlnclble army te the nation. A Trench Rencrnl wrete during the rtovelutloni "We are fighting ene against ten; but the Marscillalse fights en our side." Anether said In hU dispatches: "Send me a thousand men and a copy of the Marseillalse, and I will reply with victory." Net many blstorle events nre solder or tnore pitiable than the execution of Marie Antoinette. Far mero than her royal bus band was she out of place en Ilia threne of France. Rvcry circumstance of her career, every trait of her character conspired against "S&'&L Trc; rxrccTief or maiiie anteisetih. Iicr pcacennd life. It was nn evil destiny .. . i t . i-i ... t- m i luaiurcw iicr irwm lenu-i iu ersuiue3,iui evil followed her te the scaffold. Frem the hour that the mob had compelled thoteynl lntnlly te quit the palace of VcrMiUles for the Tullcrie her llfe was then nttempted he ' had cherished small bone of nny kind. Bhe I bud Ix-cn n clo'e prisoner slnce the death of Ixraix, ntnl had looked daily for her deem. It li well nigh impossible, even after the passaga of n century, t Judge Impartially of the acts or characters of the Revolution. Records of the tlme are colored by the pns pns pns tlonate prejudice of the royalist or repul llcnn. What ene lauds, the ether censures; the mnttyr here Is the traitor there. Pa triotism en ene slde lmcomes crlinoen the ether. The heat of the French was se In terna that truth Itself bad been nlmest burned up, or, at least, wnrped nnd twisted thereby. It Is hard te declde today w bother many of ihe leaders were heroes or mon sters. Frebnbly they were, In such madness of the state, n combination of lietli. In n political agony of that sort, humanity ccems te be normal. Whlle we nre shocked nt the ntrocltlesperpetiatcd, we can sce the causes that made them possible I Marie Antolnette was early designed by I her mother, the renowned Maria Thercwi, te i lie the wifa of the French dauphin, with the I intent te strengthen Austria against Prussia. I She wns unconventionally i eared; hcrcduea 1 lien was neither sound nor systematic, but 1 showy nnd superficial, such as her cmprcsi mother Imagined te be fitting te her station. Bhe nevcr found favor In her adopted cenn- try. Iicr dlsllke of ctlquctte anil formalism, her girlish levlty offended the court and no bility, whlle the commons bated her from the outset as a foreigner nnd a species of advent uress. They Invnrlably speke of her as the Austrian. Her lightness, gnycty, leve of lcasure and excitement were In such con trast with the gravity, rcscrvennd awkward nehS of LeuU as te appear llke the disloyalty with which she was constantly charged. Her husband did net attract her naturally, and she sought animated companions, many of whom were wanting In morals, where shu could find them. Bhe was se indiscreet, se Indifferent te publie appearances, that It is net strange the wns guilty of grave offenses. Bhe certainly acted at times as it she did net value her reputation, and n woman, most of all a queen, who values net that, is apt te be Inscnslble te everything. Bhe nevcr w cnt te the oxtrcme that was generally Iwlloved; lha was net criminal; but se fur as publla opinion was concerned she might at will have been. The notorious theft of the dia mond necklace Indelibly stained her geed name, though she was entirely Innocent of aught mere serious than a desire te possess I: It was value. I nt obeut 1 100,(00 when the royal exchequer wns nearly depicted. 1'elitlcally, she was as ill starred as she wns socially. Bhe ncted in plnce of her Indifferent husband. Calenne and Ixmiente de Drlenue were ministers of her choice, and she was hated for their squandering of the kingdom's revenue, ene w as nun me w the Bswsmbiy of the notables and te the states geueral, net n Itheut caue, for the former body, nt Its first convocation, fixed upon her tha rapou rapeu rapou slbilltyet the deranged finances. She was Incapable of comprehending the peverty nnd WTCtchednuss of the Ficncli people, ami her efforts te fchew sympathy with the working classes, during the autumn of 17&', only ren dered them mero fanatical in their hatred. They persistently declaied that she was al ways plotting with the emigrants nnd the Hureean coalition te brlug about the in vasion of the country, a siitplclen which in variably fienzles the French mind. The dread of forelgn enemies gniulng a foothold en their tell explains many of the excesses nnd savagerles of the revolutionists. After the royal party hud been captured ami brought back from Varcnne, the queen underwent a complete change. All her fri volity ceased; her conduct became exalted, her attitude heroic, She boie her harass ment and humiliations iu thoTetnple, sepa rated from her child! en and friends, as lo le lo lltted the daughter of Maria Theresa. She nny net have laiewn hew te live; the knew hew te die. The l.-ut two months and a half, she was lncarceiated In the Cenciergerie, anil her courage, as it had long lecn, w as unflinch ing, ltefore the tribunal she M-erued te de fend herself; she scarcely rejdled te the ac cusations against her, denoting that her trial wasasangulnury thnm. Hut when charged by Hubert, etic of tha most brutal and shame less of the suns-culottes, with debauching her own seu, she exclaimed with righteous indignatiens "Nature refuses te answer such a question te a mother. I appeal te all the mothers present for my Justification I" The most envenomed against ktrsympt- tlilzeu nun lier at that moment. She received (Oct, 15, lTWi) her sentence with calmness it had long Ueu an ticipated nnd re turued serenely te prison. A consti tutional curate is ited her theie; she endured his pres ence, but politely declined his mims mims trutiens. At 11 o'clock (Oct. 1C) she nuncp.T. went te the scaffold. Phe was pale ami her face bad undergone a sinking change; but the speke no word, bhe submitted te tha nx without a tremor, but net "itheut a faint snule of dUdalu, which the sharp blude cleft away, with all her sorrows. Iiiternatlenul llcterts. An old letter before me contains the follow ing retort of nn Amer.