Freeianu mDune
Established 1888.
PUBLISHED EVICHY
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BY TUB
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Hereafter if you want to locate the
war cloud in any quarter of the habit
able globe just notice whicb way the
American mule is headed.
Russia will spend §50.000,000 on
her navy in the next twelve months.
Evidently it was armament and not
disaruiameut that the Czar had in
mind.
Money honestly made and honestly
spent is as nearly the root of all phys
ical comfort as money dishonestly
made and dishonestly spent is the
root of all evil.
A treasurer of the city of Glasgow,
who stole §BOO,OOO, lias been sentenced
to five years* penal servitude. One
hundred and sixty thousand dollars a
year is a pretty fair salary even for
working a treadmill.
A Massachusetts scientist claim?
that he is the discoverer of the system
of wireless telegraphy which ha?
made Marconi famous. Litterateurs
are not the only people who have
plagiaristic troubles.
What Porto Rico needs is a system
of railroads penetrating the interior
iu order to bring to the coast the pro
ducts of the country, such as coffee,
sugar and tobacco, and to carry sup
plies into the interior. Such a sys
tem would be expensive and would
encounter tremendous engineering
problems, for. Porto Rico consists
merely of peaks of a group ot exceed
ingly steep mountains which thrust
themselves out of the sea. The level
places are formed by the inwashing of
the sands by the waves and the de
posits of detritus from the mountains.
The interior transportation is now
done by means of high, two-wheeled
oarts drawn by the magnificent native
oxen.
Iu the year 1890 the wealth of the
United States, according to the
eleventh census, was $65,037,091,197.
Mr. J. K. Uptou, who was the special
agent having these figures in charge,
estimated that the increase in the ten
years had been forty-nine per cent.
In the decade which will soon close it
is fair to assume that the increase has
not been less thau from 1880 to 1890,
so that it ought to bo safe to say that
wo shall close the nineteenth century
with the enormous wealth of about
§100,000,000,000. Considering that
iu 1800 we had somewhat less than
one or two billion dollars, it can be
seen that there have been rather
liberal opportunities for making and
accumulating money, comments the
Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post.
The relative size of the Dutch and
English populations in South Africa,
according to J. W. .Tagger, President
of the United Chambers of Commerce
of South Africa, is as follows:
Tl. Whites. Dutch. English
Capo Colony, with
Bechuannland.. .460,000 265.200 104,800
Basutoland 050 300 350
Orange Free State. 03,700 08,100 15,600
Natal, with Zulu
land 52,000 6,500 45,500
Transvaal 203,650 80,000 *123,650
R lodeaia 10,000 1,500 *8,500
Totals 820,000 431,600 388,400
* Nearly all adult males.
"English" means, of course, non-
Dutch Europeans. Were adult males
only taken into account, as potential
federal electors, there would be a
largo English majority.
Theory of Lubricating? till*.
Tn a lecture on "The Relations ot
Physics to the Mechanical Arts," Prof.
Abbe stated that Prof. Reynolds was
the first to show lubrication is simply
a case of the flow of a viscous fluid
through a narrow channel. When the
journal presses on its bearing, the in
termediate space Is probably l-10000th
of an inch in thickness. This Space
being filled with oil constitutes the
thin film that converts the rubbing and
tearing of the metals into the sliding
and rolling of liquid molecules, like
myriads of minute steel friction balls.
The results of the difficult researches
in molecular physics of Stoker, Kirch
ofT. and Helmholtz have thus a direct
application to the lubricating action of
oils.
THE MARCH OF MEN.
If you could enst away the pain.
The sorrows, and the tears.
From all departed years;
If you quite forget the sighs
What think you: would you bo as wiso.
As helpful, or as strong?
If you could lay tho burden down
That bows your head at whiles,
Shun everything that wears a frown
And live a 1 ift* of smiles;
Be happy as a child again,
As free from thoughts of care—
Would you appear to other men
3lore uoblo or more fair?
Ah no! a man should do his part
And carry all his load,
R-joieod to share with every heart
The roughness of the road:
Not giveti to thinking overmuch
Of pains and griefs behind,
But glad to be in fullest touch
With all Ids human kind.
