The population of Schenectady, N. Y.,
headquarters of the Edison industries,
has jumped since ISSO from 13,035 to
47,025. Thus is the theory strength
ened that, electricity stimulates growth.
Kentucky's highest court lias decided
that in case of total destruction by fire
the full amount of the insurance policy
must be paid, regardless of any stipu
lation in the policy contrary to this
rule, and that the actual loss must be
paid where the property is damaged
to an extent less than the amount of
the policy.
When a New Hampshire man was
twenty years old, he deposited $470
in a savings bank at Concord. From
time to time he drew $3200 from it,
and when he died the other day, at the
age of ninety-five, the sum of SISOO
still stood to his credit. Yet he had
never added a dollar to the original de
posit. Compound interest did it ail.
The pages in the House of Hepresen
tatives at Washington now wear big
black buttons on which the word
"Page" is printed. Representative
Lessler brought about this reform.
Before the members came to know him
he was several times taken for a page,
and rather brusquely told to go on er
rands. He then insisted on having the
pages tagged.
Higli-mindedness and right-minded
ness may profitably be supplemented
by "two-mindedness," which has been
defined as taking into account wbat is
urged on both sides, and trying to
combine the essential parts of the two
opposing arguments into one higher
truth. Magnanimity, honesty, breadth
—a trio of qualities worth possessing,
and the last by no means the least.
Lord Cromer, the British Financial
Agent in Egypt, informs his Govern
ment in an official report that the rea
son why so many orders for railroad
plants are being given to United States
firms is because they aro executed with
extraordinary rapidity. His report is
backed by the statements of a number
of Egyptian railway officials. Another
score for American enterprise and
push.
For eight years three Commissioners
have been quietly drawing pay at
Washington for codifying the Federal
statutes. So quietly have they drawn
their pay that a Boston man thought it
would be a good scheme to codify the
Federal statutes, and he has been
working away with a large force of
clerks under the direction of lawyers.
The other day he learned that the Gov
ernment is supposed to be doing the
work, and he is "out" the cost of clerk
hire, stationery, office rent and sun
dries.
A plan is on foot for the establish
ment of a geographical society of
America, somethiug which will unify
the growing interest in American geog
raphy, and will lead to a better presen
tation of the subject in our educational
institutions. The question how exten
sive it is desirable the organization
should be made is under discussion.
The most far-sighted of the plans sug
gested includes Mexico and Central
America, and may also be extended to
include even the remoter parts of Latin
America, thus fostering a common in
terest in a great subject in the whole
Western world.
So many horses and mules have been
shipped from the United States to
South Africa that the rise of prices for
these animals has been startling. So
extensive, indeed, have been the ship
ments of horses and mules to Cape
Town since the beginning of the
Transvaal conflict, so great has been
the increase in the sums paid for cav
alry remounts and draught animals
that Western breeders who have al
ready been enriched by generous
profits, may be tempted to go far more
extensively into the production of
horses and mules, with the expeeta
tion that the boom may be kept up for
several years.
John Graham Brooks, in a lecture on
"The Best of Utopias," at Brooklyn,
said the supreme question just now is:
"What education will give our race
the habits of mind, the sanity and
strength to use our vast and untamed
energies for objects beyond and better
than themselves? Two moral and in
tellectual agencies are already at work
in our midst that will more and more
lessen our slavery. The first is the
rapid rise of the arts and crafts move
ment, the motive of which is to modify
the commercial spirit so that every
product that admits of grace and beau
ty may receive their stamp. Tin -other
influence is the bringing of science into
the great primary industries of life,
Into the- home and upon the farm."
TO(l : Amc;#^'DC3C3
I' I
©
p. OOD natured Mary
Blake was a domes
/' ) n tic in a family at
ijfj&S. Oak rark, where
s ' lo ' iru ' fi y ed more
'u /ill _. T$ years than she hail
'/' II Angers on both
//ill \ ~-3p hands, and she was
fill 'I i * ns mue h an integral
r • force of that family
as the head of It, Mr. Munson. The
one hope of these good people was that
Mary Blake would never either resign
or die. One horn of the dilemma
would have been as serious to them as
the other.