--an, which Is worthy of Lincoln's famous leplytotlie beast that the sun never sets en the brillsh toil, "lx cause," he said, "Oed won't trust an English man in thu dark." Twe Englishmen were disputing about the nuxii, ene insisting It was an inhabited ileineni, ihe ether contending with Lira; u Vunlee standing by attended te their dUcourse and replied with i-oufijetice. "It Is net" One of the gentlemen, being n llttle dis pleased at the tutu fereiu-e, ah u leek of dis dain, tald: "Hew de jnu Lnew, tin" "Hew de I knew, tirf repeated the American; "be cause. If It had been, t'. Hrltuh would have bad the felly und presumption te lay a laid lege te It long U-fe new The French man's explanation of what became of eld moons, In answer te ti Inquiry of a friend, always appeared Ingenious. His companion said be could net account for the fact that he had never heard of eld moons. "Why, you Ignoramus! Deu't you knew that tba geed Lord cuts them up and makes stars out of tkemr" America. mm Isi-' $s$$ VBS a Tflff LEADERS AT ODDS. (Inldlng Spirits or the Itovelulion Destroying One Anether. ICeprrlfht, 1333, by American Press association. VIL The gulllotlne was se actlve and terrible an agent In the French Revolution that some account of It naturally belongs te any recital of that most memorable epoch. Many per por per sens havesevlvld Impressions of the prodig ious slaughter It caused In France as te incline te the belief that the ghastly machine was wholly the product of the time. Dr. Jeseph Ignace Oullletin, after whom It was named, Is popularly supposed te have Invented It, and also te have been the first te suffer from It. HISTORY OF THE GUILLOTINE. The facts are theso. He was a professor of anatomy, jiatholegy and physiology In I'arii, in the latter bait of the Klghtcentb century. He was, with Benjamin Franklpi nnd otbers, en the commission appointed te Investigate the claims of Anten Mesmer, the founder of mesmerism, te be regarded ns a sclentlne discoverer. His chief fame, howevcr, rests en his proposal te the constituent assembly that decapitation, which had been confined te nobles as less Ignominious than hanging, should be adopted as the mede of punish ment for all kinds of criminals. This was both a democratic nnd benevolent measure, ns be wished the ax te be regulated by machinery, se that Its action, being mero certain, should Invelve less wln. Oullletin had no thnre In the making of the machine, which came Inte use In the spring of l?Ui It was originally called the loulsen, but get Its prcsent name from a satirical song published In a reynllst thect, The AcU of the Aiwstles. Se far from losing hti head by It, be died jieaceably in Ids bed at 70. He wns Impris Impris uued during the Uulgn of Terrer, but be had the rnre fortune te I egnln Ids freedom und te rcsume practice In I'arls, dying the year lw lw lw fore the battle of Waterloo. lie was enthu siastic nlut the Instrument, and In replying te seme objections urge-' against it ene dny in the assembly said, "It will lop off your head In the tnUikllng of nn nye, and you will net exjicrleuce the least jKirtlcle of pain." At this Ids hearers laughed, many of whom were seen destlued te test the truth of his statement. The gulllotlne does net seem In nny way te be the sort of object te oxclte merriment. Hut for seme tlme nftcr it had Iwn Intredu eed Iu France, the Fnris luns amused them selves with It, It was engraved en seals; tniulnture copies of it were worn en chains and rings. At fashion a bio suppers toy guillotines of ma hogany w ere put en the table, and tiny figures, with beads icprcsentlng ptemlnent persons, such ns I.a (arctic. I.OU13 xvn. Cnlenne, Fhlllppe FgallttS, whom the guests chanced te dlsllke. The figures were tiny luls of red liqueur, nnd when the bends were wveied by the toy m-iehlnotlie liqueur gush&l forth, looking llke bleed. Sardonte kind of pastlma this, but churncteiistle of the era and race. When the Terrer bad begun in September, 17V.1 the gullloline wns tee hor ribly real te furnish further diversion, even te the volatile Farislans; they thou ceased te loeknt erthluk of It, except as the precur sor of ielcnt death. It is net wholly a modern Invention, nor did it origluate iu France, similar Instru ments having liccn employed elsowhere In Europe centuries earlier. It was used In Germany under the name of the falling lnlchct (fullbell) in 1505, but was superseded by the twerd; nlse in Italy (It was called there tbemaimnUi), nnd In the Netherlands. The maiden, n Blmllar contrlvnnce, was known In Scotland, and Regent Morten lest Ids bend by It In 15SL A German, Schmidt, built the first machlne In l'nris for 600 frnncs, the cnrienter en gaged by the government ba Ing demanded 5,000 finncs, nnd clghty-thrce, one for each department of France, were constructed. It was first tried en thrce corpses nt the Uicetre hospital, uud n few days later en IVlletier, a highwayman sentenced te death, it consists of uu oblique edged, heavily weighted knife, sliding easily In grooves betweun two u right iest, and descending en a block. On this the head of the sufferer rests, U-lng fast ened tbcre by n beard, In which theie l hollow half circle fitting te another half In a, tecend beurd, the neck occupying the sphere. The bands of the condemned person ure bound behind