—Chas. B. Buxton, iu Harper's Weekly.
gocooooooooooccooooooooooo
| AN ENGINEER. 8
0 S
§ By C. Y. Klaitlsr.d. X
'-■> O
COSQCOOODOOSDOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 ~ ESHAPS you
/\ If $ m 'Bht marry a
I S worse man, Eve-
J Ik J lyu. Indeed, in
— lll y mind, you
/ go a long
\/y r way before you
I found a better."
./■'ZJ'll}, \jl Evelyu Arolier
J'>fm tossed her head,
jp?ra fik and gave a long,
',/ sharp glance at
the man of whom they were speaking,
and sliowod meanwhile, a gleam of
j snowy teeth, in a doubtful smile.
| She was standing on tho platform
of a busy railroad station, dressed for
a journey, in a neat, stylish, rich
suit.
i The man indicated was Dick Har
rington, and he was on a locomotive,
j in a rough, smoke-begrimed suit,with
sleeves rolled up, to show brawny
i arms, a hat tossed back, revealing his 1
black, curling hair, and a strong,
| clear-cut, smnt-stained face; his head
| was bent forward and his ears await
ing the signal for starting,
j No one would have wondered then 1
at Evelyu Archer. She was so ex- 1
ceedingly dainty and beautiful; he so 1
] "dreadfully coarse and dirty." And
I yet once, Dare, in his Sunday clothes, '
and his face as clean as other men's, '
; asked Evelyn to marry him. She did !
not say "So!" severely. She could '
not, with Dare standing, so strong '
and handsome, before her, and his
I pleading, earnest eyes on her face. 1
| She told him, with all the gentle
ness of her nature, that she had '
known him but a little while; that she 1
was too young, as yet, to think of lov
ing any one; that she was quite sure
he hnd made a mistake in earing for
her—and many more such simple yet
j significant words, which made him
: understand that he was rejected.
Sho was going home now with Kate
Albee, her chum.
( Will Merrill, Kate's lover, who knew
Dare well, was pleading his cause,
i "You think that he is not good
enough for you, Evelyn," said Will,
j "Not that precisely, but lam sure
I ought to find a husband a little
higher in the social scale than an en
gineer. I eau't get over it. I like
him. I think him line looking; but a
\ man who has pride or ambition will
not plod along through life looking
i like a chimney-sweep."
| "iiome day you will find him out—
some day he may do something to sur
prise us."
j "If he would only do something
! now, perhaps I might like him a lit
tle," laughed Evelyn.
I "Just wait! You will not forget
what I have told you?"
I "No."
But the bell rang just then, and
they entered and took their seats, and
before the train left she had quite for
gotten it.
j Why should she not? She could
not feel the heat of the locomotive, or
the drift of dust and cinders in her
\ face. She was clean and cool, and
could not have a thought but of pleas
! ure, just then.
j So oil they rode, eating their dainty
1 lunches; reading the clean-paged
novels they had brought along; buy
ing a great cluster of pond lilies nt a
' station; gazing out on the varied,
swift-moving panorama of towns, vil-
J lages, open country and shadowy for
est, and chatting, laughing and feel
] ing—as should all who have youth nnd I
strength aud not a care ou earth—per-
I feetly happy.
| The journey ended in good time,
j nnd still fresh and unwearied the two
| girls stepped out on the platform, and [
! looked for the carriage which was to |
| convey them to Kate's home.
1 Some one was in the way, and as
Evelyn stepped aside, a voice said;
| "Are you Miss Archer?"
She looked down—for tho sound '
! certainly came up—and saw a small
j boy beside her, holding a bouquet of
j tlowers.
| "Yes, I'm Miss Archer," sho re
; plied.
"The loan on the engine told mo to
give them to you," said the boy.
She looked, but there was no man
on the locomotive just then, so she
took tliern, and said:
"Tell him I thank him."
And she hurried away after Kate,
for fear that he might make his appear
ance, and thus compel her to speak to
him.
But there was no danger. Dare was
very near—quite near enough to see
her gloved fingers close over the flow
ers, and the smile upon her lips, and
he nsked nothing more, lie was too
proud to let her see him just then, so
she need not have harbored a fear.
One lover was of very little acconnt
to Evelyn Archer, for sho had soores
of them. They were all sorts—good,
bad and indifferent, she said—and
they gave her but little trouble.
This one— well, if he had been any
thing else in the world, or she had
never seen him dressed up and look
ing so very handsome, she would have
cared nothing about him, but as itwar
—well, he made her, te eay the least,
very uncomfortable.
"Oh, Evelyn!"
That was what Kate said to Evelyn,
one morniug, wheu Evelyu, hearing a
sound of many and excited voices,
hurried into the breakfast room.
"What is it?"
"There has beeu such a dreadful
accident, and Dare Harrington—poor
Dare Hairington—"
Evelyn's lips parted and then the
words froze upon her lips.
"He stood by his engine to the last.
They say he might have saved his own
life if he would, but he stood at his
post and died there.
"No, he didn't!" put in Will Merrill.
"He stood at his post like a hero, and
he is jammed into a jelly, but he isn't
dead."
Then Evelyn found strength to
gasp:
"Where is he?"
In a little while, without clearly
knowing how or why, she had crossed
the long station, which had been trans
formed into a hospital, and was stand
ing by wrecked and broken Dare Har
rington.
They said he would die; but, in
spite of that, they hacked away at him
aud deprived him of one arm, and
finally left him splintered and bound
and bandaged from head to foot, and
Evelyn took up her place beside him,
and raved at everybody who xrroposed
taking him away.
Then for days she heard of nothing
but his death, which might at any
moment be expected, and she lived in
a state of horrible expectation.
But he could not die; life was vory
strong and in high favor with him,
and lie clung to it, aud fairly drove
death back.
In the end, one day he woke to con
sciousness, and found Evelyn Archer
sitting near him, rending, and looking
almost as white as the one hand which
lay helplessly on the coverlet before
him.
Then by degrees he came to know
that she never left him, and that all
the tender attentions which he re
ceived and which he so loved, were
from her hands.
After awhile he spoke to her, and
had the supreme pleasure of seeing
her turn white and burst into tears,
and clasp her hands as though all the
happiness on earth had suddenly
fallen upon her.
"I shall get well, after all," he Baid,
one day. "Then what can I do?"
"They say," she said, "that the
company will do wonders for you, be
cause you were so brave and true."
"I cannot go on the engine again.
Well, you did not like the engine, did
you?"
"No!"
Aud Evelyu looked ashamed of her
self.
"I would have left it, if I had
thought it could have made any dif
ference to you, but I knew you could
not fancy me."
"Dare!"
"Evelyn!"
"I suppose I have a right to change
my own mind on a subject if I choose?"
"Well, have you changed your mind
toward mo?"
"Yes; you know I have."
And he declared that he wouldn't
miud being jammed up again, if the
result could possibly be as satisfac
tory.
And Evelyn would not mind if her
husband worked in a coal-mine, or
the blackest place 011 earth, for she
learned how good and true a man he
was, which is, or should be, a better
knowlodgo than anything 011 earth to
every true, sensible woman!
Study of Character.
"I ahvnys like to be on good terms
with a subject for whom T am making a
bust," said a prominent sculptor of
Washington recently. "The fact is au
artist, in order to secure tlie highest
possibility iu portraying the features
of a subject, must study his character
as well as the mere formation of his
features. He should know the 'man'
as well as the 'clay.' If the artist
holds a subject in contempt, or de
pisos him, his feeling will besuieto
lind expression in his work. If prop
erly exercised the power of showing
character on a face, which the casual
observer would not see there, is justi
fied and cannot be said to be untrue
to nature.
"For instance, I have found lines
of character after conversing with a \
subject which I could not see when he I
at first entered my studio. A face is |
a very delicate thing to study, and its i
lines are no more nor less than a re- j
Ilex of the mind that controls it. liven
the man who expresses pride in his '
own self-control and on the fact that I
his tace tells no tales will show that
phase of power, it ho really possesses 1
it, and his expression is very different
from that of the man who i.s expres
sionless, because he lias no emotion to
conceal."—Washington Star.
Floor Afmlfl or Historic Wood.
The floor of the London Coal Ex
change is constructed of wood inlaid
so as to represent the mariner's com
pass. Woods of many kinds went to
the making of the pavement, among
them black ebony, English oak of va
rious 'men, white holly, elm (English
and American), red and white walnut
and mulberry. Some of the slabs of
wood, of which there are altogether
1000, have interesting historical asso
ciations. One piece, forming the liaffc
of the dagger represented in the City
Corporation arms, is a part of a tree
planted by Peter the (treat when he
worked as a shiuwright at Oeptford.
The black onk used in the floor was
part of an eld tree discovered more
than-half a century ago in the bed of
the Tyne, where it was supposed to
have lain for four or five oenturies.
HOME LIFE OF THE BOERS
AN INTERESTING DESCRIPTION OF
THE WOMEN OF THE VI?I_OTS,
Life In the Trarmvaal IN I'atriui vhlcftlly
Simple—The Boer Women Are Good
Shots—'They Tench Their Children to
Fear God and Hate the EngllHli.
To really know what a people are
one must know their home life. The
Boers are probably less understood
than any other people who claim a na
tional existence. This is partly due
to their isolation in the great conti
nent, Africa, a place far out of the
beaten track of travel and unmolested
by copy seeking journalists. It is also
partly due to the character of the peo
ple themselves; there is nothing so
much that the Boer desires as to be
let alone.
The average Boer home is on a
great farm where the homestead stands
in the center of a tract of land often
numbering a dozen miles. The near
est neighbors are miles away and the
family may not see them for weeks at
a time, except attho meeting house in
town, where all go on Saturday to re
main for the service on Sunday.
The Boer woman is very little like
the trim, handsome Dutchwomen of
her ancestral Holland. She is seldom
pretty. Her complexion is her prin
cipal charm, and she guards this care
fully whenever she goes out. She is
never seen outdoors withont a great
peaked bonnet ou her head, her visits
to church being made behind an al
most oriental seclusion of veils. This
is necessary to preserve the pink and
white of her skin, for the climate
would otherwise soon tau it to the
color of sole leather. Her eyes are
small and set close together, and her
features are irregular. Her cheeks
are broad and flat, and her hair is nat
urally light in color, although time
and weather soon bleach it from its
early straw color. At a very early age
she loses all her teeth, for she is con
stantly chewing sweet cake and con
fectionery. Her figure is thick and
almost waistless. While still a young
woman she begins to grow fat, and by
the time middle life is reached she is
often so unwieldy that the only exer
cise she is able to take is to waddle
cumbersomely from one armchair to
another. She is clad in a loose,
soantily made gown devoid of trim
ming and apparently waistless. The
day garments of the Boers are also
their uightclothes, so the gown is
genorally wrinkled.
The education of the womeu of the
veldts is very simple. The older ones,
or at auy rate many of them, are un
able to read and write, even among
the better classes, but the younger
people show an immense interest in
letters. There are no free schools
and only the children of the well-to-do
are able to attend the academies in
the towns, for heavy fees are charged
all scholars. One reason why the
Boer children are fond of their school
and cry if they are compelled to stay
at home is because it is a break in the
monotony of the day. Life is dull iu
the Transvaal.
Life in the Dutch republic is patri
archically simple. The Boers uutil
recently cared nothing about the gold
or diamonds with which their rich
provinces were teeming; they wished
to live quietly and peaceably ou their
great farms, raising sheep aud goats
aud enough produce to supply their
family's simple wants. When the
vrouw wants a new gown or mynherr
a new pair of corduroy trousers or a
high crowned hat, he gathers up some
ostrich feathers from the birds iu the
camps, or drives to market a few of
his cattle aud comes back amply sup
plied with what clothing the family
thinks it needs for the year.
The life of the Boer housewife of
the better class is almost colorless.
She rises wuh the rest of the family at
daylight, and, after a chapter from the
Bible read by the male head of the
house, a basin and towel are passed
around to the members of the family
by one of the Kaffir maidservants.
Each oue dips a corner of the towel
into the water and carelessly brushes
it over his or her face. Then the
hands are dipped iu the water and
dried aud the basin aud towel are
passed on to the next one. After this
breakfast is served.
When the meal is over, the house
wife eusconces herself beside a little
table in the window of the living room.
A shilling coffee urn atnuds on the
table aud from this the vrouw now and
then fortifies herself with deep drafts
of strong coffee drunk from queer,
huudleless cups. Should a guest drop
in during the day he will be served
with coffee and sweet cakes, and be
tween meals coffee will be given to any
member of the family who may want
it. The children play about the vrouw
aud the servants come in and out to
receive orders, but the housewife does
not stir. At noon, when the sun shines
down hot and bright ou kopje and kar
roo, doors and windows are closed
and the entire family retires for a
noonday siesta. When the sun has
gone down, every oue goes to work
again, although there is not much
labor done by any of the white people,
the Kaffirs, Hottentots and Zulus toil
ing wnile the Boer or his wife or
daughter directs them. The story
that President Kruger's wife does her
own cooking is therefore a fiction.
Like all people who live in southern
latitudes, tho Boers are lovers of their
ease aud consider it beneath their dig
nity to do anything that one of the
black servants can do for them.
Only two meals a day are served.
Dinner, which is put upon the table
in the evening, is the principal one.
In their gardeus there are plenty of
vegetables, such as cabbages, cauli
flowers, Indian corn, cucumbers, pota
toes and carrots. In the orchards are
all sorts of fruits and the vineyards
are heavy with great bunches of lus
cious grapes. When the evening meal
is over, the oattle are driven home to
the kraals and for awhile the family
may ait out on the "stoep" or around
the door watohing the night oome on,
the southern cross and the stars shin
ing with wonderful brilliancy in the
dark blue of the tropical sky. When
bedtime comes, the wutch dogs are
turned loose and the family retires to
its feather cDUches.
The houses are one-storied, built of
mud as a rule, and painted white or
red. They are soon covered with
luxuriant vines, and are, therefore,
picturesque. They contaiu from four
t?. six rooms, the voorhuis or parlor
King opened only on state days. The
walls of all the rooms are painted
green or blue or mauve, and the par
lor is hung with pictures representing
scenes from the Bible. In the parlors
of houses in the large towns one may
now and then hear a piano or an organ,
played by the daughters who have
been away to school. The parlor is
not remarkable for its luxury even in
the best houses, wooden benches and
tables and a gorgeous family Bible
being about all it contains. Some
very modern folks have a large photo
graph album, but photographers are,
as a rule, but little patronized. A
folding door geuerally divides the
parlor from the dining room, which is
just behind it.
On Sunday ovary family goes to
church. If too far from town, worship
is held in the parlor. All the Boers
belong to the Dutch Reformed
Church, and the minister, or predi
kant, as they call him, is a more im
portant person even than the rector
in an English village. He settles
dogmatically all mooted questions of
morals, aud when auy of his parishion
ers departs from the straight and nar
row pathway, as it is understood iu
the Transvaal, he is hauled before the
predikant and his elders and roundly
lectured for his failing.
The great social events of the Boer
woman's life are the days when the
predikant comes to dine with her fam
ily at weddings, christenings, confir
mations and the Naclitmaal. Those
who cannot go to church every Sun
day on account of the distance from I
town hitch up the six spaus of oxen to
the white covered wagon, and, laden
with presents from the farm to be pre
sented to the predikant, go trundling
over the karroos and mountains to the
nearest town where they take com
munion on Sunday in the church and
afterward partake of a feast at their
town houses, for nearly all the well-to- I
do Boers have town houses and farm !
residences. The town houses are!
closed except at such times as they j
drive in to church. Sometimes they j
have two country houses between >
which they divide their time, accord- |
ing to the plentifuluess of grass in one
place or the other. Women and chil
dren pile into the great ox wagors iu
which they sleep and live until the •
new home is reached. The food is l
cooked overall open fire which is kept
lighted all night, for, while the days
are warm, the nights ou the karroos j
are very cold. s Beside this there is 1
danger from the wild beasts
that roam over the louely plains j
and from wandering bands of black
banditti. To sleep thus under the
stars with the wail of the I
plover and the howl of the jackal in
one's ears aud the dauger of death al-i
ways at hand would try the nerves of |
a man, but the Boer woman has no,
nerves. Indeed, she sleeps as soundly ,
under the sky as in her feather bed !
under the tin roof at home. She cau
shoot as well as the men, uud if there
were a night, attack would probably i
shoulder her own gun and help drivoj
back the marauders. Not alone un
erriug shots, hut tine horsewomen as
well, in the old days when there was j
strife between the blacks and the
whites, parties of Boer women have 1 ,
often aloue and unaided defended the
laager, or fort, from the savages who'
expected to tindthem easy prey, in
tensely patriotic, they teach their
children to love freedom, fear God
and hate the English. This is about
their creed. Schooled iu a rough
I school aud with Dutch obstinacy in
i their blood, the Boer women wili be
j dangerous enemies to the all cou
j quering Britains, for they will, like
the Spartans of old, send their hus
! bands and brothers aud sons aud
; sweethearts out to repel the invaders
j with the injunction, ''With youri
| shield or ou it." —Treutou (N. J.)
j American.