Mary Blake—she was called by her
full name to distinguish her from
Mary Munson, the daughter of the
family—was as much attached to the
people she had lived with so many
years as it is possible for those who
are neither kith nor kin to their em
ployers, and she was perfectly satisfied
with her plaoe and position, with no
foolish ideas about 'culture" or "as
pirations" after the unreachable. She
was, however, a model domestic, a
cook that would put to shame the
greatest chef in the country with her
well seasoned dishes, an excellent
laundress, and when there was sickness
a capable nurse. Added to these rare
qualities was honesty and a fairly
good temper. A little stolid, perhaps,
and fond of her own way, which was
such a good one that it needed no in
terference. This was the aggregate
of Mary Blake's virtues and the Mun
sons depended on her to such an ex
tent that it really seemed as if any
member of the family could have been
spared with less Cc'-ion to its running
gear.
One morning—in the eleventh year of
her reign—Mary Blake came to grief.
She went out the back way with a
pitcher in her hand, walked a block or
two, on an errand to a neighboring gro
cery store, and, returning, fell on a
piece of defective sidewalk, where she
lay helpless, dazed and badly hurt.
She was taken to a hospital by order
of a physician, where a serious dislo
cation of the hip was reduced by the
surgeons, and she was laid on a white
cot in a private ward, where the Muu
sons visited her every day, and held
themselves responsible for all ex
penses.
It troubled them much to see their
faithful domestic suffer, but under
their grief lurked the hope that Mary
Blake was not permanently injured,
but would return to them, and they
did everything in their power to make
her convalescence a speedy one.
Then a great Scheme entered Mr.
Munsou's head. lie feared that they
never appreciated the services of this
excellent domestic, and he nursed and
fondled and matured that scheme until
at the end of six weeks Mary Blake
walked in upon them. She looked
white and limped slight*, put after
she had taken off her things and given
one look around the kitchen the girl
who had supplied her place said she
was ready to leave, and the cat retired
under the range.
Then Mr. Munson unfolded his
scheme. He sent for Mary Blake
I
!fe§ :
MAr.Y BLAKE.
when seated at the breakfast table
with the family.
"Hew are you feeling now?" he
asked considerately.
"I'm nil right, sir," she answered
briefly, not being given to many words.
"Oh, no, not all right. You limp a
little yet."
"But it don't hurt a bit. I'm as right
as I'll ever be."
"That's It, Mary," said Mr. Munson,
"you will never again be well; you've
received a shock that you will never
get over. You will always bo lame and
i feel the effects of the fall."
I "If you're meanin' that I can't do my
I work or earn ay wages just say so an'
I'll be leavin' at once't," and Mary
Blake gave her little snort of defiance
that suggested temper.
[ "It has cost you," continued Mr.
Munson, "all the money you had saved
up for hospital expenses and doctor's
hills—supposing you had to pay it—and
was a loss to us of—let mo see—at
least $2 a day."
"Am I worth the likes of that?"
asked the "girl," with a look of sur
prise.
"Oh. those are imaginary figures,"
said Mr. Munson, who saw he had
made a mistake. "Now, Mary, I am a
lawyer, and I advise you to sue the
town for damages. I will conduct
your case, and there will lie no trouble
In getting a snug sum of money that
will keep you in your old age without
working. It will be a long time to
then, but tlie money will draw interest,
and it's only fair that you should have
your rights."
Then Mr. Munson explained tli9t the
town owned that particular piece of
sidewalk; that it was defective, caus
ing the fall; that he had secured several
witnesses who saw her fall, and that
his own family would go into court and
swear to the large bill of hospital ex
penses and the value of her services.
It took Mary Blake a long time to
got the idea into her head, but once
there it took complete possession of
her, and the discharged girl bad to be
recalled to assist in the housework,
and the kitchen became a scene of
wrangling and discontent. Mary Blake
was despotic among lier own class of
people, and no wonder; she found no
one who could carry out her plan of
work as it should be done, and with a
LA i '
%
ifer
1 /i'Vb >
WORTH S2 A DAY.
lawsuit with the city on her hands she
was not expected to do more than keep
a supervision of affairs.
Lawyer Munson won the ease. His
wife and daughters were in the wit
ness box, where tlie city attorney bad
gered them until tlicy were frantic Willi
rage. Tlie presiding judge made eyes
at pretty Mary Munson, causing her
to blush distressfully. Mary Blake
was as cool and stolid as if she had
spent half her days in courts, answer
ing just as her lawyer Instructed her
to, and she was accorded half the sum
demanded. Mr. Munson had asked for
S3OOO and she was given SISOO ill
thirty days after the trial was con
cluded.