him; his legs nte tied se that theie cnu be no movement of the body. The neck Is placed exactly under the knlfe, which falls heavily but noiselessly, und severs the head from the trunk ln-.tnntnnoeusly, The Furls executioner dut lug the Revolution was nam oil Sampson, nnd the hideous of fice long remained III the family, de sccndlug from the te ten. T h e guillotine, inasmuch ns it fowls the spinal cord, the connec tion of the nervous system w i t li the brain must, by do de do ttieying sensation nt once, be nb-)-lutely painless. Hut Seinering, the Ger- ANTlllE CIILnIKR. man physiologist, maintained, w Ithlu three years after Us Introduction, that it could net be painless en account of the swiftness of the opcrutieu. The subject has been debated from tlme te time ever sluce, without caus ing, however, nny reasonable doubt of the entire meicifuluess of the puulshuieut. I SAD FATE OF THE DAUPHIN. One of the tadjf t incidents of the Revelu- . tlen was the imprisonment uud death of the dauphin, ten of LeuU XVI and titulary king of France, Carefully educated under th ill- i rectleu of his father, bs was, nt the outbreak of the cHil strife, wbeu ha was aged four, a haudsome, Intelligent, alert lad, but noted for bnpatlence mid obstinacy. In his cightli year ha was imprisoned with his parents iu the Temple, w here his tragic woes U-gan. After the cxeeutlouef his father he was proclaimed bis successor by his uncle, tubquently Ijeuli XV1U, aud leceguized by most of the Euro Eure ean peweis, by tbe Vt-udecan leaders uud tha lielllgereiit reynliNts la the south of Fiance. Thee facts, added te attempts te rikOite him from captu ity, prompted thu rev olutionists. Manned and imgrj at the li tlen of affairs, te secure him moie firmly. The unfortunate boy was reiiMsucntly Niatched nt night (July S, Ku.3 fiem Ids mother's arms, uud taken, wild with fright, te a distant part of the building. There be was put in charge of a brutal and violent cobbler, Antoina Simen, n regular sans sans cueotte, who neglected und uhused him sav agely. He was left alone, day and night, In aduik noisome cell without occuitten or amusement. Impure water and coarse feed were glvin him only when convenient, the reult of such treatment Using, as must liava Iven anticipated, lapid physical and mental decay. Something he bad bald In reply te questions having imen twisted iute diimrngo diimrnge ineut of his mother Marie Antolnette was devoted te him ha determined te held hU penee. Ner for a lnug whlle could he be coaxed, Intimidated or lieateu out of bis de termination. Ha would sit, week after week, month ufter month, tileut and stony iu bis chair, net e.en shrinking from the rat with which his cell tn armed At the end of the Terrer he w as placed in less cruel hands; but he was still kept In soli tude, though his slstir was Imprisoned under itry ,uu me reef near "&, '')' W ben iut 10 --,J i ears old be w as se f ei ble, thin and de ranged that a phy sician who hud been sent for declared him dying of scrof ula. Tbe revelu tienary authorities (vTJ s('vSj pronounce all of WJ these accounts grossly exagger ated, and maiiv of reirciic. tbera baseless. His bed,? was kntlflhd ju! jut-tin! la hr iwm. 1 Hvm It it'W Li.,!) Mr CK&VK bers of tbe cemmHie of publie safety, with a number of officials of the Temple, and an autopsy held by prominent physicians the same day. In spits of these precautions va rious persons have, as usual, since pretended te be the prince Eleazar Williams, an Amer ican clergyman, among them but have met with no success. THE HEDERTIST8. What Is known ns the Reign of Terrer the whole Rovelutlon, lasting six years and three months, Is often se regarded was signalized by a new calendar, assumed te have begun Sept 52, 170i Christianity, ieclally sig nifying Reman Catholicism, which the pco pce pco ple associated with every form of despotism, was also abolished, mainly as n political mea sure, nnd the religion of Reason substituted therefer. Nothing in that momentous nnd maniacal tlme has se startled the theoleglo world, or made se deep nn Impression. Rebert, I'achc, Uouchetto, Vincent, Reusln, nnd ether furious partisans, conspicuous In the movement, bed rendered themselvcs odi ous; but Anncharsls Clootz nnd several of his comianlens were as sincere as generous, If visionary, and unquestionably hail tbe Im provement and welfare of the human race nearly at heart. If mankind could Ik) made te fellow reason, which It neicr could, tills world would Ijo a wonderful advance en what It has Ikseii thus far, whatever Its forms of liclicf. Clootz,whose proper prtcnemlna were Jean Baptiste, was a 1'russlan baron, though edu cated In Paris, having ample means and the disposition te apply them te the development of his social and political theories. Aiming te unite all nations In one common brother brethor brothor heod, he traveled w Ith this laudable vlew far and wide te spread his doctrines. He pro claimed himself the spokesman of the human family, und ut the dawn of the Rovelutlon returned te Paris te take part In It. Ne ene was mero devoted than be te the grnnd up heaval: be gave a considerable sum for the publla defcuse, and speke frequently nnd passionately against meuarcby nnd the church,whlch hud been Instrumental In keep ing the people in subjection. He urged that a price be set en the bead of the Iluke of Brunswick and the king of Prussia, nnd of fered te rnlse nt bis own expense a legion of his compatriots In behalf of the republic. Made n French citizen, he was chosen a member of the national convention by the deartment of Oise, and dlstlnguighed him Helf by bis fieree democracy. His detestation of princes and of nil rank w as most Intemperate, though undeniably earnest. He was uu In tense socialist; but the fact that be was rich nnd bere a tille made Rebeplcrre nnd his co ce co ndluters suspicious; they were, indeed, nfrald of him. Consequently, they caused ...lull. u. ....... vv...,...