TO KEEP OFF THE RAIN.
THINK OF PAYING <3OO FOR AN
UMBRELLA.
Vet Some People Who Have Plenty
Of Money Are Just Foolish Enough
to Pay That Amount and Even
More,
Tou can boy an umbrella for fifty
cents or you may pay $.lO or a great
deal more for one If yen wish to. In
one retail stock In N#w York the um
brellas range In price from <5 up t#
hundreds of dollars apiece. Here for
$5 may be bought a silk umbrella with
a natural wood handle. Umbrellas of
this sort for men and women range In
price up to $12.00. Above that prlco
the value of the umbrella depends up
on the mountings, which are made of
many materials and In very great va
riety. Some of them are comparative
ly Inexpensive and some very costly.
Of the more costly umbrellas, some
are made for men's use. the greater
number of them for women's use.
There are, of course, handles In many
forme of gold and silver, and these at
all sorts of prices—sls, S2O, $25, and
s'lo, and en up. For Instance, oue
mounting with gold top might cost $24;
mountings of gold or silver eDamel
might cost $lO. One gold mounting
With platinum ornamentation cost S7O.
tn fact, umbrellas with mountings of
geld or silver may be bought In one
form and another at prnetlcally any
price. A man's umbrella with a han
dle of Ntalned Ivory, carved, is valued
at SSO. Another nmhrella with a Ma
lacca handle and mounting of sliver
and stained Ivory costs SO4.
A woman's umbrella, the handle of
which Is mounted with gold and enamel
and set with a large garnet, costs $l5O.
The price of one mounted with a head
of gold set with a large amethyst Is
SB4O. The amethyst In this handle Is
•et in a rim of gold which la hinged on
one side and held down by a spring on
the other. The ond of the gold handle
le hollowed out, forming a box of which
the amethyst serves as the lid, In
which might be carried bon-bons, or
whatever else might be desired.
Umbrella mountings are now made
In tery considerable variety of gun
metal, and many of these heads are
set with diamonds. A gun-metal not
brella handle may be In the form of n
little ball, or globe, with a belt formed
Of a single line of small diamonds run
ning around It, this belt encircling the
globe in some cases in a horlsontai line,
and in others dlAgonnlly. Some of these
gun-metal heads are sprinkled over
with diamonds, more or leas closely aet,
these diamonds being sometimes of
uniform slxe and sometimes of different
sixes. Sometimes the diamonds nrc
set In the metal In some sort of design;
as a little horseaboe made of tiny dia
monds, this being the handle's only
ornament. (Sun-metal mountings are
made in various other shapes, as well
as in the spherlcsl form. It might
seem that a diamond-studded umbrella
handle would be a very elaborate ap
pearing affair, but as a matter of faet,
many of them are at once simple end
beautiful. Umbrellas with gun-uietal
mountings, most of them, if not all,
with seme sort of diamond ornamenta
tion. aril from sl4.tM) to $240 each.
There are umbrellas with handles of
roek crystal, eut In various forms;
there are monatlngs of jade; there are
mountings in whole or in part of va
flous fine minerals; there are mount
ings of rhinoceros horn; and the corn-
Here, for example, is an umbrella
blnatlons of materials used are many,
mounting that presents a handle of
shark skin and gold, with a sapphire
in the end of It, this umbrella costing
$2711; here Is an arahrella with a han
dle of jade, wltb diamond and ame
thyst ornamentation, price $1(18; and
here with a Malacca stick, mounted
with stained ivory and jade, with a
baud of Rnaslna enamel, fpr SO2.
Whatever their means may be, not.
very many people pay more than S3O
for an umbrella for ordinary .use; by
far the greater number of those sold
at higher prices are bought to give to
some one ts a present. The sale ef
these costly umbrellas is; ef cenrse,
comparatively limited, hut they are In
demand, and they may be found In
stock In mountings of hundreds of va
rltiee, with now things all the time be
ing added.