Tlie money was paid to Mary Blake
herself, as the records show. Mr.
Munson wanted it settled in that way,
and he then gave her a hill for law ser
vices, never imagining for n moment
ho would liave any trouble in getting
ills pay. But Mary Blake had been
awakening to the value of her own ser
vices. The Muusons bad said under
oath that she was worth $2 a day to
them, yet they had never paid her but
$4 a week during lier long term of ser
vice. i?lio had done n little figuring on
lier own account, nud the result was a
counter bill that appalled Mr. Munson
by its dimensions, minuteness of detail
and summing up. lie was caught in a
trap of bis own construction.
A compromise was effected and Mary
Blake at once retired from domestic
service, leaving the Munson family to
get along as best they might. She
went neither in sorrow nor anger, but
with a determination that brooked no
appeal, leaving Mr. Munson to mourn
tlie hour wlieu he took a legal view of
tlie accident.
One day Mary Munson sought lier
mother. "There Is a lady in the parlor
to seo you."
"Who is she?" asked Mrs. Munson.
Iler dnuglitor laughed, but would not
tell. Mrs. Munson went into tile par
lor with a compnny smile on lier face.
"Goodness! Is it possible? Mary
Blake!"
Mrs. Munson tried to keep from
laughing as slie shook bands with her
ex-cook. Slie was rigged out in a cheap
silk dress, with many flounces, wore
a feather bedecked liat and an imita
tion seal coat. Her pudgy hands were
crowded Into white kid gloves, several
sizes too small.
"I wouldn't have known you," said
Mrs. Munson, "you look so fine."
"Yes'm, an' it's time. Them's the
first pair of kid gloves I ever had on,
and me workin' and savin' all them
years."
"They built a monument in New Or
leans to a woman who never wore a
pair of kid gloves." said Mrs. Munson
gently.
"I'd a heap rather bo here than atop
any raonnyment," answered Mary
Blake, who had lier own ideas of mor
tury art. "I'm enjoyin' meself now
like other folks, golu' to the thenyter
every niglit and the parks every Sun
day, an' I'm never soiling me hands
with work."
"We've one hope," said Mrs. Mun
son when her caller had gone, "at the
rapid pace she is going now Mary's
damage fund won't last a great while,
and when it Is gone she may get back
her common sense and her usefulness.
Until then we must worry along with
substitutes."—Mrs. M. L. Eayne, in the
Chicago Record-Herald.
INCOMES OF SUCCESSFUL INVENTORS
Larue Fortunes Deri veil From the In
vention of Trivialities.
Some of the largest fortunes appear
to have been derived from the inven
tion of trivialities and novelties, such
as the once popular toy known as
"Dancing Jimcrow," which for several
years is said to have yielded its paten
tee an annual Income of upward of
$73,000. The sale of another toy—
"John Gilpin"—enriched its lucky in
ventor to the extent of SIOO,OOO a year
as long as it continued to enjoy the
unexpected popularity that greeted it
when first placed upon the market.
Mr. riimpton, the Inventor of the roller
skate, made $1,000,000 out of his idea,
and the gentleman who first thought
of placing a rubber tip at the end of
lead pencils made quite SIOO,OOO a year
by means of his simple improvement.
When Harvey Kennedy Introduced
the shoe lace he made $2,300,000, and
the ordinary umbrella benefited six
people by as much as $10,000,000.
The Howard patent for boiling sugar
in vacuo proved a lucrative investment
for the capitalists who were able to
remunerate the inventor on a colossal
scale. It Is estimated that his income
averaged between $200,000 and $250,-
GOO per annum.
Sir .Tosiali Mason, the Inventor of
the improved steel pen, made an enor
mous fortune, and on his death Eng
lish charities benefited by many mill
ions of dollars. The patentee of the
pen for shading in different colors de
rived a yearly income of about $200,-
000 from this ingenious contrivance.
It is stated that the wooden ball with
an clastic attached yielded over $30,-
000 a year. Many readers will remem
ber a legal action which took place
some years ago, when in the course of
the evidence it transpired that the in
ventor of the metal plates used for pro
tecting the soles and heels of shoes
from wear sold 12.000,000 plates in
1879, and in 1887 the number reached
a total of i-13,000,000, which realized
profits of $1,130,000 for the year.