-..rf , -..-j bis expulsion from the Jacobbi club, nnd im- plicated him with Hiiliert, Chuumettc, Mome- re nnd the rest, en the ground of attempting te i corrupt the pcople and get control of the government. There was net the least evl evl deuce against him ovldence, direct or In direct, was net needed during the Terrer but be w as condemned all the tame. On the tcaffeld he was Imiierturlmble, as cending the stc ns be would have ascended te his bed chamber. He requested that be might be the last of his companions te die, because he wished te verify certalu theories lie had formed by seeing their beads fall. Ha then protested ngnlnst his eenteuce; nppenled te the human race; predicted the ultimata brotherhood of man, and Joined the silent majority. Ne lnnu could have geno out of life mero philosophically. Among his curi ous writings were, "The Certainty of the Evidence, of Mohammedanism," "The Orator of the Human fluca," and "The Universal Republic" Hebcit, who was ene of the twenty decap itated with Clootz, lias ben jointed blacker than he was, as almost evcry revolutionary lender bes Ix-eti. He was bitterly prejudiced, full of fiery hatej but there Is llttle reason te doubt that he wns generally bonest in bis lmplacableness. The frantle extremists, of whom he was ene of the principals, get their name UdbertUts from him, and were nlse ttylcd by the less radical, the Enraged (En rages). He was net, as has been alleged, of vlle parentage, bis father being a master Jen-oler, and he himself having studied nt the collego of his nathe town, Alenceu. Ner was be at any tlme engaged In swindling. Frem bis boyhood he teems te have been a passionate loverof Justice, aud te have shown marked democratic toudeucies. The capture of the Hostile took him te Paris, where ha began writing pamphlets ou tha popular side. He quickly Issued n small nensjiaper, Le 1'ere Duchesne, of a violent, Inflammatory kind, which gained en Im Im Im monse circulation among the lower classes. After August, lTtti, he was a very nctive and virulent member of the I evolutionary commune The Girendists, te whom be was exceedingly hostile, having secured his arrest, be was released en account of the menaces of the mob be was undoubtedly a demagogue, like te mnny ncters in that fearful drama aud liocame mero popular than ever. During bis trial, for which he was in no wise pro pre parod, and which he taw would insure his death, bis ceurage failed him. Rut hu rallied when going te the tcaffeld, whole he had been instiumeutal In tending te mauy peer wretches, though the commons, who bad Idolized him, tleuted him with characteristic fickleness, nnd rejieated in savage irony the phrases he hail written In Le Pcie Duchesua in llke circumstuuees. Poetle Justice wns dealt out te him as te nearly all the leaders of (JiH Revolution. nelett was In person the opposite or what ha would havs Ix-cn Imagined te be from his tiuculeut journal. Net ugly, grotesque or I ler Ce In expression or ufnimcr, as was Marat, he was, en the etwtrary, re markably band band band toiue, and bis coun tenance iu 1 1 of gentleness, even of tenderness, w lien lu repose. He was ordinarily very io ie io llte; and, luting sans-culotte though ha was, ha often evinced chivalrous delicacy towards u onion, and was ll.U'.EUE. scrupulously neat nnd elegant in bis dress. Rabid atheist as he Is considered by the orthodox, he married, at the neme of his iwwer, n former nun, Tranccs'se Oeupllle, of the Assumption of Saint HoueriS, whom ha called his Jacqueline, Iu leaving the order she hst nene of her faith In or esteem for Christianity, mid w as accustomed te explain te ether women the principles of democracy, te which she was warmly attached, stiletly according te the GeshjL She was a meiUl wife, and shared her husband's fate, twenty days later. IKbcit, wild as Ids doctrines were, an nounced many sound principles In bis nows news pajwr. "The first principle of property," be tald, "is existence." "Tbe rights of man, ns understood by pi luces, nre the rights te suffer and te starve, and with tbese rights they tuldem interfere " "The tans-culottes have made the Revolution for equality; the time has passed for fine premises; we have entered Uwn the era of keeping them." "The law of monarchies Is that the people shall gebungry In the midst of abundance," "Authority is a despotic obstacle that cun be battered down only by the cannon of the free." He found support for his Ideas of lderty In IheScrljc tures, and regarded Jesus as the first sans sans cueottes, which in u bread tense he ti illy was. At t.uirlsuu s Maine. One day last week n pretty sight was teen en the mall of Commonwealth acuue by thosewho chanced te Ihj passing. It was a dull sort of a day between ram and clear und the sound of childish laughter was very uttractlve. Following the sound a pretty tceiiewas spud A giuup of children was near the ttutue iu question. Twe pietty, bright hall ed lutlegiri. bad climbed up en the pedestal and thiiu-e into Gun ln' lap. One of them was kitting un hlsliuv, and the ether was climbing higher still When the was safely fixed where shu could reach his bead, tbe ene en his kuee ass.sl tip her hat, und It was duly placed ou the dignified bead, with the cheerful icm-iii. of "theie you ure, grandpa." It was a pntty bit of vi t, and though the face had an odd leek under the cup of tluery which adorned it, 1 could net help feeling that