he had signed it unless the r ln rnl as- 1 sembly, by .heir adjournim ut. prevent I its it turn', in which case it shall liecome ; a law unless he shall ire the viiim. with ' his objections, in the office or the s or. • ; tary of the commonwealth and give 110 ! tice thereof by public proclamation witii- ( in thirty days after such adjournment. 1 Sec 10. Tiie governor shall have power ( to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money em- 1 bracing distinct items, and t!ie parts of 1 the bill approved shall l>e the law and 1 the item or items of appropriat ions disap proved shall lie void unless repassed ac cording to the rules and limitations pre- j scribed for the passage of other bills over 1 the executive veto. Seel". Thechief justiceof the supreme 1 court shall preside niton the trial of any contested election ot governor or lieuten ant governor and shall decide qu stions regarding the admissability ot evidence and shall, upon request of the comnritti e, pronounce ids opinion upon other qoes- 1 tions of law involved in the trial. The governor and lieutenant governor shall exercise the duties of their resjtective offices until their successors shall be du ly qualified. " Bec IS. The secretary of the mnion wealth shall keep a record of all official acts and proceedings of the governor and ' when required lay the same, with all min utes and vouchers relating thereto, be fore either branch of the general assem bly and perform such other duties as may be enjoined upon him by law. j Sec 19. The secretary of internal af fairs shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties of the surveyor general, subject to such changes as shall lie made by law. His department shall embrace a bureau of industrial statist ies and lie shall discharge such duties relat ing to corporat ions, to the charitable in stitutions, liie agricultural, iuanufac-j taring, mining, mineral, t iniber and oth er material or business interests of the: state as may be prescribed by law. He shall annually, and at such other times as may be required by law, make report to the general assembly. Sec go. The superintendent of put lie instruction shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties of the supt r tendent of common schools, subject to such changes as shall be made by law. Sec 21. The term of the secretary of ; internal affairs shall he four years, of the , auditor general three years and of the j state treasurer two years. These officers shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state at general elections. No! person elected to the office of auditor, general or state treasurer shall be capa- ! ble of holding the same for two j consecutive terms. Sec 22. The present great seal of Perm- j syfvania siuill Ik* the seal of the state. All commissions shall be in the name j and by authority of the common wealth ' of Pennsylvania and be sealed with the state seal and signed by the governor. ; ARTICLE V. Judiciary. Sec 3. The judicial power of this com mon wealth shall be vested in the su-; preme court, in courts of common pleas, j courts of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, courts of quarter sessions of the peace, orphans' courts, magis- • trates' courts and in such other courts as the general assembly may from tiui" to time establish. Sec 2. The supreme court shall consist i of seven judges, who shall Is* elected by the qualified electors of the state at large. They shall hold their offices for the term of twenty-one years, if they so long I*- liave themselves, but shall iiot lie again eligible. The judge whose commission shall first expire shall be chief justice,' and thereafter each judge whose com-1 mission shall first expire shall in turn be chief justice. Sec 3. The jurisdiction of the supreme court shail extend over the state and the \ judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery in the several counties; they shall have original juris diction in cases of injum Hon and where a corporation isa party defeudeut, of ha beas corpus, of mandamus to courts of inferior jurisdiction, and of quo warran to as to all officers of the commonwealth whose jurisdiction extends over the state but shall not exercise any other original jurisdiction; they shall have appellate jurisdiction by appeal, certiorari or writ of error in all cases, as is now 01 may hereafter be provided by law. Sec 4. Until otherwise directed by law, the courts of common pleas shall con tinue as at present established, except as hen in changed; not more than four counties shall, at any t ine, be included in one judicial district organize d for said courts. Sec o. Whenever a county shall con tain forty thousand inhabitants it shall constitute a separate judicial district and shall elect one judge learned in the law, and the general assembly shall pro vide for additional judo sas the business of the said districts may require. Coun ties containing a population h ss than is sufficient to const itute separate districts shall lie form* d into convenient single districts or, it necessary, may he attach ed to contiguous districts as the general assembly may provide. The office of as sociate judge. not learned in the law, is abolished in counties fotming separate districts; but the several associate judges in office when this constitution shall be adopted shall serve for their un expired terms. Sec o. In the countii sof I'hiladt lphiu and Allegheny all the jurisdiction and powers now vested in the district conns and courts of common pleas, subject to such changes as may be made by this constitution or bylaw, shall be, in Phil adelphia, Vested 111 four, and in Alleghe ny in two distinct and separate courts of equal and co ordinate jurisdiction, composed of three judges each; the said courts in Philadelphia shall be designa ted respectively as the court of common pleas number one, number two, number three and number four, and in Alleghe ny as the court of common pleas uuniber one and number two; but the number of said courts may be by law increased, from time to time, and shall lie in like manner designated by successive num bers; the number of judges iuany of said courts, or in any county where* the es tablishment of an additional court may lie authorized by law, may be increastd from time to time; and whenever such increase shall amount to three, such three judges shall compose a ilist met and separate court as aforesaid, which shall be numbered as aforesaid. In Philadel phia all suits shall be instituted in the saitl courts of common pleas without designating the number of said court, and the several courts snail distribute and apportion the business among tin 111 iu sucli manner as shall be provided by rules of court, and each court to which any suit shall In* thus assigned shall have exclusive jurisdiction thereof, subject to change of venue, as shall be provided by law. In Allegheny each court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all pro ceedings at law and inequity commenced therein, subject to change ot venue as may lie provided by law. >-e 7. I-or Piiihulci;'lda there shah lie one pi'i'thonotaiy's office and one pro tl.oiioli.ry fur .ill sail! < ourtH, to lie ;tp -1"" *''' by the jialgi nof sat*' coin ts, and to hold office lor three *, subject to removal bv a majority of said judges; the said prothouotary shall appo.nt such assistants as may lie necessary and un til irizad by said courts, and la* and his assistants snail lecrive fixed saho ies. to !• determined by law and paid by said count*; all fees "collect.si in said office, except sucli as may lie law due to the commonwealth, shall lie i>aid by thepro thonotary intothecounty treasury. Each court shall have its separate dockets, ex cept the judgment docket, which shall contain the judgments and liens of all the said courts, as is or may be directed bv law. "<ec S. The said courts in the counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny resjiect ivelv shall, from time to time, in turn, detail one or more of their judges to hold the courts of oyer and terminer and the courts of quarter sessions of the jieace of said counties in such manner as may be directed bv law. See 9. .Judges of the courts of common pleas learned in the law shall lie judges of the courts of oyer and terminer, quar ter sessions of the peace and general jail delivery and of the orphans' court, and within their respective districtsshall lie justices of the peace as to criminal matters. , , Sec 10. The judges of the courts of common pleas, within their respective counties, shall have power to issue writs of certiorari to justices of the peace ami other inferior courts not of record, and to cause their proceeding to be biought I*-fore them and right and justice to be done. . Sec 11. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, justiceof the peace or aldermen shall lie* elected in the seve ral wards, districts, boroughs and town ships at the time of the election of con stables, by the qualified electors thereof, in such manner as shall be directed by law and shail be commissioned by the governor for a term of five years. No township, ward, district or borough shall elect more than two justices of the peace or aldermen without the consent of a ma jority of the qualified electors within such township, ward or borough; no per son shall be elected to such office unless he shall have resided within the town ship, borough, ward or district for one v. ar'next piecedinghiselection. In cities | Ci ntaining over fifty thousand inhabi tants not more than one alderman shall U* elected in each ward or district. See 12. In Philadelphia there shall be established, for each thirty thousand in habitants, one court, not of record, of police and < i\ il causes, with jurisdiction not exceeding one hundred dollars; such j courts shall l>e held by magistrates whose tenn of office shall be five years and they shall be elected on general ticket by Un qualified voters at large; and in tlieelec- I i<>u of the said magistrates no voter shall votefor more than two-thirds of the num ber of persons to lit* elected, when more than one are to be chosen; tliey shall be , compensated only by fixed salaries, to be paid by said county, and shall exercise such jurisdiction, civil and criminal, ex cept as herein provided, as is now.exor cist u by aldermen, subject to such changes, not involving an increase ot civil jurisdiction or conferring political duties, as may be made by law. 111 Phil adelphia the office of alderman is abol ished. Sec 13. All fees, fines and penalties 111 said courts shall be paid into the county i treasury. Sec 14. In all cases of summary con viction in this common wealth, or of judg ment in suit for a penalty b< foreamagis trate or court not of record, either party may appeal to such court of record as may be prescribed by law, upon allow ance of the appellate court or judge ' thereof, upon cause shown. ! Sec 15. All judges required to be learn ! eel in the law. except the judges of the supreme court, shall lie elected by the qualified electors of the respective dis- II ricts over which they are to preside and shall hold their offices for the period of ten years, if they shall so long behave themselves well; but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the. governor may remove any of them 011 the address of two-thirds ol'each house of the gen- I eral assembly. Sec 10. Whenever two judges of the supreme court are to le chosen for the : same term of service, each voter shall vote for one only, and when three are to I w eho>en lie shall vote for 110 more than two; candidates highest in vote shall be dt lared elected. Sec 17. Should any two or more judges of the supreme court, or any t wo or more judges ol' the court of common pleas tor the same district, be elected at the same time, they shall, as soon after the elec tion as convenient, cast lots for priority of commission and certify the result to the governor, who shall issue their com missions in accordance therewith. Sec 18. The judges of the supreme court audtlie judges of the several courts of common pleas, anil all other judges required*to Vie learned iu the law, shall, at stated times, receive for their ser vices an adequate compensation, which riiall he fixed by law arid paid by the state. Tuey shall receive no other com pensation, fees or perquisites of office for their services from any source nor lIOM any other office of profit under the United States, this state or any other state. Sec 19. The judges of the supreme court, during their continuance in of fice. shall reside within this eominon ' ".vealtii; and the otner judges, during lht-ir continuance in office, shall reside within the districts l'or which they shall In* respectively elected. See 20. The several courts of com mon pleas, besides the iniwers herein conferred, shall have and exercise with in their respective districts, subject to such changes as may be made by law, such chancery (towers as are now vested by law in the several courts of common pleas of this commonwealth, or as may hereafter be conferred upon them by law. Sec 21. No duties shall be imposed by law upon the supreme court or any of the judges thereof, except such as are judicial, nor shall any of the judges there of exercise any power of appointment ex cept as herein provided. The court of nisi prius is hereby abolished and 110 court of original jurisdiction to be pre sided over by any one or more of the supreme court shall be established. Sec 22. in every county wherein the population shall exceed one hundred and fifty thousand the general assembly shall, and in any other county may, establish a separate orphans' court, to consist of one or more judges who shall be learned in the alw, which court shall exercise all -the jurisdiction and (lowers now vested ill. or wlii h may hereafter lie conferred upon, the orphans' courts, and thereup on the jurisdiction of the judges of the court of common pleas within such coun ty. in orpouns' court proceedings, shall .cease and determine: in any county in which a separate orphans' court shall lie established the register of w ills shall lie clerk of such court and subject to its di rect ion in all matters pertaining to his office; lie may apjioiiit assistant clerks, but only with the consent and approval of said court. All accounts tiled with him as register or as clerk of the said separate orphans* court shall lie audited by the emu t without expense to part its, except where all parties in interest in a 1 lending proceeding shall nominate an auditor whom the court may, in its dis cretion, Hpi>oint. In every county or phans' courts shall possess all the powers and jurisdiction of a register's court, and sci urate registers' courts are hereby abolished. Sec 23. The style of all process shall be "The Commonwealth of Pennsylva nia." All prosecutions shall Ik' carried on in the name and by the authority of the Conn noil wealth of Pennsylvania and conclude against tlie peace and dignity of the same. See 24. In all cases of felonious homi cide. and in such other criminal cases as may be provided for by law. the accused, after conviction and sentence, may re move the indictment, record and all pro eeedingstothe supreme court for rev iew. Sec 25. Any vacancy happening by death, resignation or otherwise, in any court of record, shall be tilled by appoint ment by the governor, to continue till the first Monday of January next suc ceeding the tirst general election which shall occur three or more months after the happening of such vacancy. Sec 20. All laws relating to courts shall be general and of uniform operation and the organization, jurisdiction and powers of all courts of tlie same class or grade, so far as regulated by law, and the force and effect of the process and judgments of such courts shall be uniform: and the general assembly is hereby prohibited from creating other courts to exercise tiie powers vested by this constitution in the judges of the courts of common pleas and orphans' courts. Sec 27. The parties, by agreement tiled, may, in any civil case, dispense _ with trial by jurv. and submit the decision of such case to the court having jurisdic tion th'-reof, and such court shall hear and determine the same: and the judg ment thereon shall be subject to writ of error as in other cases. ARTICLE VI. Impeach meat and Removal from Of ice. Sec 1. The house of representa tives shall have the sole power of impeachment. See 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate; when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall he upon oath or atlirmation; no person shall be convicted without tie con currence of two-thirds of the mem bers present. Sec 3. The governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to im peachment for any misdemeanor in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than to re moval from off ice and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit un der this commonwealth; the person ac cused, whether convicted or acquit ted, shall nevertheless be liable to in dictment, trial, judgment and punish ment according to law. Sec 4. All officers shall hold their offices on the condition that they be have themselves well while in office and shall be removed on conviction of misbehavior in office or of any in famous crime. Appointed officers other than judges of the courts of re cord and the superintendent of public instruction, may be removed at the pleasure- of the power by which they siiaii have been appointed. -11 l of-, liecrs elected by the people, except governor, lieutenant governor, mem bers of the general assembly and judges of the courts of record, learn ed in the law. shall he removed by the governor for reasonable cause, after due notice ami full hearing, on the address of two-thirds of the senate. ARTICLE VII. Oath of Office. i Sec 1. Senators and representa tives and all judicial, state and coun ty officers, shall, before entering on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: ■ "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, obey and defend the constitution of the I'nited States and the constitution of this common wealth, and that 1 will discharge the duties of my office with fidelity; that 1 have not paid or contributed, or promised to pay or contribute, cith er directly or indirectly, any money - or other valuable thing, to procure my nomination or election (or ap point incut), except Cor necessary and proper expenses expressly authorized by law; that 1 have not knowingly violated any election law of this com monwealth, or procured it to be done by others in my behalf; that I will. , not knowingly receive, directly, or • indirectly. any money or other valu able thing for the performance or non ' performance of any act or dmy per taining :o my office, other than the r compensation al owed by law." The foregoing oath shall be adniin- I istered by some person authorized to administer oaths, and in the ease of j state officers and judges of the su . prente court, shall be tiled in the of i lice of the secretary of the conimon . wealth, and in the ease of other ju -1 dieial and county officers, in the of ! tiee of the prothonotary of the count v in which the same is taken; any per son refusing to take said oath or af firmation shall forfeit his office, and any person who shall lie convicted of having sworn or affirmed falsely, • or of having violated said oath or > affirmation, shall be guilty of perjury ■ and lie forever disqualified from hold ing any office ot trust or profit with , in this commonwealth. The oath to [ the members of the senate and house , of representatives shall lie adminis [ tered by one of the judges of the I supreme court or of a court of com- I muii pleas, learned in the law, in the [ hall of the house to which the tueni -1 bers shall be elected. i ARTICLE VIII. Suffrage and Elections. i See. 1. Every male citizen twenty ' one years of age, possessing the fol lowing qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all elections: First. He shall have Ih-oii a citizen i of the Uniteu States at least one month. Second. He shall have resided in the state one year (or if, having pre viously been a qualified elector or native born citizen of the slate, he shall have removed therefrom and returned, then six months) immedi ately preceding the election. Third. He shall have resided in the election district where he shall offer to vote at least two months im mediately preceding the election. Fourth. If twenty-two years of age or upwards, he shall