Letter Rack.
To make this rack, ont a plcca of
stout cirdt>oard eight inches long and
five and one-half Inches wide; shape
the upper end. as shown in the Illus
tration, cover with gra.vlab blue vel
then sew the second one ea two and
vot, velveteen dr satin.
For the pieces that hold the letters,
eut thinner card three and one-half
Inches deep by Ave Inches wide. Cor-
r with satin and trim with stripes of
gold tinsel gimp; line with pongee silk.
Sew one piece by the lower edge to
the straight edge of card for back.
The tipper strap on each piece Is fin
ished by • bow of ribbon velvot. 4
A GAMBLER'S CHANCES.
Tests of the Lew of Probabllltlee In
Betting.
A law which cannot be depended
upon seems a contradiction In terms,
yet such Is the law of probabilities.
In tossing a coin 104 times the law re
uires that It fall beads fifty times
and tails fifty times. This discrepancy
between theory and practice fascin
ates the attention and invitee Inves
tigation.
A law to be capricious, apparently,
In Its operation might be suspected
to be no law at all, and the fact that
It Is not Inexorable In practice has
given rise to "systems" of gambling,
by whioh players seek to take advan
tage of the law and to make a broker'*
commission on their dealings with
chanca.
The best known of these delusive
systems Is the Martingale In all Its
various modifications. The basis of
this system Is the method of doubling
the stakeß after every loas, so that
when the player finally wins once he
recoups all former losses and receives
a profit equal to his first wager. With
unlimited capital and under proper
conditions this would be an absolutely
certain method of continuous success
at gambling, whether the chances
were even or not. But such condi
tions are never realized. A Chicagoan
who has made a study of the law of
probabilities and of various "systems,"
talking on this subject a few days
ago, Bald:
"Supposing the bank would permit
continued doubling, let us examine
whether the player by the Martingale
syßtem really has yoked the laws of
chance to his chariot If you draw
cards promiscuously from a deck and
forfeit a cent for every time you draw
a red card, winning one cent every
time you draw a black card and doub
ling your stake after every loss—you
will find that with a capital of thirty
two cents you can usually double It in
about sixty-four draws, although the
bet la always fair and the chances
even. /
"There will be one caee In about
thirty-two when you will draw red
cards six times running—when you
will not be able to double your stake
and will lose thirty-two cents —about
the amount you had previously won.
K one could get a copyright on the
elimination of that thirty-second
chance he could bankrupt the gam
bling world. Many have tried to de
vise some plan of allaying the severity
of this thirty-Becond chance, but in
the words of the humorist It Is try
ing to 'unscrew the unscrutable.'
"Supposing the chances are even
and the player starts a Martingale
with $1 and loses; stakes $2 and loses;
$4 and loses; $8 and IOBOB; sls and
still loses. Now he has lost s3l in
all and has lost Ave times in succes
sion. Mathematics assursß us that
the chance of losing five times in
succession in an oven game Is one in
thirty-two, there being thirty-one
chances against It. Theoretically,
then, our player will win thirty-one
times by his system, winning $1 each
time, but the laws of chance require
that he lose —on the average—the
thirty-second time, and he will then
lose s3l, just- the amount he has pre
viously won.
"If he goes on losing until he has
Btaked in alt $1,024 —of which there is
one chance in 1,024 —he will probably
have drawn the one unlucky chance
which, out of 1,024 piays, he would
be reasonably certain to draw, there
by losing $1,023, or all that he had
previously won, if the law of proba
bilities were justified. If his capital
should be $1,000,000, the process needs
only to be prolonged to bring out the
one unlucky chance by which he will
lose all he has previously won, the
chance being exactly one te one that
be will quit the game without loss or
gain, no matter how long he plays."