Garrison, could he have cheseu. would have Hiked nothing lietter than te be placed In memory here, w here pretty cuildreu laugh and learn te spell out hu name and queotlen about him and play their little pranks as if be werea well beloved play lolleiv this man of lutlnite ceuiuge, ' .sogeutle nature be came f eai lesiies itself or a uiuse se i tuk te avevvir nU-Tin,. " ' It lu IU Infancy was I -Bosten Heme Journal. Klf, : mVK i WWs LU A PURELY UNBIASED VIEW. The Upheaval Regarded from Dispasslonate Standpoint, CONSIDERING THE EVENTS OF KOI Cliaatnette as He Ilealli- Was Chief of the Cordeliers The Character of tletmpletre Impartial! Considered Want of Action the Cause of tils Destruction. Bj JUNIUS HENRI BEOWNE, Copyright, 1B89, by American Press Association VHL Chaumctte Is nnethcr extremist who bns xxn foully calumniated. Whatever may be thought of Ids philosophical and political opinions, he was an eloquent orator, a sin cere, warm hearted man, stmple In tnauncrs, wholly upright, pure In morals, and of the firm nnd clevntcd character that ene has a i Ight te leek for In a popular magistrate. The son of a thecmaker, be made various studies of his ew n choice, nnd In bis boyhood took seme lessens In botany from Rousseau. He wasnfterwards drawn te the writings of the philosophers of the Eighteenth century, which left a controlling tnfluc&ce en hU llfe. Appointed precureur of the commune in September, 1710, be labored In his publie capacity te abolish corporeal punish ment In the schools, te clesa houses of gambling and 111 repute, te suppress lotteries, the sole of licentious books nnd engravings, te keep open the li braries every day, Instead of two hours a week, as had formerly been the rule, te tire- coutiiex. vldotbeslckinbo pltnls and the Insane with better accommo dations, te ameliorate the condition of the peer, the old and Infirm; In a word, te help In evcry way the cause of suffering humani ty. Cnrrlcd nwny by the billow of events, he sustniued as precureur nil the most im portant measures of the Revolution, nnd ad vocated, in the name of sections of Paris and before the convention, the creation of the revolutionary army. He was particularly concerned In the movement against the Re- wtlVMIILU III.IIVIIIUIMIK-H. HU...JV ..v .w ninn Catholle church, which was the result of the violence of the i efwetery clergy, nnd of their determination te oxclte en every band civil war ngnlust the country and the Rovelutlon. He was called a Hdbertlst and was ene effectually, though he differed wide ly from HObert and his Immediate followers ou various points, notably In bis willingness te allow the Commune te sanction all the nets of the Cordeller club. Rebespierre, who had made up his mind te destroy Chaumotte with ethers, tedreaded his popularity that he for awhlle deferred his deem. Chnumette scarcely realized his dan ger; be did net bcllevt kj TcVl be connected with the fictitious conspiracy attributed te his friends. Hut, in tuch a crisis, any thing or every thing was jiesslble. He was arrested, n few days of ler their death, and subject ed te the empty form of a trial. He i... i i W USCUUll 1WJI1 pi UUU f ItnfiSrA lita 1iwlr,na k Ha disdained te do de fend himself, know knew lug that he had ClIAUMCTTC been deemed; be wns anxious only that his honor might net Buffer. With him, as has been tald, ended the great Commuue; w .13 definitely crushed tiie philosophic and social Rovolu Revolu Rovelu tlon, which was ene of tbe most daring efforts of the era. "All the martyrs of free thought," says Leuis Blanc, "all these w he shed their bleed for religious liberty, the thousands of persecuted Protestants, should recognlze n brother In this ojiestlo of Reason, who was the veice of Paris." THE CORDELIERS. The club of the Cordeliers, te which the IbibertUts belonged nnd which Is se salient in the Revolution, Is net cleat ly understood here as n tepainte body from the Jacobin club. The Cordeliers was from 1750 n dis tinctive organization; it deiived Its name from meeting where the monastery of that order had steed, and which it resembled iu Its democratic character nnd Its disregard of property. It was iu the largest and strictest sense popular; it made no distinction, ns did the Jacobins, between tlte assembly of politi cians, members of the club aud the fraternal unions of the workmen, admitted for their counsel and Instruction. Its sessions w ei e held with open doers; It mingled with the peeple; It took Its hue and cue te nn extent from the multitude. Essentially Parisian, and an swering te evcry prejudice, suspicion or im pulse of the excited, turbulent community, no politic body could, It would teem, be mero uncertain or dangerous, which Is ths best reason for accepting It as representative of thp Revolution. The Jacebim were tnsre dignified, mera prudent, mero thoughtful, mero conserva tive, receiving suggestions from the com mons, but acting en their own deliberations. Forming n great society, with branches in every department, they necessarily had great weight en publie oplulen and ou all govern ment ngoiicies. The Influence of the Corde- MEKTIN'O Or TnK COIIDELIEI'.S. Hers wit-seu the ether Land, eiitlrelynt home; In thu streets, In the public squares, in the fectiens, iu the Commune, They furnished tha steam that set tha political aud deadly machine In motion. Marut, Dauteti, Ca milla Dosmeulim, Fre'ren, Rebert, Ixgeiidre, Fabre, D'Eglauline, Clootz were among Its founders, and its Membership comprehended miny of ths ablest uud boldest of the revolu tionists. It was net, In any way, ns has often been thought, n rival of the Jacobin club. Many of the same men leeiigcd te both, and the two occupied substantially