have paid within two years a state or county J tax. which shall have been assessed; at least two months and paid at least one month before the election. Sec 2. The general election shall be held annually oil the Tuesday next following the first Monday of Novem ber, but the general assembly may by law fix a different day, two-thirds of all the members of each house con senting thereto. Sec 3. All elections for city, ward, borough and township officers for regular terms of service, shall beheld on the third Tuesday of February. See 4. All elections % the citizens shall be by ballot. Every ballot voted shall be numbered in the order in which it shall be received, and the number recorded by the election of ficers on the list of voters, opposite the name of the elector who presents the ballot. Any elector may write his name upon his ticket, or cause the same to be written thereon and attested by a citizen of the district. The election officers shall be sworn or affirmed not to disclose how any elector shall have voted unless re quired to do so as witnesses in a ju dicial proceeding. Sec ;>. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach or surety of the peace, he privileged from arrest during their attendance on elections and in going to and re turning therefrom. Sec <5. Whenever any of the quali fied electors of this commonwealth shall be in actual military service, under a requisition from the Presi dent of tlie Tinted States or by the authority of this commonwealth, such electors may exercise the right of suffrage in all elections by the citi zens, under such regulations as arc or shall be prescribed by law, as ful ly as if they were present at their usual places of election. See 7. All laws regulating the holding of elections by the citizens or for the registration of electors shall be uniform throughout the state, but no elector shall be deprived of the privilege of voting by reason of his name not being registered. See s. Any person who shall give, or promise or offer to give an ejec tor, any money, reward or other val uable consideration for his vote at an election or for withholding the same, or who shall give or promise to give such consideration to any other per son or party such elector's vote, or for the withholding thereof, and any elector w ho shall receive or agree to receive, for himself or for another, any money, reward or other valuable j consideration for his vote at an elee-1 tion, or for withholding the same, shall i hereby forfeit the right to vote at such election, and any elector whose right to vote shall I>e chal lenged for such cause before the elec tion officer* shall be required to swear or afiirm that the matter of the chal lenge is untrue before his vote shall be received. Sec 9. Any person who shall, while a candidate for office, be guilty of' bribery, fraud or willful violation of any election law, shall be forever dis qualified from holding ail office of trustor profit in this eonimoi wealth; and anv person convicted of willful violation of the election laws, shall, in addition to any penalties provided by law, be deprived of the right of suffrage absolutely for a term of four s ears. See 10. In trials of contested elec tions. and in proceedings for the in vestigation of elections, no person shall he permitted to withhold his tes timony upon the ground that it may criminate hi nself or subject him to public infamy: but such testimony shall not afterwards be used against him in any judicial proceeding, x eept for perjury in giving such testi . moiiy. Sec 11. Townships and wards of cities or boroughs shall form or he divided into election districts of com pact and contiguous territory, in such manner as the court of quarter ses sions of the city or county in which the same arc located may direct; but districts in cities of over one hundred thousand inhabitants shall be divided by tiie eoil'ts of quarter sessions hav ing jurisdiction therein whenever at the next preceding election more than two hundred and fifty votes shall have been palled therein; and other election districts whenever the court of the proper county shall be of opin ion that the convenience of the dec tors and the public interests will be promoted thereby. ISec 12. All elections by persons in a representative capacity shall be viva voce. Sec 13. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of Ids presence, or lost it by reason of his absence while employed in the ser • vice, either civil or military, of this state or of the Tinted States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of the state or of the Tin ted states, or on the high seas, nor while a student ot any institution of learning, nor while kept in any poor house or any asylum at public ex pense, nor while confined in public prison. See 14. District election boards shall consist of a judge and two in spectors, who shall lie chosen annu ally by the citizens. Each elector shall have the right to vote for the judge and one inspector, and each in spector shall appoint one clerk. The tir-t election board for any new dis trict shall be selected, and vacuueies in election boards filled as shall be provided by law. Election officers shall be privileged from arrest upon davs of election and while engaged in making up and transmitting re turns. except upon warrant of a court of record or judge thereof for an elec tion fraud, for felony, or for wanton i breach of the peace. In cities they may claim exemption from jury duty during their terms of service. See 15. No person shall be quali fied to serve as an election officer who shall hold, or shall within two months have held any office, appoint ment, or employment in or under the government of the Tnited States, or of this state, or of any city or county, or of any municipal board, commis sion. or trust hi any city, save only justices of the peace and aldermen, notaries public, and persons in the militia service of the state; nor shall any election officer be eligible to any civil office to be filled at an election at which he shall serve, save only to such subordinate municipal or local offices below the grade of city or county offices as shall he designated by general law. See lfi. The courts of common pleas of the several counties of the common wealth shall have power within tfieir respective jurisdictions to appoint overseers of election to supervise the proceedings of election officers and to make report to the court as may be required ; such appointments to be made for any district in a city or coun ty, upon petition of live citizens, law ful voters of such election district, setting forth that such appointment is a reasonable precaution to secure the purity and fairness of elections; overseers shall lie two in number for an election district, shall be residents therein, and shall be persons qualified to serve upon election boards, and in _ each case members of different polit ical parties; whenever the members of an election board shall differ in opinion, the overseers, if they shall be agreed thereon, shall decide the ques tion of difference; in appointing overseers of election, all the law judges of the proper court, able to act at the time, shall concur in the ap pointments made. See 17. The trial and determination of contested elections of electors of president and vice-president, mem bers of the general assembly, and of all public oflieeis. whether state, ju dicial, municipal or local, shall be by the courts of law. or by one or more • of the law judges thereof; the general assembly shall, by general law, des ignate t iie colli ts and judges bv whom tiie several classes of election contests shall he tried, aml regulate the manner oftrial and all matters incident there to; 1 nit no such law assigning juris diction. or regulating its exercise, shall apply to any contest arising out of an election held b fore its passage. ARTICLE IX. Taxation and Finance. Sec. 1. All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects wiih- j in the territorial limits of the author-! ity levying the tax,and shall be levied and collected under general laws; but the general assembly may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property used for public purposes, actual places of religious worship. '• places of burial not used or held for private or corporate profit, ami insti tutions of purely public charity. Sec 2. All laws exempting property from taxation,other than tiie proper ty above enumerated, shall be void. See 3. The power to tax corpora tions and corporate property shall not be sum ndered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the state shall be a party. See 1. No debt shall be created by or (-11 behalf of the state except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, repel invasion, suppress im urrcetion. defend the state in war, or to pa\ ex isting debt, and the debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at any one time one million of dollars. Sec 5. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money b> and on behalf of the state shall specify tiie purpose for which the money is to be used, and the money so borrowed shall be used for the purpose specified and no other. Sec ti. The credit of the common wealth shall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company,corpora tion or association. Sec 7. The general assembly shall not authorize any county, city, bor ough, township or incorporated dis trict to become a stockholder in any company, association or corporation, or- to obtain or to appropriate money furor to loan its credit to any corpo ration. institution or individual. Sec *. The debt of any county, city, borough, township, ccliool district or other municipality, or incorporated district, except as herein provided, shall never exceed seven per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein, nor shall any muni cipality or district incur any new debt or increase its indebtedness to an amount exceeding two per centum upon such assessed valuation of prop erty without the assent of the elect ors thereof, at a public election, in such manner as shall be provided by law, but any city, the debt of which now exceeds seven per centum of such assessed valuation, may he authorized by law to increase the same three per centum