This discussion haß had in view
only such gambliug devices as offer
tpen chances to the player, since it is
obvious that if a player cannot get any
advantages where the chances are
even he certainly cannot where there
Is a percentage In favor of the pro
prietor of the game, or where the price
he pays for a chance Is more than
the mathematical value of the chance,
which Is, of course, the case In all
games run for proflt, suoh aa faro
banks, lotteries, slot, machines, and all
card games In whloh the dealer gets
a commission on the sale of chips.
The fascination of gambling Ilea
largely in the capriolousneaa of the
law of probabilities when applied to
a small number of events. Mathe
matics assures us that the precision
with whloh the law can be applied
Increaaes aa the square root of the
number of events to which It Is ap
plied. There could be no attraction
In games of chance if the theory of
chances worked out accurately in a
small number of events—for example,
If In tossing pennies the coin were
certain to tali heads and tails alter
nately, as It should do to Illustrate
the law of probabilities with pre
cision.
If a gambler's capital allowed him
to play long enough in a fair game he
would quit even; why then will he
continue to play when there Is a per
centage In favor of the banker? Most
probably because his observation, cov
ering a relatively small number of
chance events, leads him to believe
that the law of probabilities Is not
Inexorable and he chooses to follow
what he thlnkß has been his exper
ience rather than ta listen to the in
dubitable conclusion of mathematics.
Biggs—Flggs has the clearest head
of any man I know.
Diggs—That's right; there Is ab
solutely nothing In It—Chicago New*.
INDIA IN A SAD PLIGHT.
CONDITION OF FIFTY MILLION
BRITISH SUBJECTS.
Fact* Concerning the Famlne-Btrlck
en Region—The Government Can
not Care for All—Heart Rending
Tale* of Suffering.
(Delhi, India, Correspondence.)
The appeal for aid for the famine
stricken people of this country has al
ready borne fruit, hut It does not be
gin to meet the pressing needs.
The Queen, or, In other words, the
government, is doing everything pos
sible for the starving people, but even
so, the government can take care of
only one-tenth of the people In the
breadless districts. Fifty million are
In peril of death for want of food; of
these England can feed only Ave mill
ion. The remnlnlng forty-five mill
ion can be helped by other nations.
And other nations, in caßes of distress
like this, means principally the United
States. The breadless area extends
over 400,000 square miles east, north
and south of Bombay. Thns, over
nearly half of Indln there Is famine,
the sufferers from which number fully
one-sixth of the whole population of
the empire. The chief relief meas
ures which the British Government
liave put id force are; First, relief
works, where tens of thousands of
people arc employed, such as making
common roads, railroad embankments
and improving the Irrigation of the
country. The thousands of men,
women and children In these relief
camps aro paid from two to four
cents a day. Just enough to keep body
and soul together, but not enough to
tempt any one away from his legiti
mate work. The second chief relief
measure on the pnrt of the govern
ment Is providing kitchens, or head
quarters for free supplies of food, for
children artti for adults who are too
weak to work.
Some of the practical applications
of the government's principle of help
ing without pauperizing are as fol
lows: Opening of grain depots, where
corn Is Bold at cost price. This helps
to feed the hungry and at the same
time keeps down the price of grain.
The latter fact la Important, as It
serves to check the nvnrlce of the na
tive grain dealers, bunnlahs, as they
are called, who. In time of famine, try
to run up the price of grain to an ex
orbitant figure. The government prac
tices another helpful form of relief In
buying all the products of the toll of
all who can work, at prices sufficient
to support them, and thus keep them
at their work. Thousands of hand
looms arc in this way kept In opera
tion. Thus, what Is known as the
government famine code Is now giv
ing work to five million people. As
many as possible of the remaining
forty-five million famine sufferers
must be cared for by other nations
than England.
Not all the sufferers from the pres
ent scarcity of food are recruited
from the lower castes, or from what
Would be known In the United States
as the masses. Thousands of those
who are starving and at death's door
are high caste people who a few
months ago owned their own houses,
lgnds, cattle and tools or farming Im
plements, and were comparatively
Well-to-do. These people, since the be
ginning of the famine, have sold first
one thing, then another, till to-day
everything they owned. Is gone and
they are simply farers on the high
way, drifting to the portals of another
land, naked, starving, outraged, dis
eased.
Prom correspondents In the heart of
the famine district come heart rend
ing tales of Individual sufferers. Two
little girls, between four and five
years of age, sat together near a cac
tus hedge. The poor waifs were ques
tioned, but were so reduced by hun
ger that they seemed not to compre
hend what they wanted, where they
were or who left them there. One
old woman, with her four sons, two
daughters-in-law and three grand
children, came a long distance, hop
ing to get relief; but, falling to find
either work or food, and weakened
by the Journey, one after another died,
till afl were gone save the poor old
woman and one grundchild. A widow
was found, with two children, a girl
of two years and a bright boy of six.
The woman was trying to sell the
little girl for two rupees, about 75
cents, saying they must, all die any
way, and the price of the girl would
keep life In her and the boy for yet
a little while. Thousands of women
are so weak for lack of food that they
cannot stand, and the children around
them are mere skeletons covered with
skin. A mother so situated Is help
less. She would deny herself and
give to the children, but she has food
neither for herself nor for them. A
Mahometan will give her 35 cents for
her daughter. She shudders, but the
girl will be fed at any rate, and her
price will feed the others for several
days. So the bargain Is made and
the girl goes away into horrible cap
tivity. Sometimes mothers abnndon
their children by the roadside, hoping
either that some charitable person
may take pity on them, or that death
may speedily end their sufferings.
A curious plant Is the " tooth
brush " plant of Jamaica. It Is a spe
cies of creeper, and has nothing par
ticularly striking about Its appear
ance. By cutting pieces of It to a
suitable length and fraying the ends
the natives convert It Into a tooth
brush; and a tooth powder to accom
pany the use of the brush Is also pre
pared by pulverizing the dead stems.—
Indianapolis News.
TOUSB'S FIRE COMPANY.
Little Opportunity (J Fight Flameo,
But It Was Useful.
A stranger went into the engine
house in La Salle street Snd asked
questions. After he was enlightened
he said to his Informant;
"There have been some changes In
the business since I was In IL I reck
on you never heard of the Touse vol
unteers t"
The Informant never had.
"Tousc Is the name of the town. It's
spelled T-a-o-e. It was a lively place
In Its day—down In the lower end of
Buchanan county, Mo. County that
St. Joe's In. It was a volunteer outfit,
the company was. We had a hand en
gine and our uniform was red shirts,
blue nankeen breeches, red-top boots
and oilcloth caps. You never see any
caps like them now."
"Have many run^t"
"Not to fires. There was but one
flro In the town In two years, and that
was a haystack."
"Tou hadn't much to do, then?"
"Didn't we? We was In demand all
the time. Touse was a great place
In its day for runaway couples to get
married, and as the captain of the
volunteers waß the Justice of the
Peace he always called out the com
pany to be present at the connublal
ities, as he called them, and there was
no marriage until we got there. Some
times there was a dance after the
wedding, In the public square, and the
bride had to allmande left and sashay
with every member of the volunteers
before she did with her husband.
"Then we used to have foot races
on the Fourth of July, and whenever
there was a county fair we were the
ones altogether lovely. In the winter
time when the circuit rider came to
town and got up a revival we always
turned out. and If the sinners didn't
come to taw as lively as they Bhould
we would pifll straws to see who
would go up as mourners, and In that
way the revival would be prolonged.
It was alwayß understood that the one
that pulled the short straw had the
privilege of backsliding after the sea
ion WSB over.
"There were no secret orders In
Touse at that time, so when a prom
inent citizen kicked the bucket, as we
laid of a man when he died, the Touse
volunteers turned out and planted
lilm with Masonic or Odd Fellow hon
ors, according to the wishes of his
friends. There was no hearse In the
towns, so we put the deceased on the
engine. If his friends wanted Mason
ic honors over bis grave our captain
would toot the trumpet; If It was
Odd Fellow honors that was demand
ed we rung the bell; and In that way
Strangers in Touse always knowed
which way the deceased had affllllated,
so to speak, in hlB life. There wasn't
tnuch In Touse that the volunteers
lidn't take a hand In."—Chicago Tri
bune.
FOUND IN GALICIA.
Medieval Torture* Still Used In the
Bmaller Towns.
The Illustration Is from the Vienna
Extrablate, which describes the hor
rors of medieval tortures Btlll prac
tised In Gallcia.
For this crime Paul Rabrel, a com
missary of police In the town of Sam
f' "■ 11 1 's
(Thumb Screw),
bor has been sentenced to only eight
months' imprisonment, while six of
his subordinates received sentences
varying from one to ten months for
having obeyed his order.
Rabrel'B favorite mode of punish
ment was the thumbscrew. HIB In
strument of torture was even more
cruel than that used by the Spaniards
during the Inquisition In the Middle
Ages.
The authorities have discovered that
these tortures are Inflicted In many
of the Bmaller towns of Galicia, and a
thorough Inquiry has been ordered.
During the trial of Rabrei It was
learned that at least a dozen prisoners
had their hands and feet disabled by
this cruel henchman. The press Is In
dignant at the very light sentence Im
posed.
In the Hands of Frisnd*.
The farmer had just arrived In town.
"What," he asked of his new-found
friend, "Is a bunco-steerer, anyway?
I have seen a great deal about (hem
in the papers."
"Of course," replied his friend, "you
know what a bunk 1B?"
"Certainly," replied the farmer.
"Well, a bunco-steerer is merely a
man who steers amotber man to his
bunk when he Is unable to find It him
self. He is a guide, a philosopher,
and a friend. And now that ques
tion disposed of, I would like to show
you where you are sure of getting
not less than ISO for II If you follow
my advice in the matter."—Chicago
Evening Foot ..-u-s
SKIRMISHING IN LUZON.
One Hundred and Sixty Filipi
nos Killed Last Week.
ELEVEN AMERICANS WERE SLAIN,
Wnny Inanrreetoa Arc Accepting Am
nesty— Former Rebel Chief Wants
to Plight Onr Battle In China—Ma
nila Health Ofllrer's Report,
Manila. July 0. —The past week's
Bcouting in Luzon resulted in 11 Ameri
cans being killed and 1G being wounded.
One hundred nud sixty Filipinos were
killed during the week, and eight Amer
icans who had been prisoners in the
hands of the rebels were surrendered
and 100 rifles were turned over to the
United States officials. The enemy am
bushed a wagon train between ludang
and Nair. The Third infantry lost nine
men while on an expedition to punish the
lndrones In the delta of the Rio Grande.
In the Antiguc province of Panny a run
ning tight of three hours' duration result
ed in the killing or wounding of 70 of the
enemy. There were no casualties among
(lie Americans. The insurgents are slow
ly accepting the amnesty provisions. In
some instances the Americans are sus
pending operations in order to give the
rebels ati opportunity to take advantage
of the decree.
Many pnroled rebel officers are agi
tating for the formation of native regi
ments for service with the Americans in
China. They say that they would be
nble to ruise 10,000 men accustomed to
arms for this purpose, and as for the sol
dierlike qualities of the Filipinos they
point out the famous Seventy-third regi
ment, composed of natives, which served
under Spain.
A report issued hy Major Edie shows
that the health of Manila compares fa
vorably with that of other oriental cities.
The dcutli rate from October to June was
28 per 1,000. The totnl number of deaths
WHS 8,585, of which 180 were caused hy
the plague and 1,078 by intestinal dis
eases.'The deaths from the plague nbove
given do not Include the Chinese who
died from the disease. The snnitury
conditions here have been greatly im
proved.
Rxcnrnton Boat Blown Ashore.
Buffalo, July o.—The excursion steam
er Pearl, which piles between Buffalo
and Crystal Beach, ten miles from here
on the Canndinn side of Lake Erie, was
blown ashore just after leaving the dock
at Cry-Btal Beach at about 10 o'clock last
night. Her stern stuck In the sand, HIHI
the waves lifted her hall tip and down.
The captain feared the boat would be
beaten to pieces, and as the water was
shallow the 000 passengers were tnken
ashore safely, hut not without difficulty.
At 3 o'clock yesterday morning tugs
pulled the Pearl off the hcach. About
300 of the passengers came to Buffalo
on her, but the rest preferred to sleep in
the dance hall at the bench rather than
trust ngnin to. the gale, which had uot
fully abated.
Havana's New Charter,
Havana, July o.—The new charter of
the eity of Havana will go into effect Im
mediately after its publication, which will
he made this week. The powers of the
recently elected officials are thereby
greatly Increased. The city will have
control of nil matters within its bound
ary. particularly the establishment and
regulation of the city administration, the
adoption of menstires relating to the use,
nrrnngcmciit and ornamentation of pub
lic ways, the comfort and health of the
inhabitants, the promotion of their ma
terial and moral Interests and the securi
ty of their persons and property. Neither
the central nor the provincial government
will have power to Intervene.
Sntcldc Caused by Heat.
Chicago, July o.—The suicide of
Charles H. I.croy of Fullerton, Cal., on a
Santa Fe train near Joliet is said by his
brother, Dr. E. W. Lederer of this city,
to bo directly attributed to the intense
hot wave that swept over the western
states last week. He was a successful
business man and had no private trou
bles to induce him to kill himself. Charles
11. Lcroy was one of the developers of
the great Bradford oil wells in Penn
sylvania and New York and went to
California in 18112. Recently he acquir
ed options nnd lenses oil oil lands in
Hnntn Barbara county nud was on his
way enst to arrange a financial deal to
develop his holdings.
Tornado In New Jersey.
New York, July 9.—A wind nnd rnln
storm passed over Yinclnnd, N. J„ yes
terday. A large building In the plant of
the Vinelnnd Window Glass company
was blown down. The loss upon the
building and its contents will be about
$5,000. At the Jonas Glass works at
Miuntola, near this place, another large
building was wrecked, causing a loss on
building and contents of SO,OOO. Many
trees were blown down, nnd many win
dow panes were broken, but so far as
known no one was injured.
Mayor McGnlre Promoted.
Albany. July 9. Chairman Frank
Campbell of the Democratic state com
mittee has appointed Mnyor James K.
McGulre of Syracuse chairman of the
executive committee of that body. As
the hond of this committee Mnyor Mc-
Gulre will handle nud direct the guber
natorial enmpnigu in the state this fall.
Muyor McGuire was a eonspicuoua figure
at the Democratic natlonnl convention
which was held in Kansas City last week
by reason of his stanch support of former
Senator David B. Hill.
Woman at Her Own Funeral.
Bangor, Me., July 9.—Many persons
gathered In church hero yesterday to at
tend the funeral of a woman, A minute
before it was time for the service to be
gin the woman supposed to be dead walk
ed into the church. It was her brother
whose remains were In the coffin. A mis
take had heen mnde in the transmission
of the nnmns of the two by wire. The
woman was called "Ad" for short, and
her brothel was formerly known as
"Ed."
More Hoboken Victims Found.
New York, July 9.—Three more bodies
were found on the Baale. This makes 29
bodies that have thus far been taken
from the wreck of the Saale since the fire.
The bodies recovered were nil found in
the second cabin, In the after part of
the ship, and they were horrible sights to
look upon. They had very little clothing
on and were all victims of fire. Thej
could uot be Identified. This nmkeß tht
total aqtnber ot bodies recovered JUG,
The
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