the same ground. The Cordeliers, however, had mere Initia tive, boldness, confidence and led off In ninny of the procedures which firmly established the Revolution. At the heginulug of 171)1, near the middle of the Terrer, Diwneulius, Danton and many of their colleagues tern K'rwl their views nnd thus brought them selves Inte colbsieu with Itebespierre, who had for seme time found D.mlen tee strong te control. They weie giveu (he name of Indulgeiits, being the reverse of the arty of tha Enraged or HelieitUts, which the Ro Re bespicrreans und succeeded in crushing by decapitating their leaders The Cordeliers were, then fore, divided, nnd Desmeuluu started a new journal, te which he gave tha title Ix) Vieux Cordelier WITHOUT PREJUDICE. The mero we knew of tha French Ilevelu tlen, of its antecedents and concomitants, the less severe our Judgments of Its principal actors are likely te ba. Only a slight uo ue quaiutuuee with that time of strips nnd strug gle Is apt te excite the lielief that it wasu protracted nnti-uial delirium that craved nothing but bleed, bleed, bloeda species of political tbugge which subsisted enu.urder Wfe0, 3?&SvUVTOP M tabling method. The people bad been se long and bitterly oppress! that, when they at tempted te threw off their oppression, tbey had se extraordinary success as te inflame their worst passions. AU the power, which they bad never enjoyed, and had never hoped te enjoy, suddenly fell into their hands, and they abused It necessarily and hideously. Their leaders, though mostly honest and primarily humane, became demagogues per- rorce, slnce, with out the commons, they could accom plish nothing. And they conscientious ly cherished the geed and the ad vancement of the commons, but bad no faith in ether than violent means. Why should they linrnf nxv rnulil they! Ferce must CAM,LLE WMJOOUSfc be met with force. After the mob hed risen and captured the Bastlle, the nobility, their ancient nnd everlasting enemies, fled the country, and sought te gather soldiers te put down the new order of things. Then tbe ether European powers combined against tbem, exposing them nt once te domestic and foreign fees. It seemed as it all monarchie civilization had united against republican France te quench her first nnd resolute' as piration for Independence, The Trench peo ple were at white heat; every mind was lifted te Its highest power and worked at Its best. Suspicion wasiu the air; each rumor was credited ; publie feeling was in the cx cx trcme. Nearly nil the revolutionary chiefs were young, most of thorn under forty, and they labored supremely In the cause. Their tpeeches and writings blazed with passion, eloquence and force. The entire nation, nnti nnti nnti revolutienists net less than revolutionists, were fired with patriotism, which nevcr bad n w idcr range or a loftier flight than during the last years of the past century in France. Every Frenchman appeared te be ready te die for bis country, nnd tens of thousands profited by the abundant opportunities. Ths young republic, while Its citizens were con stantly killing ene another In the name of its welfare, presented a subllme example of ro re ro tlstance nnd cambatlvcness against over whelming odds. All her sons were in tha field, levies were made In the mass throughout the land, there seemed te be n universal do de termination te de or die, nnd the guillotine was dally slaughtering her stailchest and no blest friends. The scenes enncted there, especially under tbe Terrer, nre Inexpressibly shocking, nud sicken the heal t te think of. They have net their parallels In history; Indeed, tbe flr5t French Rovelutlon 13 terribly, distressingly unique And when we remember hew the French were beset, within nnd without, by tcnrcity nna war; hew tney were tern nnd tortured, bow every form of calumny wat heaped upon them, we cannot condemn their barbarous excesses tnve with nn intermix intermix ture of pity. They who slew were slain In turn. Tbe Revolution, like Saturn, doveurcd her own children. Her atrocities wete pro portioned te the enormous wrongs that gav her birth. Revolting, diabolical as they are, we must mlinit that they were committed in a gigantic struggle for human freedom, nnd that the dreadful lessen has net been lest. There Is a hepe and a future for the op pressed which there would net, nnd could net have been, but for the stupendous issues of 17S'J and 'U5. ROBESPIERRE. Rebespierre, having extinguished tha Hd- bcrtists, en the ground that they vvcre tee violent, new decided te extinguish Danton, Camilla Denneullns nnd their adherents, be- cause they were tee lenient. He had long been steadily advancing te the bead of the government he was the president of the committee of publie safety and wns, at the closeof the vv inter of 1701, virtually dictator. A mero singular, Inconsistent character has nevcr been revealed. He Is usually regarded as a cold, tchemtng, crafty, ambitious, blood thirsty villain, a very fiend in malignity. Crafty and ambitious he certainly was, aud a prodigious demagogue, though his cruelty and mallce have been denied. He has bad ardent defenders and eulogists; seme of tbem going se far as te proneunco him a devetee of humanity, and all his butcheries committed with cxtreme reluctance, but from a conscien tious sense of duty te the cause of popular freedom and progress. HU antecedents do de note him te have been tbe opposite of cruek He Is thought te have bad, generations back, an Irish strain, but seme of his progenitors In France had berne titles. A cative of Arras, where his fatker bad been Rn unsuccessful advocate, who bad de serted bis family te Ilvo In Germany, hli grandfather superintended