The lady who invented the modern
baby carriage enriched herself to the
extent of $50,000, and a young lady
living at Tort Elizabeth, South Africa,
devised the simple toilet requisite
known as the "Mary Anderson" Surfing
iron, from which she derives royalties
amounting te_fsoo_a year. It was the
wife of a clergyman who designed an
improvement for the corset and made
a fortune out of it. The gimlet-pointed
screw, the idea of a little girl, brought
ninny millions of dollars to the clever
Inventor. Miss Knight, n young lady
of exceptional talents, was gifted with
wonderful mechanical powers, as will
lie seen by the complicated mechan
ism of her machine for making pnper
bags. We are told she refused $50,090
for it shortly after taking out the pat
ent. —Scientific American.
Wliy One Talesman Was Scratched.
In a certain case the Judge ordered
the Sheriff to call the roll of thirty-five
"good men and true" selected for jury
duty. Only twenty-two answered to
their names, and the Sheriff looked
somewhat inquiringly at the Judge, but
the latter was calmly wiping his
glasses while he uttered the customary:
"Any desiring to be excused from serv
ice on this jury will now come for
ward."
Twenty-two men made a movement
forward, and the clerk stopped In his
work of noting those who had failed
to respond to the summons to look in
wonder at the entire venire desiring to
escape.
"Well," said the Judge, speaking to a
long thin, nervous looking young man,
"why do you wish to be excused?"
"If it please your Honor," answered
the aforesaid thin individual, "I'd like
to be excused on account of illness. I'm
suffering from something that might
prove embarrassing to the other ju
rors, and it is certainly embarrassing
to me."
"What is the nature of your illness?"
asked the Judge.
"Well," said the young man, hesita
tingly, "I'd prefer to tell you in pri
vate. I'm somewhat delicate about
speaking of it in public."
"I cannot hear anything in private,"
responded the Judge impatiently. "If
you want to be excused you must tell
me bore and now what is the matter
with you."
"Well, if I must tell it here —I have
the itch."
"The itch?" echoed the Judge, and,
turning to the clerk, without marking
how apropos his observation was, lie
said. "Mr. Jones, scratch the juror off."
—St. Louis Globe-Democrat.
Flsgu* of Housewlvei; Joy of lTotanißts
The housekeeper who finds a layer
of gray-green mold covering her pre
serves when site removes the lid from
the jar Is so far from seeing anything
interesting, much less beautiful, in it,
that she throws it away in disgust.
But if she would examine it with a mi
croscope, as the botanist does, she
would find it a mass of fungous plants,
with branches of delicate, frost like
tracery and as dainty and clean in the
midst of decay as are the lilies in a
stagnant swamp.
The mold that thus annoys fruit can
ners is tlie most common of the spe
cies. It grows in the form of a gray
ish-green mat, which gives off a fine
dust consisting of millions of spores
that correspond to the seeds of larger
plants. The spores sprout in every
direction on the surface on which they
lie, and a little later the sprouts turn
and grow upward.—Philadelphia Rec
ord.
USE OF WASTE MATERIAL
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS DUC CUT
OF SCRAP PILES.
11. jnmorublo Cast Off Things Are Rescued
From the Garbage Dumps and Made
Into Articles of Commercial Value—
Little Wasted in the Industrial World.
One of tile time-honored jokes at the
Chicago Stockyards is that every part
of a pig is saved except its squeal.
Men in the packing business have
added their names to the list of mil
lionaires because they discovered
methods for utilizing that which had
been thrown away as waste material.
Great factories are running the year
round in Chicago whose raw material
is the cast-off stuff gathered by scav
engers and rag men. Men of science
ire ever at work tearing by-products
and waste material to pieces to re
group the elements into new material
which has a commercial or industrial
value. Little is wasted in the indus
trial world.
Old iron is worked over into new
iron. Linen rags are reincinerated
and live as paper. Woolen rags are
shredded and made Into shoddy.
Bones are made into bone black, to
clarify sugar syrup. Old rubbers, bits
of garden hose, exploded bicycle tires,
and cast-offs in which rubber is a
part are made over into new rubber.
Worn steel rails are re-rolled into
lighter sections. Old rusty pipe is
drawn down into bright new pipe.
