ti t 71 qh,li ctilaxielf-an
gittioo fu v fits , 16ttraturt, lgrituttutt, Nuticulturt, EA j t tnt zutV 'Useful arts, &nal Ettus of fly Dag, Prat 3itformatinn, it., ft.
IF ` _ - Bat er ,Mc3.ltor azici Proprietor_
SEVENTH YEAR.
PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.
OFFICE: ON FRONT STREET,
IN THE SECOND STORY OF CRULL'S Row,
Five down East of Mrs. Flury's Hotel.
TERMS, One Dollar a year, payable in advance,
and if subscriptions be not paid within six
months $1.25 will be charged, and if delayed
until the expiration of the year, $1.50 will
be charged.
No subscription received for a less period than
six months, and no paper will be discontin
ued until all arrearages are paid, unless at
the option of the publisher. A failure to no
tify a discontinuance at the expiration of the
term subscribed for, will be considered a new
engagement.
Any person sending us FIVE new subscribers
shall have a sixth copy for his trouble.
ADVERTISING RATES : One square (12 lines,
or less) 50 cents for the first insertion and 25
cents for each subsequent insertion. Profes
sional and Business cards, of six lines or less
at $3 per annum. Notices in the reading
columns, five cents a-line. Marriages and
Deaths, the simple announcement, FREE;
but for any additional lines, five cents a-line.
1 square 3 months, $2.00; 6 months, $3.50;
1 year, $5. Two squares, 3 months, $3:
6 months, $5; 7 year, $7. Half-a-column,
3 months, $8; 6 months, $l2; 1 year, $2O.
One column, 6 months, $2O; 1 year, $3O.
Having recently added a large lot of new JOB
AND CARD TYPE, we are prepared to do all
kinds Of PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL PRINT
ING, at short notice and reasonable prices.
c 'tloro , 4l) , pircttorp'.
Chtef Burgess, Samuel D. Miller,
Assistant Burgess, Peter Baker,
Town Council, Barr Spangler, (President)
John Crull, Thomas Stence, Ed. P. Trainer,
Henry S. Libhart.
Town Cleric, Theo: Hiestand.
Treasurer, John Auxer.
Assessor of Taxes, William Child, Jun.,
Collector of Taxes, Frederick L. Baker.
Justice of the Peace, Emanuel D. Roath.
114 h, Constable, Absalem Emswiler.
Assistant Constable, Franklin K. Mosey.
Regulators, John H. Goodman, E. D. ltoath.
Supervisor, Samuel Hippie, Sen.
School Directors, John Jay Libhart, Presi
dent, E. D. Reath, Treasurer, C. A. Schaffner,
Secretary, John K. Fidler, Aaron B. Grosh,
Jonathan M. Larzelere.
. Yost Office Hours: The Post Office will
be open from 7 o'clock in the morning until
Sin the evening. A. Cassel, Postmaster.
Beneficial Societies: THE HARMONY, A. :77.
Cassel, President; John Jay Libhart, Treasur
er; Barr Spangler, Secretary. Tim Prox EEn,
John Jay Libhart, President; Abrm Cassel,
Thasurcr ; Wm. Child, jr., Secretary.
FINANCIAL CONDITION OF
',3ltes aaeattqh af
„Acu , infia,
For the Year closing March 30, 1861.