in the aggregate at any time upon such valuation. Sec 9. The commonwealth shalf not assume the debt, or any part thereof, of any city, county, borough or township, unless sum debt shall have been contracted to enable the state to repel invasion, suppress do mestic insurrection, defend itself in time of wa., or to assist the state in the discharge of any portion of its . present LudebUxiuess. Sec 10. Any county, township, school district or other municipality incurring any indebtedness, shall, at j or before the time of so doing. pro\ ide for the collection of an annual tax suf ficient to pay the interest and also the principal thereof within thirty years. Sec 1 l.'To provide for the pAyincut of the present state debt and any ad ditional debt contracted as aforesaid, the general assembly shall continue and maintain the sinking lund sul ticient to pay the accruing interest on such debt, and annually to i educe l-he principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and titty thousand dollars; the said sinking fund shall consist of the proceeds of the sales of the public works or any part thereof, and of the income or proceeds of the , sale of any stocks owned by the com monwealth, together with other funds and resources that may be designa ted 'by law. and shall be increased from time to time by assigning to it any part of the taxes or other reve nues of the state not required for the ordinary and current expenses of gov ernment; and unless in ease of war. invasion or insurrection. 110 part of the said sinking fund shall Ik* used or applied otherwise than in the extin guishment of the public debt. Sec 12. The moneys of the state, over and above the necessary reserve, shall be used in the payment of the debt of the state, either directly or through the sinking fund, and the moneys of the -inking fund shall nev er be invested in or loaned upon the security of anything except the bonds of the United States or of this state. Sec l.">. The moneys held as ncces sar\ reserve shall be limited by law to the amount required for current expenses, and shall be secured and kept as may be provided by law. .Monthly statements shall he publish ed showing the amount of such mon eys, where the same are deposited, and how secured. Sec 14. Ttie making of profit out of the public moneys, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any officer of the state or member or office** of the general as sembly, shall be a misdemeanor, and shall In* punished as may be provided by law. but part of such punishment shall lie a di -qualification to hold ot liee for a period of not less than five ; years. ARTICLE x. Education. Sec 1. The general assembly shall provide forthe mail tenauceand sup port of a thorough and efficient sys tem of pubiic scnools. wherein all the children of this commonwealth above the age of six years, may be educated,- and shall appropriate at least one million dollars each year for that pur pose. See 2. No money raised for the sup port of the public schools of the com monwealth shall be appropriated to 1 or used for the support of any seeta i rian school. Sec :>. Women twenty-one years of age and upwards shall be eligible to I any office under the school laws of ! this state. ARTICLE XI. Mttitia. Sec 1. The freemen of this com monwealth shall be armed, organized and disciplined for its defense when and in such manner as may he direct ed by law. The general assembly shall provide for maintaining the mi litia by appropriations from the treas ury of the commonwealth, and may exempt from military service persons having conscientious scruples against bearing arms. ARTICLE XII. Public Officers. See i. All officers whose selection is not provided for inthisc .'institution shall lie elected or apiHnnteti as may be directed by law. Sec 2. No niemlM rof congress from this state, nor any person holding or exercising any office or appointment of trust or p olit under the United States, shall at tiie same time hold or exercise any office in this state to which a salary, lees or perquisites shall be attached. The general as sembly may by law declare what of fices are incompatible. See 3. Any person who shall light a duel or send a challenge for that purpose, or lie aider or abettor in lighting a duel, shall be deprived ol the right of holding any office of hon or or profit in this state, and may lie otherwise punished as slii.ll be pre scribed by law. ARTICLE XIII. New Counties. Sec 1. No new county shall be es tablished which shall reduce any county to less than four hundred square miles, or to less than twenty thousand inhabitants; nor shall any county be formed ot less ar-a, or con taining a less |K>pulation, nor shall any line thereof pass within ten miles ot the county seat of any county pro posed to be divided. ARTICLE XIV. County Officers. Sec 1. County officers shal 1 consist ot sheriffs, coroners, prothonotaries, registers of wills, recorders of deeds, commissioners, treasurers, surveyors, auditors, or controllers, clerks of the courts, district attorneys and such 1 others as may from time to time be established by law; and 110 sheriff or ireasurei shall be eligible for the term next succeding the one to which lie may lie elected. bee 2. County officers shall be el ected at the general elections, and shall hold their offices forthe term of three years, beginning on the first Monday of .January next after their 1 election, and until their successors j shall be duly qualified; all vacancies not otherwise provided f„ r ,l. filled in sircii manner as i,.... ' vided by law. * '*!