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Ne ews Review of Current
Events the World Over
Crisis Nears in Italo-Ethiopian Embroglio—Mussolini
Defiant, Great Britain Ready— Committee of
Mi rrems in Geneva were rapidly
approaching a crisis—a crisis for
Italy and Ethiopia, for European peace
nd for the League of Nations itself.
The Italian cabinet, in
which Mussolini holds
eight portfolios, an-
nounced in Rome that
Italy would accept no
compromise and would
not retreat from the
course it has laid out
in Bast Africa; that
its military prepara-
tions were being in-
tensified, and that its
* : forces were adequate
| Benito “to respond to any
3 Mussolini menace whatever.”
Still more important, in the light of
developments, was the cabinet’s an-
~ nouncement of strengthening its mili-
tary forces in Libya, where General
Balbo has been establishing a strong
line of air repots. This colony bor-
ders Egypt on the west, and there was
immediately a lot of speculation as to
whether Mussolini planned to attack
the British empire in that region.
Italian forces in Libya have received
reinforcements of 40,000 men with
tanks and field artillery, and are much
stronger than the British forces in
Egypt. If economic sanctions were im-
posed on Italy, Mussolini might well
reply by threatening Great Britain in
that quarter, by invasion and by arous-
ing the native population to revolt.
‘Premier Laval’'s speech before the
League of Nations was exceedingly
clever but did not clear the situation
sufficiently. While he gave assurance
that France would abide by the league
covenant and fulfill its obligations, he
hinted that his government would de-
mand in return that Britain enter a
definite engagement to carry out the
program agreed upon in London on
~ February 3—an air Locarno with auto-
matic enforcement and the conclusion
of Danubian and Baltic security pacts.
~ One after another the nations rep-
resented in the league announced their
support of the British stand against
Italy. If the British do not back
down—and that seems unlikely—and if
‘Italy persists in its adventure, the
‘league will be called on to apply ar-
ticle 15 of the covenant. This requires
the submission of any dispute, likely
‘to lead to a rupture, to the council
which must then try to gvect a set-
~ tlement. The council also will adopt
as its own the report of the committee
of five, which has failed to find a
solution acceptable to Italy. The par-
‘ties to the dispute are obligated to
keep the peace for three months in any
- event, which would prevent an Italian
campaign before the rains set in again
in Ethiopia. -
If in the next three months either
side accepts the council’s decision, the
‘other party is automatically outlawed
if it starts a war at any time in the
future. In that case, the penalties
against an aggressor as provided in
article 16 must take effect automat-
ically.
“Take a look at this,” virtually said
Great Britain to Italy as she massed a
- great fleet of powerful warships in the
Mediterranean. Many of them were at
Gibraltar, others at Malta and Alex-
andria and yet others at the entrance
to the Suez canal. Practically the en-
tire north Atlantic fleet was concen-
trated in the inland sea, and there was
a chain of fighting vessels all the way
from there to China—and every one of
them was ready to defend the suprem-
acy of the empire. The royal air force,
too, was fully represented at the naval
bases, and the shore garrisons were
reinforced. This was John Bull's reply
to Mussolini’s defiance, and it might
well give him pause.
6s] TNCONSTITUTIONAL” is the ver-
dict of the American Liberty
league’s committee of 58 lawyers on
the Wagner-Connery labor relations
act. :
“It is our belief,” said the opinion,
written in the form of a brief, “that
the statute unnecessarily and arbi-
‘ trarily infringes upon the individual
liberties of the employer and the em-
ployee and is therefore invalid.”
This is the first of a proposed series
of opinions on recent federal legisla-
tion by the committee of lawyers. It
was formulated by a subcommittee
consisting of Earl F. Reed of Pitts-
burgh, chairman; Harold Beacom, Chi-
cago; Harold J. Gallagher, New York;
D. J. Kenefick, Buffalo; Harrison B.
McGraw, Cleveland; Gurney E. New-
lin, Los Angeles; Hal H. Smith, De-
. troit, and E. Randolph Williams, Rich-
mond, Va.
Copies of the opinion were sent to
. president.
Lawyers Hits Labor Relations Act.
|
By EDWARD W. PICKARD |
© Western Newspaper Union.
all members of the full committee and
dissenting opinions were invited, but
none were offered.
Raoul E. Desvernine of New York,
chairman of the general committee,
denied that it was “packed with Re-
publicans,” but he did not explain why
no labor lawyers and no attorneys with
New Deal leanings were appointed to
serve.
Frank E. Morrison, American Fed-
eration of Labor secretary, said:
“This committee simply represents the
views held by special privilege and big
business, which have always opposed
every piece of legislation introduced
in congress and the states to bring a
little more happiness into workers’
homes.”
E. MERCKER, who used to be
¢ secretary of the Interstate Early
Potato committee, has been made head
of the potato section of the Agricul-
= tural adjustment ad-
ministration, and his
troubles are just be-
ginning. Control of
the potato crop is con-
sidered a natural se-
quence in the policy
that is being followed
by the AAA, and, like
other parts of Secre-
tary Wallace's = agri-
# cultural plan, it is
A. E. Mercker supporte. ; earnestly
i and as seriously con-
demned. Among those who oppose po-
tato. control is Porter R. Chandler of
Geneseo, N. Y., a gentleman farmer.
He has advertised extensively his in-
tention to grow and sell potatoes in
defiafice” of the federal potato control
act and invites prosecution.
Now, co-operating with Mr. Chand-
ler, comes Norman C. Norman, a New
York jeweler who some time ago de-
fied the jewelers’ code. He sent to the
gentleman farmer an order for gix
or more bushels of ‘strictly illega.
potatoes,” and the order was filled at
once, Norman suggested that the po-
tatoes be routed through New Jersey
to make the offense interstate, and of-
fered to make more than one pur-
chase, “as it is my understanding that
the second purchase will entitle me to
gu to the penitentiary.”
HILE all the nation was cele-
brating Constitution day, the citi-
zens of Pennsylvania went to the polls
and voted overwhelmingly against the
calling of a Constitutional convention
for the purpose of “modernizing” the
state’s basic law which was adopted
61 years ago. Since the proposed
changes were to have a decided New
Deal trend, the Republicans looked on
the result of the referendum as a vic-
tory of national significance. The re-
vision was strongly supported by Gov-
ernor Earle and the state Democratic
organization and also by organized
labor,
New Mexico voters turned down a
proposal to boost their property ex-
emption to $2,500, along with four other
suggested amendments to the state
constitution.
HEN the new Philippines com-
monwealth ig formally born on
November 15 in Manila, with Vice
President John M. Garner offictating
as its godfather.
Manuel Quezon, for 20
years the leader of
the fight for independ-
ence, will be inaugu-
rated as its first
In the re-
cent election he and
his entire ticket were
victorious. The de-
feated rivals for the
presidency were Emi-
lio Aguinaldo, who led
the rebellion against
American rule years ago, and Bishop
Gregorio Aglipay. They were virtually
snowed under.
Sergio Osmena was elected vice pres-
ident, and victory of Manuel Roxas,
Quintin Paredes and Camilo Osias as-
sured the new president ample lead-
ership in the unicameral national as-
sembly, where he also will have a clear
voting majority.
Quezon’s term of office is six years
and his annual salary will be $15,000.
The commonwealth will be a ten-year
prelude to complete independence from
the United States. Quezon, who is large-
ly of Spanish blood, is fifty-seven years
old. He has numerous friends and ac-
quaintances in the United States and
for a long time has been a frequent
visitor in Washington in hig endeavor
to gain independence for the island
archipelago.
Manuel Quezon
HEARD
aréund “the
NATI ONAL
CAPITAL
2 CarterField oy
Washington.—Latin-America seems
to be following the example of the ad-
ministration with respect to utilities
—particularly utilities owned by the
same general interests in the United
States so vigorously attacked by Presi-
dent Roosevelt. ;
Mexico's president has called for
government ownership of telephone,
telegraph and railroad lines—the last
an extra added feature, not on the New
Deal agenda. Chile is making trouble
for American and Foreign Power, hav-
ing caught it trying to smuggle funds
out of Chile back to American invest-
ors. And so it goes all the way down
the line from the Rio Grande to Cape
Horn, with just a few exceptions, nota-
bly Brazil.
Senators just back from Cuba report
that not only is there little likelihood
that the Cubans will be able for some
time to come to pay interest on the big
bond issues floated for public improve-
ments, but there is little disposition to
pay. Privately these senators think
this particular investment has just been
wiped out, as far as _American bond-
holders are congerned.
Tons of literature containing the at-
tacks made on American holding com-
panies in the utility .figzht have been
circulated through Latin-America. It
is blamed by some students of the situ-
ation for stirring up the present move-
ment. Central and South American of-
ficials figure that it gives them a splen-
did excuse for stepping in, nationaliz-
ing the utilities, and keeping the prof-
jits—if any—in their own companies in-
stead of sending dividends back to the
United States.
Latin-American officials are quoting
glibly from the attacks sponsored by
the administration, demanding why
their people should be taxed to pay div-
idends on watered stock, and to pay
service charges by holding companies
out of all hroportion to the service ren-
dered!
Coercion Not Expected
They fzel confident that no strong
arm methods will be used to coerce
them, or lo protect these American in-
terests if the plants are taken over by
the government. Further, they feel
that the Roosevelt administration will
not be harsh about it if the values
fixed in the condemnation proceedings
are very low indeed.
think it would be rather difficult for
Secretary of State Cordell Hull to
frame a strong argument against valu-
ations so low that the American in-
vestors would think they were being
murdered. :
But that isn’t all the gloom from the
investor’s standpoint. Plans fairly un-
der way in some of the Latin coun-
tries contemplate making payment for
such utility plants as may be taken
over by governments in bonds, issued
of course by the government, federal
or local, which takes the plant over.
No stockholder in any of the big
American companies with investments
abroad would throw his hat in the air
over the idea of taking payment for
anything in bonds of the foreign coun-
try concerned. Market for any such
bonds ls at a very low ebb, without
much prospect of improving. American
investors have taken such a beating on
foreign bonds in the last few years
that they do not hanker for any more.
All of which presents a very gloomy
picture indeed to a good many Ameri-
can shareholders. And bondholders.
It is a repercussion of the adminis-
tration’s policy, which was not fore-
seen by anyone. It is made possible
not only by the domestic policy inside
the United States with respect to utili-
ties, but to the strong stand taken by
the administration in denouncing “dol-
lar diplomacy,” and making it perfect-
ly clear that ill treatment of American
investors is not necessarily a matter
that might lead to warships.
But there is another complication.
Great Britain has a good many similar
investments. She has railroads in
Mexico, which may be taker over. And
whenever the present trouble between
Italy and Ethiopia is over Britain may
be much more interested in what hap-
pens to her investors than the Ameri-
can government is in its.
‘Which would bring the old Monroe
doctrine up for another dusting off.
Textile Troubles
A net loss of $438,062.92 despite the
largest sales in the company’s history,
nearly $29,000,000 while taxes amount-
ing to $1,874,765.62 were paid, is al-
leged to be typical of the entire textile
industry. This is the report of the
Pepperell Manufacturing company,
swith headquarters at Biddeford; Maine,
regarded as one of the most successful
textile concerns in all New England.
These operating results, Treasurer
Russell H. Leonard said, are ‘‘typical
of the industry as a whole for the
same period” (fiscal year ended June
30 last), and moved him to ask the
ttockholders “wherein lie the reasons
for an essential industry remaining
profitless under a governmental plan
presumably dedicated to its rehabilita-
tion?” .
Overproduction, Mr. Leonard said,
was the major difficulty of the cotton
textile industry and the primary cause
of its losses. He said that consump-
\
> «1935
In fact, they"
tion of cotton textiles has not been far
below normal.
“This economic principle was, in
fact, at work in our industry for some
years,” Mr, Leonard's report contin-
ued. “But the National Recovery act
upset the working of this principle
and facilitated—indeed encouraged—
increased production. Paradoxically,
shortening the weekly running time to
. 40 hours expanded the output. Because
the overhead costs of a mill on one
shift of only 40 hours weekly operation
became increasingly burdensome, mills
running one shift per week were forced
to increase to two shifts in order to
compete with mills already on a twe-
shift basis.”
A single shift of 50 hours, Mr. Leon-
ard contended, could supply all the
consumptive needs of the country.
This statement is highly interesting
in view of the fact that the American
Federation of Labor is even now pre-
paring to do battle in the next session
of congress for a 30-hour week law, a
fight which it abandoned in the last
session because the Federation for its
own reasons was much more interest-
ed in concentrating on the Wagner, La-
bor Relations act.
Great Handicap
Mr. Leonard also paid his respects
to the AAA and processing taxes.
“The market prices of cotton goods
during the year were so low,” he said,
“that it was not possible to pass all
these taxes on to our customers. This
recovery measure therefore was a great
handicap to recovery in our industry.
“The floor stock taxes and process-
ing taxes paid by this company since
the agricultural act went into effect
have ‘amounted to about $4,000,000.
“Spindle capacity must be reduced
or production of existing capacity con-
trolled,” Mr. Leonard continued, “if
the industry is to become even reason-
ably profitable over an extended pe-
riod.
“Possibly some method to solve the
latter problem may yet be devised, but
it becomes increasingly difficult, after
surveying the maze of such experiments
under the National Recovery act, to
determine how even governmental plan-
ning, or planning under the sanction
of the government, can make uneco-
nomic principles work for any extend-
ed period. It is difficult for even an
omniscient government to thwart eco-
nomic law! Assuming that two shifts
of 40 hours weekly were continued, the
soundest solution that has come to our
attention would be to ‘eliminate the
surplus spindle capacity. There is
some disagreement as to what this
amounts to, but the figures are prob-
ably around six to seven million spin-
dles out of a total in place of about
31 million,
“A great deal has been said about
the industrial problems of New Eng-
land and inability of its manufactur-
ers to compete with those in some
other sections of the country .in pro-
duction of cotton textiles. It is cer-
tain that they cannot compete indefi-
nitely unless the total costs, including
labor, are on a competitive basis. The
solution of the problem lies with the
people of New England. If it costs
more to produce a yard of the same
cloth in Maine than it does -in the
South, then, eventually, the goods will
be produced in the South.”
Guarding Roosevelt
The shooting of Huey Long is ex-
pected to result in much more elabo-
rate protection being forced on Presi-
dent Roosevelt by the secret service,
whether the President likes it or not.
Present protection, officials say pri- |
vately, is excellent against cranks, and
has proved satisfactory for the most |
part because as a rule that sort of
danger to Presidents comes only from
cranks.
tion mania, but he is not classified as
a crank under the standards consid-
ered when officials are protected.
As a matter of fact, while no secret
service official would say this publicly,
they do not believe the shooting could :
have happened—that way—if secret
service operatives had been on the job
instead of Senator Long’s bodyguard.
Had Baton Rouge been Rome, and
had Long been Mussolini, the attacker |
could not have been in the chamber
through which Long was passing. It
would have been impessible. In fact,
best judgment of our own officials, who
have studied Mussolini's protective
service, believe that he could be killed |
only by a rifle fired from a consider-
able distance,
This writer attended a session of the
Italian senate, back in 1927, which
Mussolini attended. The writer rode |
to the building in an American em- |
bassy car, with the late Warren De-
lano Robins,
embassy, and later minister to Canada.
Although the embassy shield was on
the door of the rather distinctive car,
guards about the senate entrance were
not only nervous but impatient when
the chauffeur attempted to stop.
How Italy Does It
The first consideration of Musso-
lini’s guardians was that this street |
No chance for the |
must be kept open.
first car to start a block was tolerated.
So even an embassy car, driving up to
the normal entrance to the diplomatic
gallery of the senate, was not permit-
ted even to pause. Shouted directions,
more or less menacing, kept it moving.
Thus we traversed three streets |
leading to the chamber. Every one of
them was lined with soldiers, police,
and men so obviously plain clothes op-
eratives that the most inexperienced
of crooks would have recognized them
for what they were.
Moreover, on the roofs of the houses
lining these three streets, men were
on guard. It is an old Latin custom.
It goes back through the ages, And it
is very effective.
© Western Newspaper Union,
The man who killed Huey |
Long may have developed a persecu- |
then counselor of the |
Prepared by the National Geographic Society,
‘Washington, D. C.—WNU Service.
AMBURG thinks in terms of
ships, of fish, and trade with
far-flung places. Overseas
news, especially news that
affects trade for better or worse, means
more to it than all the politico-social
twaddle of Berlin or Munich.
Since the days of sail, its son§ have
scoured every nook of the world to
barter, buy, and sell. Many now exten-
sive German colonies in South America
and the Orient began as small groups
of traders and clerks first sent from
here. Some marry foreign women, re-
tire well-to-do, and bring their fam-
ilies back here to educate the chil-
dren.
This close tie with distant lands
accounts for Hamburg’s well-known
study of tropic economics and diseases,
its researches into new uses for im-
ported raw materials, the world-wide
work of its trade groups, and the de-
sire of its young people to learn for-
eign languages and to travel abroad.
Visit in any Hamburg home, or any
industrial museum where foreign prod-
ucts are seen, and at onee you are
struck with youth's eager interest in
men, events, and things overseas.
During the years when endless ship-
loads of immigrants left Germany for
the New world, Hamburg was the port
from which millions of them sailed,
including those from middle and east-
ern Europe.
Many a Hamburg sitting room is
cluttered with curios aud quaint me-
mentos brought back from distant voy-
ages by father, uncle, or brother. Al-
ways, Hamburg shares its sons with
the sea—many never to return.
From here red-faced crews in smelly
oilskins and high boots sail each sea-
son to fish the wind-swept North sea,
working as far away as Iceland. The
loss of life, ships, and nets in this
trade is recorded in many a North sea
ballad. Elerrings they harvest in
countless millions, herrings being to
the North sea what bananas are to
Central America. Special fish cars,
gaudily painted like circus trains, run
at high speed from North sea fish ports
to fish-hungry cities as far away as
Vienna.
What the “Free Port” Means.
That phrase, “the Free Port of Ham-
burg,” means what? Only this:
Away back in 1189 Frederick Barba-
rossa (the Red Beard) gave Hamburg
its “free charter.” Though a state now
in the German republic, it still enjoys
a peculiar degree of independence. Its
ancient senate still functions in tra-
| ditional Spanish dress. While Ham-
burg joined the German customs union
| in 1888, the senate cannily maintained
its free-trade rights by holding back
a part of its harbor area as a free port.
| Shut off by a high iron fence, this sec-
tion is a city within itself, free from
the plague of duties and customs in-
spectors.
Here are mammoth warehouses piled
| high with China silk, frozen meats from
| Argentina, coffee from Brazil, farm ma-
' chines from the United States, many
waiting reshipment to strange- named
Baltic ports, none to pay a cent of
customs duty to Germany. Here many
of the world’s huge ships are built;
| here are foundries and machine shops.
Here, too, flocks of factories profit by
the free use of imported raw material
| and easy shipping facilities.
Hamburg, as a German state, has
tariff protections, but this part of it
enjoys free trade in all its enormous
transit commerce. This benefit is shared
by American firms who have ware-
| houses here.
| Like Manhattan island, crowded
| Hamburg uses tunnels. Between St.
Pauli and the Steinwarder side of the
Elbe, in the harbor sections, a double
tube leads under the river. It is sim-
ilar to the Hudson tunnels at New
York, except for approaches. So crowd-
ed are the river banks that no space
could be spared for inclines; hence, at
each end, men and vehicles use ele-
vators, which lift and lower them 77
feet below street level. . Domed temple-
like “structures house these elevators,
whose high windows pour daylight
down to the bottom of each shaft.
Pig-iron weights hold the tubes from
shifting.-The tunnels, their walls faced
| with glazed tiles and decorated with
sculptured reliefs, are brilliantly illumi-
nated. On bad days, when fog or ice
slows down the Elbe ferries or crowds
the bridges, pedestrians and cyclists
all prefer the dry, warm tubes.
|
Many Languages There.
Hamburg is a polyglot port. Shop-
ping street window cards read “Eng-
lish Spoken,” “Se Habla Espanol,”
«On Parle Francais,” Syrian cafes dis-
play sidewalk dinner signs in “fish-
worm?” writing. The hoariest newspa-
per joke tells of one store whose sign
read, “German spoken here.”
English words and phrases “five-
o'clock tea,” “sport,” “morning coat,”
“gentleman,” even “boule dogue” for
View of the Port of Hamburg.
bulldog—are often sandwiched in Ger-
man speech and news text. “Jazz” is
pronounced “yotz.” At the theater one
sometimes hears the phrase “Echt
Amerikanische Yotz Bandt,”
“real American jazz band!”
Germans take their pleasures seri-
ously. Sport is highly organized so
that fun-making may function smooth-
ly, like electric cargo cranes in the
harbor! Hamburg crowds leaving for
winter sports take every conventional
article advertised in fashion journals.
Watch the Luft Hansa planes, whose
pilots can’t start till uniformed air
policemen come with orders; or ob-
serve the race crowds on Derby day,
where many wear monocles and Lon-
don sport clothes, and see with what
clocklike precision all events are
clicked off. In busy cafes waiters keep
count of beers served by the number
of paper coasters stacked under each
guest’s glass.
Go out in Mecklenburg to shoot, and
servants carry your coat, lunch, gun,
shells, even a stool to sit on, while
others drive the game past you, in easy
shooting range.
In a vast St. Pauli pleasure palace
you see dinner dancers suddenly scurry
from the floor when uniformed attend-
ants rush in, as if raiding the place,
dragging mats, rugs, poles, wires, and
all the gear of aerial acrobats. In a
jiffy this is set up, and girls in tights
are flying through the smoke or swing-
ing out over the tables by trapeze.
Just as magically, all this spectacle
vanishes; again the jazz band plays,
and back to the floor the diners rush
to dance again.
Alster Lake in the City.
Alster lake is set in Hamburg like
a reflection pool in some ornate expo-
sition grounds. Imagine Times Square,
in New York city, as a tree-bordered
lake, alive with toy ferryboats, rafts,
pleasure craft, floats, and swans. Ham-
burg’s Alster lake is like that, only
larger. A river, the Alster, on its way
to the Elbe splays wide as it reaches
the city. A dam divides the lake, cut-
ting off one end, the Inner Alster, im
.Hamburg’s busiest quarters; so that
hotel guests, department store and office
building workers can look down om
cafes and canoes and watch huge flocks:
of swans fed at troughs like pigs.
Gulls are tame; they fly past and peck
bread from your extended hand.
Neat white cafes, with glassed-in
verandas, fragrant with potted plants
and window flower boxes, stand along
the promenade that runs about the lake.
Crowds gather here to sit, and sup,
and listen to the band or watch boat
races, but are politely blind to open-
air love-making in cozily cushioned ca-
noes that drift by, often with gramo-
phone playing.
Riding to Hamburg in a third-class
coach affords a quick flash of life
among the masses. Through snatches
of salty dialogue overheard run the
themes about which working people
think. Jobs, wages, the price of food
and clothes, what the government ought
to do, politics in its many variations—
the same here as everywhere. Also,
you hear many poor are leaving the
city to save rents and try to live on
the land. Some men in the coach, re-
turning from visits with country kin,
carry a goose, a sack of fruit or pota-
toes.
“It was better before the war.”
“Ach, ya, the good old peace times!”
Peace, war; fires, floods, and cholera
—Hamburg has known them all since
Charlemagne first laid out the place
as a fort from which to fight the
Wends, the Swedes, and other half-
wild pagans hereabout, whose descend-
ants later helped people England.
Danes, French, Russians—all have
struck their blows at Hamburg. But,
from the day that Rome soldiers built
the first hut and sounded their bugle
blasts over the swampy Elbe lands
down to the steam-siren chorus of to-
day, Hamburg has slowly grown im
power and influence, till now she is the
greatest seaport in continental Europe.
Heiress of the Hanseatic league, Ger-
mans call her.
As in olden days her sailing ships
pioneered the Seven seas, SO now her
liners, freighters, and tankers follow
every ocean lane and her voice is the
sound of steamers whistling.
First Artificial Teeth
The first artificial teeth were made
white, and dentists were obliged to
stain them to suit their clients; now-
adays they have no trouble of that
kind, for they have no fewer than
30 different shades from which to
choose, and there is no tooth in the
world that cannot be perfectly
matched. The variety in shape is equal-
ly wide, In all, the dentist has a choice
of something like two thousand differ-
ent shapes. Artificial teeth are made
of a special porcelain, which is about
as perfect a material as can be im-
agined. Before this was discovered
they were sometimes carved out of sol-
id ivory.
meaning
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