IZeceipts
Cash for Torn Hall Rent, &c., $ 25,00
Sale of Furniture, 5,80
Taxes, collected, 984,08
_Balance in Treasury at last settlement, 86,32
1101,20
Expenditures, per items annexed, 1071,18
Bal. in Treasury, March 30, IFGI, $ 30,02
Expenditures :
William Shields, Constable, $ 2,62
do do do 10,00
Samuel D. Miller, Burgess salary, 25,00
Theo. Hiestand, Town Clerk, do 30,00
Thomas Stance, Councilman, do 5,00
E. P. Trainer, Do do 5,00
John Civil, Do do 5;00
Aaron 1-1. Summy, Do do 5,00
11. Spangler, Do do 5,00
'William Child, Jun., Assessor, do 16,00
, George Leader, labor, 1,50
.lohn -Naylor, hauling, 4,75
:supplee & Brother, lamp posts, 26,00
Dyott Lamps, 3,50
+George Eissling, labor, 1,00
Repairing Hose, and freight, 20,12
George Rudisill, pipe, 1,00
Pioneer Fire Co., rent and interest, 35,34
Harmony 13. Society, rent and interest, 39;00
John W. Clark, purl of Kelly's note, 50,00
Do do 50,00
Do do 50,00
Do do 50,00
Do Kelly's note, in full, 9,00
Charles Kelly, part of note, 50,00
Do do do 30,00
Do balance of note in full, 25,75
James Folly, flushing cinder, 7,62
Sam'l Scantling, do do 7,62
Aaron H. Sammy, repairs,6,l9
Samuel Hippie, hauling cinder, 61,50
Do do do 50,00
Do do do 50,00
Do do do 50,00
Samuel R. Hipple, labor, 40,25
Supplement to Charter, 1,50
.J. M. Erisman, lumber, 11,39
'William Chapman, hauling, 5,12
A. Emswiler, vagrants, 2,00
FK. Mosey, do 1,07
A. Emswiler, killing dogs, W., 9,00
Do Constable salary, 17,25
F. L. Baker, advertising a 4 Printing, 11,00
E. D. Roath, regulating, 3,00
Do - Map of I3orough. 15,00
William Tredenick, hauling cinder, 47,19
John Morris, labor, 3,00
Harry & Hipple, stone, 4,20
John bleDulle,y, pikeing, 25,00
Do do 25,00
D. C. Baker, Solicitor's bill of 1659, 10,00
Sterrett & Co . , hardware, 1,91
Theo. Hiestand, T. C. part of salary, 15,00
Election Officers' pay, 5,00
Samuel D. Miller, services, 14,00
John Auxer, Treasurer's ~salary, 15,00
Liabilities March 30, 1861
Bond Harmony Beneficial Society, $400,00
Do Pioneer Fire Company, 133,12
Do Donegal Lodge I. 0. 0. F. 273,17
Do Aaron H. Summy, 282,50
Do Samuel Hippie, 372,00
Orders unpaid, 899,63
• DAVID ROTH,
•
Dealer in Hardware,
"1$ Cedarware, Paints, Oils, Glass,
000 k, Waif aro 3fobas, &e.,
MARKET-ST., MARIETTA.
NITOULD take this means of informing the
VI I citizens of Marietta and vicinity that he
is prepared to furnish anything in his line,
consisting in part, of Table Cutlery of all
kinds ; Building a ri d Housekeeping Hard
ware, in all styles, Cutlery, Tools, Paints, Oils,
Glass, Varnishes, Cedarware, Tubs, Buckets,
Churns, Knives,Forks, Spoons,Shovels Po
kers, Tongs, Cadlesticks, PansWaiters:Cop
per and Brass Kettles, Door, Desk, Pad and
all other kind of Locks, Nails, Spikes and
io fact everything u sually kept in a well regula
ted Hardware establishment.
Prof. Miller's Hair Invigorator.
An Effective, Safe and Economical Compound!
For restoring Gray Hair to its original color
without dyeing, and preventing the hair from
turning gray.
For Preventing Baldness, and curing it, when
there is the least particle of vitality or recuper-.
ative energy remaining.
Far Removing Scurf and Dandruff', and all
cutaneous affections of the Scalp.
For Beautifying the Hair, imparting to it an
unequalled gloss and brillancy, making it roft
and silky in its texture and causing it to curl
readily.
The great celebrity and the increasing de
mand for this unequalled preparation; convince
the proprietor that one trial is only necessary
to satisfy a discerning public of its superior
qualities over another preparation at present in
use. It cleanses the head and scalp from dand
ruff and other cutaneous diseases. Causes the
hair to grow luxuriantly, and gives it a rich,
soft, glossy and flexible appearance, and also
where the hair is loosening and thinning, it will
give strength and vigor to the roots, and restore
the growth to those parts which ave become
bald, causing it to yield a fresh covering of hair.
There are hundreds of ladies and gentlemen
in New York who have had their hair restored
by the use of this Invigorator, when all other
preparations had failed. M. has in his pos
session letters innumerable testifying to the
above facts, from persons of the highest respec
tibility. It will effectually prevent the hail
from turning gray until the latest period of life
and in cases where the !lair has already changed
its color, the use of the Invigorator will with
certainty restore to its original hue, giving it a
dark, glossy appearance. As a perfume toilet
and a Hair Restorative it is pal ticularly rec
ommended, having an agreeable fragrance ;
and the great facilities it affords in dressing ,
the hair, which, when moist with the Invigo
rator can be dressed in any required ferm so as
to preserve its place. wheth-r plain or in curls
—hence the great demand for it by the ladies
as a standard toilet article which none ought to
be without, as the price places it within the
reach of all, being
ONLY TWENTY-FIVE CENTS.
per bottle, to be bad at all respectable druggists
and perfumers.
L. Miller would call the attention of Parents
and Guardians to the use of his Invigorator, in
cases where the Childress' Flair inclines to be
weak. The use of it lays the foundation for a
good head of hair, as it removes any impurities
that rna3 have become connected with the
scalp, the removal of winch is necessary both
for the health of the child, and the future ap
pearance of its Bair.
CAUTION.—None genuine without the Inc
Simile Louis MILLER being 011 the outer wrap
per, also, L. MILLER'S HAM INVIGORATOR,
N. Y. blown in the glass.
Wholesale Depot,s6 Dey St., and sold by all
the principal Merchants and Druggists through
out the world.
Liberal discount to purchasers by the quantity.
I also desire to present to the American
Public my
New k Improved hislantanions Hair Dye
which after years of scientific experimenting I
have brought to perfection. P._ dyes Black or
Brown instantly without injury to the Hair or
Skin, warranted the hest article of the kind in
existence.
PRICE ONLY 50 CENTS.
Depot, 56 Dey Street, New York
Iron plasters look to your Interests!
THE IMPRoV Ell BLACK 'HAWK
EAST IREIN ORE WASHER,
MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY
®,BRYAN & HOPKINS,
Marietta, Lancaster County; Pa.
The Undersigned will constantly keep on.
hand and make to older at short notice the
above celebrated machine, the best in the Ma
ted States! They will warrant their machines
to run lighter, last longer and wash ch aner and
with less water than any other machine now
in use. They can be easily put together on the
bank. All orders addressed to either of the
urMersigned will meet with prompt attention.
il=• They are also prepared to sell individu
al, County and state Rights.
BERNARD &BRYAN.
SAMUEL HOPKINS.
October 13, 1860. v7-no.l ly
JOHN BELL, Merchant
Cor. of Market-st., and Elbow Lane, Marietta.
RATEFUL for past favors I would return
my thanks to my numerous friends and pa
trons and inform them that I still continue the
old business at the old stand, where I will be
pleased to see them at all tunes, and having a
full and splendid assortment of
CLOTHS, CASSIMERES if VESTIV GS,
which will be made up to order at the shortest
notice by the best of workmen, and on reasona
ble terms, I would be pleased, therefore, to wait
upon my old customers and all who see proper
to patronize me hereafter. rOct.29-'56.
CLOCKS,
a;` ATCHES,
Jewelry, Silver and Plated Ware.
ELI HOLDEN, 70S MARKET -ST.,
PRMADELPHIA
Importer of Clocks, Watches and Jewelry.
Invites special attention to his full supply of
Watcles„ of American, English and Geneva
Manufacture. Jewelry of elegant designs,
Silver 4. Plated Ware of the best quality,
With an extensive assortment of Superior
Time-keeping Clocks,
In style and price adapted to the wants of all.
Good goods and fair prices is my principle.
#ice to his Patent Shirt Studs, being of
novel construction, possessing advantages over
any other invention.
Philadelphia, March 23, IS6I-Iy.
1071,1 S
H
WARD, Manufactur and
DEALER IN
STRAW GOODS, I_lr
Nos. 103, 105 and 107 North Second street,
PHILADELPHIA.
$2366.42
We are now receiving our Spring Stock, which
will comprise a large and desirable assort
ment of all kinds of
Straw and Lace Goods.
ALSO, A large assortment of Ladies and
Childrert!s Hats
Our stock of Flowers and Ruches will be
unusually large this season, and we would
invite special attention to that deparment.
Call and examine them before making your
purchases , H. WARD,
March 23-4 t) Nos. 103, 105 $ 107 N. 2d st.
WINE AND LIQUORS.
VV Superior Old Brandy, Old Rye Whiskey,
Holland Gin, Old Maderia, - Lisbon, Sherry and
Pert Wines.
Pittsburg Whiskey always on hand at-the
lowest market prices. Very Fine "Brandy at
a very lOw*figure, by the barrel.
DIFFENBACk. Market-st.
=I
MARIETTA, PA., SATURDAY, APRIL 6. 1861.
COUSIN JOSEPHINE
I=l
She's my cousin, so what harm
For her blessed little arm
Round my willing neck to twine,
And her dear delicious lips,
With their rosy, ilutteiing tips,
Ever so much,
Just to touch
Mine ?
She's my cousin, so you see,
She can't fall in love with me;
That I always keep in mind,
And, indeed, I've always kissed. her
As you would a little sister,
Just so that she
Might think me
Kind.
FOR THE WEEKLY MARIETTAIN.]
DEATH AND DYING.
"Blessed is the corps that the rains falls on."
Perhaps more real anxiety is felt, and
at times manifested, at the thought of
death, and of dying, than at any other
event in the experimental history of man.
When we say death we mean the death
of the material body, or that seperation
of the spirit of man from its dull tene
ment of clay', which is popularly called
death ; although for the matter of that,
it is only the beginning of life; whatever
may be the mere opinions of men, in'con
troversion of this assumption. The
greatest solicitude experienced among
men, is doubtless in reference to their
own particular deaths, or the death of
some near relativb or friend ; and al
though the prolonged lives of some of
these may give them more anxiety by a
hundred fold, than a score of deaths, yet
in some instances they do manifest suf
ficient concern, to induce them to be
seeking after all manner of signs and
tokens, that may be supposed to indicate
the place wither their departed friends
have gone, or whether they have "esca
ped," and whether it is "wel! with them"
"on the other side of Jordon." In pro
portion as men are in the habit of build
ing up in their minds, the idea that there
is no life save that which is manifested
in the material world, and that all hap
piness is concentrated in material things,
in that same proportion the idea of death
and dying will be invested with unknown
terrors. The great concern of life should
not be about death or dying at all, any
more than we should be concerned about
"what we eat or what we drink or where
with all we are clothed," when we are as:
sured that we need all these things, and
that the knowledge of this is recorded in
heaven. And as we are admonished in
regard to these things, that we should
"first seek the kingdom of God and his
righteousness," when all that is needful
will be added unto us, so also in regard
to death, our chief concern, desire, and
effort, should be to live right in all things,
and as a matter of course, we shall die
right, and death will be entirely divested
of his power to terrify us, for he is only
a terror to the evil doer. No external
sign can be a sure indication of the true
condition of the spirit of man after it has
left his body, and made its abode with
kindred spirits in the eternal world, for,
in this world, the rains of heaven descend
equally upon the just and the unjust, in
a literal sense. Therefore whether it be
literally raining or shining when an in
dividual dies and is buried, can work no
blessing to him after death, if he has not
led such a life before that event, as is
calculated to insure him the possession
of a state of blessedness in the life to
comer If the material body is the proper
representative or correspondential em
blems of the spirit that is within it, and
if descending rain, or water, bears the
same representative relation to truth, de
scending from its divine source ; then,
there is a sense in which that corps may
truly be blessed, which the rain falls on,
or in other words, that spiritual body
upon which the rains of truth descend,
is really blessed; for, by such descend
ing showers, is it purged and made clean.
But this is not the sense in which this
homely adage is generally used, for, no
matter what the character of an. individ
ual may have been through life, habitu
ally, and from affection ; when he at
length dies, and is done with this world,
a cloak—some call it the cloak of chari
ty,—is thrown over all his, evil deeds,
and, some word or look of his in the dy
ing hour—the aspect of sky above—the
twittering or fluttering of some lone bird.
or the bleating of sheep or the lowing of
kine, are taken as so many omens, that
may indicate a safe transit to a world of
never-ending, beatitude, where spirits
dwell. In reading over the epitaphs and
inscriptions on the tombstones of a grave
yard or cemetery, we are driven irresis
tably to the conclusion that few or .no
wicked people are buried there, for all
seen to have been transformed into par
agons of virtue, by their charitable and
considerate survivors. How they may
have died we know not, nor is it ours to
judge, for a voice comes from a high and
mighty tribunal which says, "Judgement
belongeth unto me." But if external acts
habitually indulged in, be any sign of in
ternal intent, then there is much in the
lives of men that can never be harmon
ized with goodness, or squared with the
principles of the decalogue. A calm,
fearless, or indifferent death is not al
ways an evidence of a happy state after
death, any more than an anxious, hope
less and fearful one, is an evidence of a
miserable after condition ; for • these
things depend on the habitual state of
the dying persons mind, more than upon
his real character. The most abandoned
cut-throat that ever lived, may be swung
from the scaffold with stolid indifference,
manifesting no more concern in what is
taking place than if he was a mere spec
tator, without any interest in it. Indeed
there are many such characters who
manifest a disgusting boldness in the
hour of death, that seems to have been
merely assumed for the occasion, in order
to exhibit to their abandoned compani
ons who may be witnesses of their shame
ful end, that they have "died game."—
Other individuals who have cultivated a
determined disbelief in a life after death'
mby also die easy and unconcerned, al
though their lives may have been im
moral unto the very end. On the other
hand many a sincere and well-intentioned
person may struggle through life in an
honest endeavor to shim all manner of
evils as sins against God, and when he
comes to die, he may be much concerned,
lest he has not succeeded sufficiently to
entitle him to a place in heaven. The
character of his pretentions are ,of too
humble a nature to allow him to say con
fidently,"l have overcome—l have fought
the good fight," for this, he feels, would
be an ascription at variance with all his
experience. He is willing, true, to resign
his spirit into the hands of Mei who gave
it, and to be content with any place in
the realms of bliss adapted to his condi
tion, but he is by no means sure that he
knows what that condition truly is.—
Again, there are ninny situations and
circumstances in life which from long
habituation beget a fearlessness, or dis
regard for death, in people, where there
is no striking external manifestation of
either good or evil. The soldier who
enters the army, comparatively a coward,
soon looses all fear of death by its fre
quency, under various aspects, and the
scenes of turmoil, strife, and bloodshed,
by which he is surrounded on the battle
field ;—and even if no battle has been
fought, the character of his duties and
associations, as well as the marshal char
acter of the music and the paraphranalia
of the camp, are such, as to" school him
in a fearless disregard for death. Men
engaged in the manufactory of gunpow
der feel all the time, that at any moment
they may be blown into 'a thousand
atoms, 'and yet they calmly pursue their
calling "day in and day • out," with as
much nonchalance as those whose
occupations are regarded as "perfect
ly .safe." We cannot truly know the
internal state of men, and therefore in
those of no external pretention there
may be hearts as fully endowed with
christian virtues and charity, as in those
who have ostensibly earned the reputa
tion of being both wise and good. We
may be assured however that a reckless
disregard for death is no more an indica
tion of fitness to die, than a pusilanimous
fear indicates a fitness to live. No man
has a moral or natural right to take his
own life claudestinly any more than he
has to illegally and immorally take the
life of another, and therefore he that
takes his own", as certainly plunges
himself into those "greater evils, that he
knows not of'—no matter how religious
or apparently sanctified his life may have
been—as he would any other unregener
ated victim, that he might suddenly send
to eternity by murderous hands; for the
Almighty has as assuredly "fixed his
cannons against self slaughter," as he
has against any other species of crime.
it may be said, that insanity in its vari
ous forms takes away the responsibility
Of the homacide and the suicide,. but as
; all manner of crimes and sins are but
l species of insanity, differing only in qual
; ity or degree, it is not in the province of
1 a finite mind to make that discrimina
tion which belongs exclusively to the
Infinite. So far as the experience may
be relied upon, of those who have been
on the boundaries of another world, and
have been resusitated again, the physical
and mental sensations of, the dying are
rather plcrsant than painful. This seems
to be especially the case with those who
have been drowned, and afterwards re
vived,whose experience is that after res
Term -On Dollar a -Year_
toration, infinitely more pain is felt than
there is in the act of lying. This is also
the experience of many persons who
have suffered amputation--so long as the
paid continued they were yet compara
tively in the vigorous possession of life,
with a corresponding pulsation, but so
soon as the pain subsided effectually, the
pulsation also fell and the patient has
died—and died in painless tranquility.