bis later educa tion. He attended the Colloge of Ieuls la Grand, nt Palis, whcie Fre'ren, the younger, Camilie Desmoulins nnd Danton were hit fellow students. Remarkable for diligence, quietness and talents as well as a kind of dreaminess, he returned home te pursue hli father's profession nnd achieved considerable distinction. He also cultivated letb rs, win ning local renown ns a peet and essayist. As a member of the criminal court It became Ids duty te teutence n culprit te death, the thoughts of which filled him with such pain that he resigned hlsofllce te nveid the obliga tion. He had been a close student of Rous seau nnd was a believer in his teachings. Iu politics he was n radical democrat and an enthusiast In behalf of humanity. As a memlier of the constituent assembly he voted ngnlnst the suspcuslve vete power of the king; resist ed tbe adoption of martial law, the disabilities of act ors, Jews aud ne ne geoes in the colo nies; favored tha abolition of capital punishment, and the enforced celi bacy of priests His theories nnd prac tices were striking ly in consistent. When he advocated an extreme meas r.eBEsriEniiE. ure he invariably explained bis position by tome sophism, ns If auxieus te appear dif ferent from ids real self. Ue was fend of playing the demagogue by appealing te the people as their champion, nnd portraying the pretended danger he Incurred by such championship. After he had denounced tbe king and the ministry (June SI, 1791), ba said: "I nm aware that I sharpen against myself a thousand daggers. But If at the beginning of the Revolution, when I was little known, I offered te sacrifice my life te tbe cause of truth, uew that I feel rccom rccem iciised for iny conduct by the approval of my fellow citizens, I should esteem almost as u benefit a death which would save rae from witnessing tha calamities te the ceuutry that are plainly luevltable." Iu voting for the king's death, he rpoke these words lu a very sad toue: "I come te this conclusion with exceeding sorrow; but tbcre is ue ether. Between Leuis and my ceuutry, I cboeso my country. Leuis must die tLat France may live." He defended bis condemnation of tbe Girendists by declaring it a political necessity, adding: r'Thore nre times w hen It is criminal te live" He teems ou ene baud te have sincerely desired the reign of peace nnd order, uud en the ether V -""sSi'-s.s.r . STREET SCENE IX TAntS, te have preached terror as essential te the success of tbe Revolution, which be continu ally feared would fall unless nil the persons be distrusted were destroyed, Rebespierre appear uet tohsvebeanpsturs ssSSskS-sSV any ueiutiets; out ne was SBrptCIeUSVTsaBer timid, a man of speech and theory Instead of action, and singularly greedy of pewtr, & undoubtedly believed In the people, aad was often shocked at their barbaritiea. H took no part In the frequent Insurrections of Paris. Although he felt that much bleed must be sbed, yet be always, aoetttt scw for shedding It, and was glad te traaafar tha responsibility. If behad beenamaaefsvarr and action be would net probably bar lest his bead. His lack of will was tha cans of bis destruction. The Health or the Mind, There Is a mutual relation between tba mind nnd the body In regard te the health of each which Is most close and Important. Wa knew that tbe state of tbe body affect tba state of the mind; we knew that the state of the mind affects the ttate of the body. Thes are facts of every day knowledge; we teal within us the two distinct natures, warring with each ether, or In accord with each ether, or helping each ether, nnd, ns It were, reason ing with each ether, although it Is only tha mind which, recognizing Itself as well as its body, really reasons. We feel and are strangely conscious of all this, but what wa de net feel and de net appreciate, what wa have yet te learn te appreciate. Is tha Inde pendency of the two empires of mind and body, as well as the dependency of tba one en tbe ether. We ere conscious that tha feed of the body Influences the health of tha mind, as when we say of seme unsuitable or Indi gestible thing, "It has made me dull of mind, It has made me sad, It has made ma Irritable, or basin some ether nay affected my equa nimity." But we de net recognlze with like readiness and In the same way the effect of tbe feeds of the mind en the mind and Its health; nor Is this rcina able, for the body feeds per ceptibly, nniTOy ene tteinsch nlone, while th mind feeds Inqicrceptibly, by Ilvo stomachs, by every tense, which is. te-It a veritable stomach from nnd by which it receives Its ailment, be thnt geed or bad, and from and by which It is renewed and from day te day sustained. These, feeds of the mind entering the mental organization, the camera nervosa, largely, if net altogether, meld that organiza tion into set form, acceiding te Its quality for melding. They nre se llke the touch of the sculptor ou the clay that te a large extent all men and women lern shape then- mental sur face according as they nre led te gire It form and shape. I could net If I should search for yearn find n better simile. Common feeds and drinks must be healthy in order that tbe material of tbe body may be geed; and tha Impressions which enter the body by the tenses, the feeds and drinks of tbe mind, must also be healthy In order that the mind may be geed. Granting, therefore, that tbe sub stance is geed nnd the melding or modeling geed, all will be geed. Longman's Maga zine llnw le Mnlte Kill llulibles. Next te whtte cnstlle, the mottled cast I la gives the best results. The soap being ob tained, n friendly druggist must carefully weigh out sixty grains (for exactness in pro portions Is