The tin cans which are gathered up in
alleys and from garbage boxes are
melted down and cast into window
sash weights and counter weights for
bascule bridges.
The blood which runs into the
slaughter-house wells is transformed
into buttons, and other articles re
quiring dense bodies and taking high
polish, and into fertilizers. Boys and
girls collect cigar stubs which are
made over into snuff, smoking tobac
co and cigarettes. Rags and old car
pets are cut into strips and woven into
handsome rugs. The list of old east
off things that are rescued from ash
piles and garbage dumps to be born
again can he extended for columns,
and the list would never cease grow
ing, for every day some new use for
some wasted product is discovered.
Tbere was a time when tons of
blood, fresh from slaughtered (fettle,
flowed unheeded through the sewers
under the stockyards. To-day this
blood is saved, put through Ifevei.il
processes and conies oiit as a fertilizer
or in the form of cakes, which are sent
to sugar refineries to assist in clarify
ing the sweet liquor. Some of the
handsomest buttons worn on new
dresses once ran as warm blood
through the veins of fat steers.
Heat and hydraulic pressure are tlie
agents which separate tlie water from
the albumen in the red fluid, and pro
pare the dried blood for tlie pulveriz
ing process which fits it for use as a
fertilizer. After being boiled down,
pressed, crushed and ground to a
powder, the dried blood is mixed with
potash and phosphoric acid and sent
out as a complete fertilizer.
Many years ago in England a wool
famine confronted the weavers. A
bright man with a currycomb took ad
vantage of tlie situation and started
the "shoddy" business. lie bought up
old blankets, flannel and old woolen
clothing. This old material was cut
and torn into small pieces, and then
stripped into shreds with currycombs.
This process resolved tlie woolen
fabric into something akin to its origi
nal elements, wool fibers, and the man
with the currycomb mixed this new
raw material with wools and made a
cheap, serviceable cloth. The shears
and currycombs of the original shoddy
man have long since passed from use,
for expensive and intricate machinery
now is required to make shoddy.
There is shoddy and shoddy. A man
who makes shoddy said there are more
than forty different grades and quali
ties of the commodity, and that many
kinds of wool cloth in wliieb shoddy is
a constituent element are not cheap,
inferior fabrics, but are more service
able and the better for the shoddy.
Shoddy is a useful product of waste
material. It is never used alone, but
in combination with new wools. The
woolen rags from which shoddy Is
made are first thoroughly dusted by
machinery before tliey are sorted. Any
cotton which may be in the rags is
got lid of by dipping the rags in a
boiling mixture of sulphuric acid.
Long experience has demonstrated
the exact proportion of tlie acid re
quired to eat out the cotton libers
without destroying the wool. The ef
fect of dipping tlie rags into tlie water
and acid is to rot the cotton so that
the woolen part of the fabric falls to
pieces easily. After being dried, the
rags are run through a machine that
removes every bit c. dust, leaving the
pure, clean wool. The wooien rags
and cloth are dyed, and then run
through a machine whose thousands of
steel pins not only shred the rags, but
split the threads so that the rags
which enter the machine leave It in
the form of wool fibers.
The wool is put through a carding
machine, which thoroughly combs out
the woolen particles, mixes them and
turns tliem out in the form of long
fluffy rolls, which are packed in bales
ready to be shipped to the woolen
mills, where the shoddy is mixed with
new wool.
Wlilic woolen rags are sent to the
shoddy mills, linen rags naturally
start from the ragman's storeroom to
the jiaper mill. There they are me
chanically cleaned and then deftly
sorted by girls and women, who throw
out every rag that Is not linen. The
selected rags are cut Into bits by a
machine and then boiled In lime water
to remove the colors, after which they
are ground to a pulp and become the
"half stock" of the paper-makers. This
pulp is bleached, and after passing
through a machine called a "beater,"
which comuleUs the pulping process,
it Is sent to tr.e paper machine to be
made into line linen paper.
The "old iron" which forms half the
burden of the ragman's song is the
basis of a business whose output is
valued annually in millions of dollars.
Every piece of old iron, wrought or
cast, rusty or clean, can be utilized.
The'old calt iron is sent to foundries
and puddling furnaces, the old
wrought iron, bars, sheets and plates,
is sent to the rolling mills. Cast iron
sent to foundries is remelted with pig
iron, and begins a new life of useful
ness under new forms and shapes.