*'. Sec 3. No [K-rson shall 1* ed to any office within any . who shall not have been a ehiz,''^■ an inhabitant therein one \t u j before his appointment, if t*| u 5 shall have been so lung eree if it shall not have lieen so lon,' ed,then within the liniitsofth/ or counties out ol which it sli been taken. Sec 4. Prothonotaries,clerk>ota courts, recorders of deeus r ... 11 MM iNp.* of wills, county surveyors ami iti's shall keep their offices in ili t . ty town of the county in respectively shall he officers. Sec 5. The compensation „f ( officers shall lie regulated b\ | and all county officers who , may lie salaried shall pay a|| •• which they may be authorize,] t..'? ceive into the treasury of the j or state, as may lie directed bv In counties containing ovt roimi dred an fifty thousand iniial.it all county officers shall lie p," salary, and the salary of any Mr ficer and his clerks, heretofore... by fees, shall not exeeed tin- a ,.. grate amount of fees earned .i his term and collected by or f 1 Sec 'J. Toe general assembly, provide by law for the strict a,y„J ability of all county, towndi'.;. j borough "officers, as well forth,':] which maybe collected by thunj for all public or municipal n, which may be paid to them. Sec 7. Three county c.inunis. ] ers and three county auditor.. la* elected in each county where, j officers ars chosen, in the year thousand eight hundred and sever five, and every third year thereat;-; and in the election of said officers J qualified elector shall vote for no mi than two persons, and the three id sons having the highest number votes shall be elected; any casual J cancy in the office of county cunud sioner or county auditor shall ky ed by tlie court of common ykt. the county in which such \av.vy occur, by the appointment tor ol the proper county wle. >g have votcil for the commissioners auditor whose place is to lie lille ARTICLE XV. Cities and City L'liurbrt. Sec 1. Cities may b eliartei . whenever a majority oftlieehr: - anv town or borough imvingaj lation of at least ten thou*ai. | vote at any general election it, id of the same. S-c 2. N, debt kali 1,, c utr j • or liability iiicui led by am una. coinniissioi., xc> pt. in pur-r.ui •• an appropriation previously therefor by the municipal j uient. Sec !■ 1 very city - aii ing fund, w nich s;:all !>< in\ I pledged for tile p .yiileiU of 1 ed debt. I ARTICLE XVI /'/*; rate Cor/uiratioru. I See 1. All existing chattel J grants of special 01 exclusive™ leges, under which a bona tideurJ ization shall not have taken plactl business commenced at the ti l tne adoption of this e..i .-t .1 shall thereafter have no iali : Sec 2. Ihe gem ral as-emlly-I not remit the forfeiture of U,e I ter of any corpoiation now e\ -1 or alter or amend tin* -iitiie.,: | any other general or sjierial i v l the benefit of such coi porationo I 011 the condition that sin ii corpor. I shall thereafter hob 1 its charter' 1 to the provisions of this constitu j See 3. The exercise of the n. I eminent domain shall w>i I abridged or so construed asJ vent the general assembly frowl ing the property otdneorponiiol'T panies, and subjecting tueint".! lie use, the same as the propyl individuals; and the exeieiwcj police power of the state shall I l)e abridged or so construed a**' I mit corporations to conduct tia- I iness in such manner as t> intri'.ol equal right- of individuals or t!-l eral well being of the state. Sec 1. In all elections t n* or managers of a corporation 1 * member or shareholder imiy <■■*■■ whole number of his votes candidate, or distiihute then. J two or more candidates. V prefer. >, c 5. No foreign < I do any business in this state I having one or more known 1" ■ business, and an authorize' - I agents in the same, upon 1 cess may lie served. See 6. No corporation sh I in any business other than pressly authorized in its < I shall it take or hold any a-' ■ except such as may be neec*"- ■ proper for its legitimate bu- ■ S< <• 7. No coi j" 'i at ion ■ stocks or bonds except '• or labor done, or money 01 actually received; and all 1 ■ increase of stock or iiidehU"" ■ corporations shall no! 1" : H except in pursuance ot d - ■ nor without the consent " H sons holding the largerain"" 1 ' ■ tie of the stock first oh' : " meeting to be held after > x ■ nytiee given in pursiianef ■ Sec S. Municipal and ot ■ rations and individuals id fl the privilege of taking 1' ■ crly for public use - ' :l " 1 conipensalion for prop, l , v H jnred or destroyed by ~1 tion or enlargeineiit 0' 1 ' ,1 highways or iinpi" v<l " <l coinjH-nsati< 11 shall be pa l -fl la-fore such taking, " ti.in. The n H by prohibited from <IT' 4 boh of an appeal from sii> I
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