Maj. Ringgold who fell with both legs
shot off at Palo Alto felt not the least
particle of pain, but the intelligent por
tion of the friends by whom he was sur
rounded, saw in this that there was no
hope for him, and he died shortly after-'
wards as calmly and as free from pain as
if a soothing narcotic had been adminis
tered, for the purpose of smoothing his
path into the other world. This is also
the case in sudden attacks of stomach
cramp or lock-jaw—so long as the pain
is intense the patient is not dying—for
in the act of dying, from any cause—the
general testimony seems to be, that there
is no pain at all. This not being univer
sally or certainly known, without failure
in any case, those who are ignorant of it,
or haVe no faith in it, feel a terror at the
approach, or at the very idea Of death ;
and especially if they be of that class of
people who believe in a future state of
existence, but who have proved recreant
to every moral or civil obligation, through
acts of wilful disobedience. When men
regard the material things of this life, as
talents which have been entrusted to'
their stewardship, to be used as means of
dispensing good among their fellow men,
and also for the moral elevation of them
selves and others—when they accustom
themselves to regard the "other life" as
certain, as real, and more "substantial,"
than the present one—and moreover
when they lice the belief that—"as the
tree falleth, so it lieth, as death leaves
us so shall judgment find us"—then they
will also regard death as a necessary
physical change of being, designed by an
all-wise and benevolent Father, as a door
through which to admit his children into
his kingdom—and not as a physical curse.
GRANTELLUS.
GENERAL ScoTT.—There have been
several incidents of the late agitation re
specting the peace at Washington which
will make the people forever honor and
admire Gen. Scott. Whatever the de
dree of danger on the day of inaugura
tion, it is not to be doubted that, while
treason was rampant in the Cabinet, it
was really intended to make a desperate
effort for possession of the seat of the
nation's power. It was at least quite as
likely that this seizure should be at
tempted, as that any one of a dozen of
the extraordinary and insane acts of the
secessionists should have been commit
ted. Through all that time of trial and
of danger, Gen. Scott was the boldest
and most decisive man in responsible
place. His energy unquestionably saved
very much that would otherwise have
been lost, and he pursued his purpose
with singular determination and success,
down to the moment when he could say,
"Thank God, we have a government I"
Nothing more touching can be conceived
than his bearing on the critical day which
was to decide whether our institutions
were to be obeyed, and our honor pre
served, when the executive authority
changed bands, or whether disgrace, dis
order, and possible anarchy, were then
to be installed.
A JUST PUNISHMENT.—An instance of
highway robbery occurred in Havanna
one evening in February last. A lieu
tenant of the regular army presentedlis
pistol to the breast of a Frenchman at
about 11 o'clock at night and demanded
his watch and money or his life. The
watch and money (some $4O) were given,
and the Frenchman fled, dodged around
a corner and hid. Presently the robber
passed along, but was stealthily foll Owed
by his watchful victim into the *Taeon
Theater, where a squad of soldiers were
called upon to arrest a lieutenant, who
proved to be their own "superior officer."
Efforts were made to shield him, but the
booty being found on his person, he was
sent to prison, the next day tried by a
Court Martial, and summarily shot.
MONEY WON BY A DEAD MAN.--At
Koethen, Saxony, recently, a gentleman
engaged in play at a faro table, and died
in his seat. His death was not discov
ered until his money, by being left on
the table all the while, had won a heavy
sum. A law suit resulted between the
hanker and the dead player's heirs, which
was decided in favor
. of the latter.
Nearly all thii tiees in tl,ie south of
England have died this year. A person
in New Forest, who had one hundred
and forty hives, has lost every bee.