The wrought iron goes to the scrap
piles in rolling mill yards. There it is
sorted and cut to convenient lengths,
then made up into "box" piles or fag
gots, heated to n white heat in fur
naces and run through the rolls, which
tlrst weld the pieces of iron into a
solid billet and then reduce the billets
to bars.
A profitable business has been found
in the redrawing of old iron pipe and
boiler tubes. Most of this waste ma
terial is thickly covered with rust
when it arrives at the factory, and
the rust is removed by the simple pro
cess of heating the old pipe to a cherry
red and plunging it into water. The
sudden contraction loosens the rust
scales and the pipe is sent to the
heating furnace clean and bright., A
good welding heat prepares the pipe
for the redrawing process. This con
sists in pulling the white hot pipe
through a die, which not only reduces
its diameter but makes it solid. It
is heated again and drawn through a
smaller die, aud the process is con
tinued until the pipe is down to the
required diameter. Then the new pipe
is straightened aud is ready for the
market.
Steel rails which have been ham
mered and flattened by the huge driv
ers of locomotives are heated and re- ,
rolled through the finishing passes of k
a rail mill. This process, of course, r"
reduces the size of the rail, but it
renews the life of the rail at com
paratively slight expense. Old steel
rails and the sawed off ends of new
steel rails are made Into bars, harrow
teeth, plow beams, tire, spring steel
and other forms and shapes used by
makers of agricultural implements,
wagons anil carriages.
| The rails are cut by huge power
shears into convenient lengths and
heated In a fumade. For making plow
beams the pieces of rail are passed
through rolls, which reshape the head
aud flange to the required shape. If
it Is desired to make bars the pieces
of rail lirst pass through the slittlug
rolls, which slit the rail into three
pieces—the head, web and flange. The
head is worked down into squares,
rounds and other tonus of bars; the M
web Is rolled down to harrow tooth " 1
steel, baity carriage spring steel, light
rounds and spoke steel; the flange is
rolled Into flats aud spring steel. Thou
sands of tons of old Bessemer steel
rail have been transformed into mer
chant steel aud agricultural shapes.
In the copper district of Moutuna,
scrap irou, a waste material, aud the
water, which might be called waste
material, from a copper mine, are
brought together to save the copper,
which Is carried off in the water. Some
years ago some iron tools were left
for a time in the stream of water
which flowed from one of the large
copper mines. A miucr passiug saw
that the iron had disappeared and that
copper had taken its place.
Being a clever man, he made some
experiments, and soon satisfied him
self that there was a fortune iu the
water which had been running away
unheeded ever since the mine was
opened, lie bought scrap irou aud tin
cans aud placed them in tanks into
which he ran the water from the mine,
and lu time the iron, by chemical ac
tion, "caught" the copper which was
afterward refined.
Itnilroad companies, large manu
facturers aud the "captains of indus
try" are ever on the lookout for ways
and methods to turn waste material
into useful by-products. Fortunes are
hidden iu garbage boxes and millious
of dollars are waiting to be dug out
of the scrap piles.—Malcolm McDow
ell, lu Chicago Record-Herald.
Argument From Precedent.
Lincoln was ouce arguing a case
against an opponent who tried to con
vince the jury tlutt precedent is su
perior to law, aud that custom makes
things legal iu all cases. Lincoln's
reply, given in Miss Ida Tnrbell's life jL
of tlte great war President, was one
of his many effective analogies in the
form of a story.
Lincoln told the jury that he would
argue the ease iu the same way as his
oppoueut, aud began:
"Old Squire Bagly, from Menard,
came into my office one day aud said:
" 'Lincoln, I 'want your advice as a
lawyer. Has a man what's been electe d
justice of the peace a right to issue
a marriage license'!'
"I told him not; whereupon the old
squire threw himself back in his chair
very indignantly and said:
" 'Lincoln, I thought you was a law
yer. Now, Bob Thomas aud me bud a
bet on this thing, aud we agreed to let
you decide; but if this is your opin- ,
ion, I don't want it, for I know a thun- :/ 1
deriu' sight better. I've been a squire W
eight years, and have done it al! the
time.'"
Germany's colonies are five times as
big as herself, those of France eigh
teen times null Britain's niuety-seveu
times bigger tliau herself.
Scotlaud lias 14U parishes witnout
paupers, poor-rates, or public bouses.
t