needful) for each ounce of water. That Is, ene drachm (according te the apoth apeth ecaiy's weight of the old at it nineties), and when the weighing Is dene and the obliging druggist tluuked for kindness, the rest is plain Failing. A bottle w ith a found cork is the next requirement. It must be large enough te held three or four times the quan tity of solution you wish te make. De net prepare toemuih nt ene tlme; two ounces of soap solution will be a geed quantity, and for this a sx or eight eunce bottle will bu the I Ight thing. Tin) bottle must be well cleaned nnd then v ell rinsed out with soft water which, by tbe way, should be used for all the operations. All being ready, the soap Is cut Inte fragments small enough te enter tbe bottle. Measure nn ounce of w utcr for each drachm of soap; thlscan be dene with a teaspoon, eight spoonfuls making nn ounce Having poured the water nud put the soap Inte the bottle, we have new te nwalt jicrfect solution, which will happen In tha course of two or three hours, if the bottle be put In a moderately warm place. Then add glyceriue te the soap solution, the quantity varying with our am bition. I ha e found that one-half the vol ume of the solution gives excellent results; that is te say, te each eunce of water add ene-bulf eunce of glycerine, measuring tha quantities instead of weighing them In both cases. The bottle Is new te lw tightly corked end well shaken; then set aside for two or three hours mero nn I well shaken again. These nltei unto periods of rest and agitation should continue for a nhole day. Finally let the bettle stand uudisturled and tightly corked for twenty-four heura Bubbles of great size nnd beauty may be blown with this solution. St, Nicholas. "IJVe t'Otlier Itersliucnt." When the first western soldiers penetrated Inte the billy sections of eastern Tennessee they were net n bttle disappointed, for ths "East Tenuessce L'nieuist" had been glorified in the northwest till be seemed In fancy like a superior being, The leys pronounced the region east c f Knoxville a "land of rocks, fist fights and ignorance," but their amazement reached its height when the first Cnlen troepj f i ein the North Carolina side met them. Thcvj troops hid inadu upn let of doggerel poetry witli which thev answered questions, but ns they weie meru hungry than poet la when they leached the main body, they usually cut off their niiswcr te any question ns te thelr cemmund in seme sucli fashion as this "Second Kerth C'liny reeglmcnt, A tlshtln' for the guvament "Sa-n-j I Get nny tel luckcrf ' If it wusn't tobicee it was generally ceffea they wanted. As te solid piovlslen they could live two or three days en n cold "corn pene" or even a few ears of corn splendld qualities for soldiers at that time and place Their colentl endeavored te instruct his meu by having them fellow the motions of the verthern regiments, and ene of his first orders, when the model regiment "grounded arms," ran thus: "Second Ne'th C'liny reglmentl Put yer guuseu the graewnd, like t'ether regimcut docs." They wcie brnve fellows, nil the tame, and when drilled made tplcndid soldiers. Mem phis Avalauchu. Poison for Ilfjided Suitors. A curious custom prevails among tha in habitants of the Ssndcman Islands. When u girl w he has had a number of tuiters is car lied off by her uccepted lever the wedded pair, within forty -eight benis of the wed ding, tend n cup of )Kiisen distilled from tha halalula lice te each of the bride's former admircis. If any of the recipients feel that thty cannot bcecpie reconciled te the mar riage they drink the poison and die, but if they decide thnt they will turvive tbe less of their intended wife tbey threw away the polseu, and feel bound in honor never te show the slightest sign of disappointment. By this system the husband is able te Ilvo en friendly terms with tbe surviving admirers of hU wife New Yerk Telegram. About 103. Feg nnd Its causes have been the subject of much discussion. By ene writer the cele brated Londen fog Unttiibuttd te thocool thecool thoceol Ing of the air by radiation from hillside near the city, which air, Hew lug down, en velops the city It has also been suggested that u cool nertbei 1 v wind en the west side of u storm flews Inte the saturated air en tha south tide aud condenses fog. In Newfound laud it is thought that fog Is produced by the flowing of a saturated current southward te cooler waters, which often have ice floating iu them. In nene of these cases, however, docs it seem that the theories advanced bava been substantiated, and the subject offers an liiterestiug field of Investigation te the scien tist. Bosten Budget. A well of te called electrical water bu been tapped at Fert Scott, Kan. Te place both hands In the water at tbe some tune is utterly Impossible. The theck is se forcible that It throws ene oslde with vigor. Consumption Infectious. A curious case of consumption is reported by Tha British Medical Journal, w here a girl of 11 placed ia her ears the earrings of a friend w he had died of consumption. Sha toen develojied an ulcer in the ear which dis charged tubercle bacilli. Later her neck and then her lungs were affected, and the toen had pulmonary consumption. Tbe lessen is a plain one te scientists, and it must be learned by all that consumption is Infectious and can be brought en us by sleeping with the dis eased, or by wearing their clothing, or by any ether method that allows the bacilli te enter our bleed or eur I1105X, Ct. Leuis aiobe-Dtaocrat, , S, l"i'J, j'ti"'l'."l' '1 TV' .JUlia'.,' k""-.'"r ' Jl' ft 'W lV I. '. I. t i'i" hs.'WriJg-iSS'-.iJi.Jrjl1l'V"iSlliV' ' l '"
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers