INSTRUCTING THE PUPIL. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS. I'll® Striking Changes Which Have Oc ean eeI—KIMC of 1 lluatrutioii—Language Books Popular— Uecllno of the "Higher lEea(ibrs"—The Development of 'iuiito. In the last 20 years, educatoro note, striking changes have taken place in school text-books, particularly those for elementary schools. One of the most notahaa of the differences be tween the VeXt-boolt of today and that of the earlier period lies in illustra tion. Publishers, complying with the demands of the "new education," have employed all the wealth of modern processes in making attractively and accurately pictorial almost every subject of study to which the application of illustrations is at all possible—and in some instances pictures are found In books where they occasion distinct surprise. For in stance, it would not seem that the subject of English composition cried aloud for Illustration, yet in some of the most recent text-books on the sub ject pictures are a feature. To the representatives of American public schools at the Paris Exposition, It was made plain that, in illustration and in general effectiveness, the Unitd States led the world in the making of text-books. They them selies saw nothing to equal the pro duction of this country, and their ob servation was confirmed by the com ment of foreign teachers when examining the American exhibit. Frequent exclamations of astonish to have fallen from them, fol lowed by the wish that books of such character wore at their disposal. Ad miration appeared to proceed es pecially from the teachers of central and eastern Europe—Russians and Austrians being conspicuous among the lauders. The books upon which illustration is most lavished are primers and early readers, geographies, national histo ries, histories, and all works for the teaching of science. No pains have been spared to make tho pictures not only beautiful, but correct. For in stance, when a place is pictured, it is no longer, as in the older text-books, either from the sketch of some trav eler or purely from the imagination, hut from photographs taken on the spot. Illustrations in color are becom ing more ar.d more in vogue in books intended for the youngest children. All these results are in striking con wast to the attempts at illustration made ill the older hoolcs, for, of course, such attempts have been made from the time of Comonious, whoso "Orbis Rictus" is one of the curiosities of edu cational literature. But 2U vearsago the idea of tho abundant illustration of today bad not been conceived, and pro cesses had not been invented, devel oped, and brought to the point of tho present cheapness—for school text books must not be expensive. Hence, such illustrating as was done was with more or less crude wood-engrav ing, and the effort made today to se cure truth in the representation of ob jects was not deemed essential. 11l no class of text-books has a greater change taken place than iu geographies. The old geographies were little more than bald-presenta tions of political divisions of the world's surface and of lists of names of places. The new geographies show an entirely different conception of the subject. They seek to exhibit man as acting upon his environment and as acted upon by it. Consequently, tho new geography is full both of history and of science. Much of tlie change in general In text-boohs is attributed to a wide spread adoption of the method of in duction in presenting knowledge to the child. This has not only radically af fected the treatment of nearly all branchesof study, but has created a new class of text-hooks for the teach ing of the vernacular, called "language books." It is adapted to very young children, and is meant to teach thera how to think and to form sentences, and serves a3 an introduction to for mal grammar. The popularity of works of this type Is very great; they are used universally throughout the coun try. The idea originated with German educators. A change in Instruction Is leading to the decline of the higher readers — the "flftli" and "sixth," as they were called—and the substitution of com plete pieces of literature for the frag ments which the readers contained. Publishers have responded to the new trend by bringing out small volumes, each containing one or more complete poems or essays, and annotated for the special use to which they are to be put. Dr. William H. Maxwell, the superintendent of schools in New York City, was one of the flrst to discard the advanced readers, and on this subject he says: "The memoriter method of learning—the committing to memory ot the text-hooks —found its counterpart in the rote method of elo cutionary drill on the fragments of the school reader. The method of study ing a Twmplete piece of literature, on the other hand, is, or ought to be, soi r.etliing quite different. It does not neglect elocutionary drill, but it rele gates It to a subordinate place; it makes it a means to an end, not an end in itself. It •.lae.vs an understanding of the matter and an appreciation of literary beauty. It shows the child liow to read. It aims at producing im portant effects on the mind and char acter of the reader. It is content with nothing loss than the development of a taste, founded on understanding, for what is good in literature." Some of the associate superintend ents in New York City agree that '.n mechanical as well as substantial re spects the text-books of the present day are superior to those of two dec ades ago. Others believe them to be much better in conception, substance, arrangement, and In attractiveness to the eye, hut no better in the purely mechanical respects of paper and binding.—New York Post. SHEEP FED BY ELECTRICITY. Aa Up-to-Diitc Invention for Fui tiieri Nan an Trial in Michigan. A man named MeNair has devised a system of pasturing sheep by elec tricity and experiments are being made with it at the agricultural ex periment station of Michigan at Lan sing. In recent years nearly every town of any size has been provided with an electric generating plant and frequently the wirfes are strung along country roads from town to town. This fact led Mr. MeNair to attempt the use of electricity on the farm. For sheep feeding he devised a curious pen some 15 feet square, built of wire and mounted on broad, flat wheels. This pen is designed to run in any pasture, even though it be hilly. Wires connect it with a small motor stationed at one side of the pasture, this, in turn, being connect ed with the electric wires from which power i 3 derived. A turn of a button and the pen slowly creeps across the field. That is the essence of the in vention. Two lambs and part of the time an old ewe have been pastured in the pen during the summer at the station at Lansing. The field Is planted with lucerne, growing, thick and heavy. The pen is so arranged that it crawls the full length of the pasture In one month, traveling about two feet an hour; at the end of this time it is switched around and travels back again. As it moves the sheep eat every bit of fodder, eagerly cropping next the forward side of the pen ar, it runs over new ground. A bit of canvas duck Is hung over one corner of the pen so that the sheep may bo well shel tered and, curious as it may seem, they have become so accustomed to the moving of the pen that when they lie down to sleep thoy snuggle up close to the forward end of the pen so that they may lie as long as possible with out being disturbed by the rear end of the pen as it creeps toward them. When the pen has passed, the lucerne that has been cropped by the sheep grows up again, and by the tlmo the pen has made its monthly circuit the pasture is again in good condition. The advantages of this electrical pen are that the sheep are kept from run ning over, half-eating and trampling down a large amount of pasture, and it keeps the sheep quiet so that they take on fiesh rapidly. But it has its disanvantages—the sheep must have water carried to Ihc-m daily—and the electricity is somewhat expensive. Still the experi ment thus far has shown striking re sults. One wonders what the inventor will do next. Already ho has produced a mechanism by means of which the farmer, on arising in the morning, may push a button at his bedside and feed all his horses, there being an electrical connection with the barn so arranged that when the button is pushed a cer tain quantity of oats is let down into each feeding box. QUAINT AND CURIOUS. Some statistician looking after queer facts discovers that the aterage woman carries 40 to 60 miles of hair on her head. A pretty black cat is the much ad mired pet of a lady of SL Louis. Mo., Mrs. Anita Comfort. The owner lias the cat's ears pierced, and now pussy sports a pair of diamond earrings, which glitter attractively against her dt.rk fur. At a dinner given by Count Boni de Castellane in Paris recently, dwarf cherry trees loaded with fruit were used for ornament and the cherries for desert The cherries, it is said, cost $4 each. The trees had been forced in hot-houses. In Maryland a man has patented a shirt having a detachable bosom, which can be easily removed and a fresh one put in its place when soiled, the shirt having a series of buttons, to which tongues on the edges of the bosom are attached. Chopin's study for C. Minor for the piano has a passage, taking two min utes five seconds a day to play that requires a total pressure of the fingers on the keys estimated at three full tons. In other words, it re quires about a tenth of a horse-power. The present possessor of a piece of land in the district of Itzehoe, Den mark, pays what Is believed to be the smallest rent paid by anybody in the world—a single penny. The land has been in his family for generations, and escapes a higher rent through the act of one of his ancestors in saving the life of Count Rantzau of Britenberg castle. The stoves of the Bolivian Indians are curious things. A hole is dug in the ground about 18 inches deep and a foot square, and over this is built a roof of clay, with holes of different sizes to receive the various cooking pots. Roasting is done on pots passed through the hole, so that the meat comes out very much smoked unless great care is taken to have only live coals at the bottom of the oven. fomp, High. "Do you refer to your titled eon-in law as your Highness?" inquired the old friend. "No," answered Mr. Cumrox. "I re fer to him as my High-priced-ness."— Washington Star. Suez Canal to be Widened. The Siiei canal is to be deepened and widened, if Mr. Linden W. Rates, the London hydraulic engineer, who is now at Suez, reports that the work can be done within a reasonable figure. The Canal Company hopes that the great waterway can be enlarged by the use of dredges, which are comparatively in expensive. There is great need of more room in the channel, for ships have been growing even greater, while the canal has remained unchanged. Mr. Bates, who is now going over the canal is enroute to Queensland, for whose government he has built three colossal dredges on the Tyne. These arc to be used in clearing the harbors of Queensland of mud and detritus. The largest of the trio is the Hercules, a sea-going dredge of 5.000 horse-power, and. by permission of the Queensland government, it will be held in the canal for a time and experiments made under the direction of Mr. Bates. If it proves that dredging is a satisfactory method of enlarging the waterway between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal Company will proceed forth with to arrange for improvement on a large scale. Both the war office and the colonial office are concerned in the enlargement of the canal, and the request made to Mr. Bates to go to Suez was endorsed by the latter department. Electricity in the Schools. In an article in the current number f Success Thomas A. Edison makes some hopeful predictions for electricity. He says: "Not only as a motive power for massive enterprises will electricity find uses during the coining half century, hut it will also lie applied to the 'gentler sciences,' if 1 may use the term. By this I mean surgery, optics and astrono my. but greater minds than mine must dwell 011 this particular branch of elec trical usage. Already we have surgical instruments that are being operated by electricity with gratifying success; in deed. titey have gone beyond the experi mental stage. It will find a large field in the operation of manufacturing ma chinery, as the Niagara Falls plant shows, and it. may even extend to tin? airship, but I think it best to confine Its uses to the earth, until these uses have been exhausted. "Electricity as a science should be made one of the several studies in every school in the land. It should rank with spelling and arithmetic; for, the iporc it is used, the more potent it becomes as an important element in all of the world's general affairs, and its value, in connection with practical business and business affairs, cannot be given too prominent a place in America's future." Indigo to bo Displaced. British manufacturers have not thought it worth while to study the pro gressive chemistry of analine or napthol dyes, says a London correspondent to the Paris Messenger. They have been content to leave the field open to Ger many, and the result is now obvious. Time was when British aniline dyes commanded the market of the world. It is impossible to understand why that market was ever lost. Nothing hut in- difference can account for it, and then we have to explain the indifference, which is impossible. At any rate, the market has gone, and there is not an aniline or napthol dye used at the pres ent day which is not produced in Ger many. 'fhe industry of the manufacture of British dyes is dead, and the industry in British India of the growth of indigo will follow it. Bchar and other prov inces will feel it, and it will mean the ruin of innumerable natives who have lived year after year on the produce of indigo. Dyeing with indigo, however, is at best a clumsy and prolonged pro cess. It means immersions in various compounds according to the material of the fabric to be dyed. Like indigotine. the new German dye provides for a single bath. So confident are the manufacturers of the success of their product that a considerable sun has been spent on the necessary produc tive plant, and the new year will wit ness the advent of the new dye. Sav< as a specialty indigo will not last be yond a year or two, and then anotbe British industry will have succumbed t< German competition. ® You re bilious, got a cold, you have a throbbing sensation in your head, a bad taste in your mouth, your eyes burn, your skin is yellow with dark rings under your eyes, your lips are parched and you feel ugly and © mean, as if you wanted to kick a lame infant or kill a canary bird. Your system is full of bile not properly Q passed off, and what you need is a cleaning up inside. Don't continue being a bilious nuisance to yourself © and those who love you, but send out at once for a box of CASCARETS and work off the cold while you sleep. © 0 Be sure you get CASCARETS! Don't let them sell you a fake substitute. ® ® * SOn cors I)occ ' un " 4, 1783. wh g| 'l. "1 li.TC a.fd your v.Unlilf CAR- iSte © : S AB ®P "18 thm perfect. Couldn't B*S- Y • jTOMr (A M'AljSl. 111 Without them, I have used them for capv A M ku , l VK *' h a -" headache, pl.uplrv, (.nine after eatlne, liver iron hie, .allow com- .Imllnr m"llri c i tl e w! n? V< T- 1,, V ,n l ," , . xew " V" "< t tlu any ® • y . w, i } vl )i. ▼*• ft well and lie well,nil the time until you put your b'welM .Uy mull, or the (IrurVci frnm ~ iw. i .iV f! . le <*"Ut.V t i , r iV^n^^o^o^l^k,^ t r Wlt , h a OASCAaETS lod y* "nder y nn ah.oluto Imrllliith AVxeir -f-Ttke ou™.dV o9o®9O999®#Of9eeoo®®6o9gei9oeoosee®i9fissj 1 Tf H JFH Weary Women Got Strength | M BJNI# aisi/ Vigor from 1 On ■ * il? II [jfffjH-K had planned to go out with her husband, but I M | Aftg her strength failed her. I s k w jj er nerves were excited all day, and when 1 g (jS 7 El night came she just couldn't find the courage. k Jff I/' Jpjki|jjjf a It is the old story of weakness and nervousness taking S| If om Si E I the pleasure out of life and filling it with discontent and 31 I suffering. It is not honest fatigue resulting from the I daily task; it is weariness born of weakness and ill health. The ideal strengthener for weak women is Dr. Greene's Nervura blood and nerve remedy. It builds them up in every way by toning up the blood and strengthening the nerves. Nothing else in the world can do Nervura's work. It seeks out the weak spots and strengthens them. It en riches the blood and gives it a healthy circulation, thus putting new life into the entire body. Strength to overcome the general discouragement is followed by the ambition to be well. A few nights of sound, refreshing sleep brings a new sensation of I acquired strength. How ready now is this woman for "'<§tsryt, / 1 ' I - every duty and every \ >5, V/ h I Ffi a - P lan for Pleasure! The V&J 'J | J ; f] SJtra gSrOOO® O new color in her cheeks \ -y. , M $ ® -jpjj Sb I MEttVURA SZ™eK°l wo,t I FOR THE BLOOD AND mentsmNer- IB J Wffllfff vura. This fl m< j. woman I MM M cured woman, and such transforma- I'd", tions are occurring in every community through the use of Dr. Greene's Nervura. hf If you are run-down and discouraged, J f %■ "slsElj here is the certain help. JSKK MRS. OLIVER WILSON, of North- JP|F —fk,_ . boro, Mass., says: INNfr L - " I was Buffering from nervous* ' J 'ij iv' ill ' neF, caused by female weakness and /\ / \v\\ V I nervous prostration. I was so nor- / Ifcjl VIH \ is?F* il vous ana weak I could not go up yjJffßSofi js a common pair of stairs without TSnftafo civ, ■ W' : j[ stopping to* rest, and troubled to \ tL-r-^k bleep at-nighfc. 1 took Dr. Greene's MreHWaßo. /#*> Km? "§9 ffi \ ' r iat his office, 35 w. 14th St- % jSmfi-s.: ■ iimxt 5 Street, New York City, tfm | or by letter through TcJ® /J , H the mall. All who are V h;'- ; • •. jS broken in health should \ i;] call or write without \ |ii delay to Nervura's dis- \ There is much talk about the chivalry of the knights of old and all that sort of thing, but in many instances these men in armor were in some respects as bad as the Chinese "Boxers." They often took a voluntary oath never to spare the life of an enemy. Dr. Bull's ti* I ■ ■vUl ■ w troubles. People praise Cough Syrup &K?°SK e, £!32: Refuse substitutes. Get Dr. Bull's Cough Syi up. /■" —-"-*•>. M y notßlibar's child wns given S . up, the family concluded It / VXv \ would beueelesH to make furthei / 1 shorts to save it, but on being fi 1 persuaded, they administered r _ FREY'S VERMIFUGE, " \ and over 100 worms were ex- J The child recovered.— /—J / Clai.kb II itchock .Near Zaues **- pi-t s, country stores or by mall. * ■ ~^iuTX— a perfect tonic for children. li, A S. l-ItKV , Baltimore, .lid. tvrK.it eyes, utie SThompson's Eye Waier FREE ELECTRIC BELT OFFER WITH TIM DAY'S FREE WEAHiNQ tfffisl 1 f ums \TV °cr fir*' *'l | 3 ON'L y II KL liKEPkflu" LTEit NaT itif ftv-g r " 6,l J' reader of tliie paper. * V'iQj i.- : X> aiaary In aUvanre; \rrr low eotiprltUert;rante#. COSTS with most another treatment! ??!*!?wV!l%°X?Vle* trio holU, apjtllMM. *n>l rrwodhf fail. QUICK CURE for mnrothnnSOtUlmontti. OMLYSUBEt'I.'I'E for ull ntrrous diaeoaea. nrul dlaorrlerr. For complete sealed contldoritial catalogue. rutiliU *dut and mail tuua. BEAf?S O ROEBUCKS CO., Chicago. I DR. SHAFER UF \ J he llrino Kpclalist (Water /Kj* I Doctor) can detect nudexulal n tm the most complicated chronic t v-j/' jGisfuso by the urine; ifcurable, M itrout it successfully by mail l\ 7. I HemUcents for mailingcaso [tor urine. (Umsultntion, nnal - on nils V rllu ' : n 'i H,rtan< * book ; Jvm ; Ir. SHAB?1! Ave, ' hirst l'Toor, Pittsburg, i'a. DROPSY,MSS ! £s 1 caeen- Book of testimonials and JO dayH* treatment I Jb'ree. Dr. H. U. GUEBN'S SONS. Box B. Atlanta, UA j " J Hi "ff 1 now have on our b>< Le's l.llo.liuiiatues! Br 'I CI J Off 'J m & 1,600,000 full, hence tbiri unprecedented HL jLs'ln offer for ltWientH poet pc id of B I~ pi klnl of rnrcl lHcioim riillthci. if /. IM l WHRiilUcfiit curlh-at mi loun, RW £ H 14" aorta glorlon* to/nnl no, HB A Bf !f ft l ,ccr ' p ** lot♦!•• * sulctiee, Ejfi A V l'£ pplondirt lit'Ot porta, iirP < 4^L f^!S ecnta M nmp aiml t Mm notice. [tf((( |) ) i)| JOHN A. SAL2ER CKED C * v Lu Cronser Wis. | T. N. U. 8, 190 J.