NO. 38.
"THE SALT, ll' SOl7 PLEASE?)
Every body has a partiality for dinner,.
and one of the most frequent expressions
at a dinner table is the one which forms
our title ; and in order that our readers
may know something of the substance'
they are using, we will tell them a few
facts about salt. This is a chemical
compound, of twenty-three parts by'
weight, of a beautifully silver-white but
soft metal called sodium, discovered by
Sir B. Davy, in 1807, and thirty-five
parts of a pungent, yellowish green gas,
called chlorine, discovered by Scheele,.
in 1774. These two combined form this,
the most widely diffused and useful of
any one compound in the world. It is
found in the sea, and in the rocks, from
which our principal supply comes. The
most wonderful deposits are in Poland
and Hungary, where it is quarried like a
rock, one of the Polish salt mines having
been worked since 1251. These Polish
salt mines have heard the groan of many
a poor captive, and have seen the last
agonies of many a brave man; for, until
lately, they were worked entirely by the
state prisoners of Austria, Russia or Po
land, whichever happened to be in power
at the time; and once the offender, or
fancied hindrance to some other person's
advancement, was let down into this
subterranean prison, he never saw the
light of day again. So salt has its his
tory as well as science. Other large de
posits are found in Cheshire, England,
where the water if forced down by pipes
into the salt, and is again pumped up as
brine, which is evaporated, and the salt
obtained. To such an extent has this
been carried, that one town in the "salt
country," as it is called, has scarcely an
upright house in it, all the foundations
having sunk with the ground, to fill up
the cavity left by the extracted salt.
In Virginia there are beds of salt, and
the Salmon Mountains, in Oregon, are
capable of affording large quantities of
the same material: The brine springs of
Salina and Syracuse are well known, and
from about forty gallons of their brine
one bushel of salt is obtained. There
are also extensive salt springs in Ohlo.
The brine is pumped up from wells made
in the rock, and into which it flows and
runs into boilers. - These boilers are
large iron kettles set in brickwork, and
when fires are lighted under them the
brine is quickly evaporated. The mo
ment the brine begins to boil it becomes
turbid, from the compounds of lime which
it contains, and which are soluble in cold
but not in hot water. These first sedi
ments are taken out with ladles called
"bittern ladles," and the salt being next
deposited from the brine is carried off to
drain and dry. The remaining liquid
contains a great quantity of magnesia in
various forms, and gives it the name of
"bittern," from the taste peculiar to mag
nesia in every form.
"But how did this salt come into the
rock ?" is the natural query, and the
wonder seems greater when we recollect
that salt beds are found in nearly every
one of the strata composing the earth's
c;ust. This fact proves another, that as
the majority of these salt beds have come
from lakes left in the hollows of the
rocks by the recedence of the sea, the
sea has, throtigh all the geologic ages;
been as salt as it is to-day. Let us take
the great Salt Lake as an illustration, it
being the largest salt lake in the world,
but by no means the only one, as such
inland masses of saline water are found
over the whole earth; but as this is the
greatest in extent, it will form the best
example. It is situated at an elevation
of four thousand two hundred feet above
the sea, on the Rocky Mountains, and
has an area of two thousand square miles;
yet, high as it is, "once upon a time," as
the story books of oar juvenality used to
Say, it was pak of the sea, which retired;
by the upheaval of the rocks, and that
great basin took its salt water up with it.
There are also, however, salt rocks tak
ing their place in regular geologic series
with other rocks, interspersed between
red sandstone, magnesian and carbonift
erous strata. These we can only account
for as we do for other strati:4(l,llElss ;
viz.: that they were deposited,trom their,
s,olution in water, or carried mechanically
to the spot where now found- by that
•
ever mobile liquid.
YAwKE NOTIONS.—In the town of
Concord, Mass., there are annuilly man
ufactured 100,000 pails, and 75,000 tubs,
worth $94,000; 2,000 gross of pencils,
Worth's4,ooo; 2,000 picks of gold leaf,
worth $14,000.
IMI
We, seldom regret hairing been toG
mild, too cautious, or too humble ; but
we often repent having been too violent,
too precipitate, or too proild.