I .on gent F1 Iff lit of Cannon Shot. |
I The longest distauce ever covered !
I by a cannon shot is said to he fifteen |
I miles, but that probably was several
j miles within the possible limit, ac-j
! cordiug to Captain E. E. Zaliuski,;
l the retired ariuy officer, who ranks
| among the highest authorities iu thej
I world ou munitions of war. On the
point of possible range, Captain Za-|
linski says: "Under existing coudi-
I tious, and with the guns, powder and
projectiles available, I believe it pos
sible to fire a shot to a distance of
eighteen miles. The distance will he
greater when a powder iH produced
that will exert a uniform pressure on
the gun throughout the course of the
! projectile from breech to muzzle."
A Gentle ICemiiider.
The up-to-date child lias away of
entering into a conversation that is
sometimes amusing aud sometimes
annoying. On a car not long ago the
question of fare or 110 fare came up
| between the conductor and the mother
of a little girl.
"How old is she?" the conductor
asked.
"Five," was the auswer.
"Why, 110, mamma, don't you re
member lam seven," the discussed
one interposed. Iu that case it was
both amusing and annoying, but not
to the same persons.—New York Sun.
Story With a Moral.
A dray horse's awkwardness never
amuses anybody as long as he sticks
to pulling a dray. Zanesville (Ohio)
Courier.
THE GREEK CHURCH.
HOW MARRIAGE CEREMONY IS
PERFORMED.
Father Ilotovltzkr, Who Joined Jnlla
Dent ttrant and Prince Cantacuzeue,
I'.xplalnM the Meaning of Yuriuus Acts
—Hetrothul Is Always the First.
Since the recent marriage of Miss
Julia Dent Grant to Prince Cantacu
zene at Newport, R. 1., much curiosity
has been felt in regard to the nature
of the Greek church ceremony which
was necessary in order to render the
marriage contract valid under the laws
of Russia. Father Hotovitzky, pastor
of the Greek church in New York, met
this general desire by furnishing de
tailed information on the subject. In
brief, this distinguished prelate says:
"The sacrament of matrimony in the
orthodox Greek church consists of two
rites—that of betrothal and that of
marriage. In the former the man and
the woman affirm their mutual engage
ment before God; the rings are the
pledge of the engagement. In the rite
of marriage their union is blessed with
prayers, invoking upon them the grace
of the Holy Ghost; of that grace the
crowns which they wear are the visible
REV. FATHER HOTOVITZKY.
tokens. In ancient times it was the.
custom to perform the rite of betrothal
apart from that of marriage, but now
the latter is performed immediately
after the former. As a rule both rites
must be performed in a church in the
presence of witnesses, but in an excep
tional case the rites may be performed
in a private house. In the rite of be
trothal the priest, preceded by alampa
dary, makes his appearance in the
church, holding in his hands a cross
and a testament, which he lays on the
lectern. Then he approaches the bride
and groom, who are already standing
in the aisle, and blesses them thrice
with two lighted candles, which he
hands to them, and then conducts them
back to the lectern swinging a censer.
When he reaches the lectern the cere
mony begins. First he takes the rings,
which he has already received from the
bride and groom in advance of the
service. With the golden ring he
makes the sign of the cross thrice
above the groom s head, with the
words, "The servant of God, N., is be
trothed to the handmaid of God, N., in
the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost.' This he
repeats thrice, then slips the ring on
the fourth finger of the groom's right
hand. The same proceeding is re
peated with the bride's silver ring.
After the betrothal, it is prescribed by
the canons of the cluirch that the
sponsor—the groom's best man—shall
change the rings thrice from one to
the other, so that the bride's silver
ring remains with the groom, and the
groom's golden ring remains with the
bride. The rings are given in token of
the lifelong union into which they
are entering.
"Next comes the rite of marriage.
When this stage Is reachell the priest
asks them each separately whether
they have spontaneous wish anil the
firm intention to contract the con
jugal union with each other anil
wheth'er they have not promised to
contract that union with some one
else. On receiving thetr affirmative
answer to the first questtiw and their
negative to the second, the priest pro
ceeds to the actual rite of marriage.
This rite begins with blessing the
kingdom of the most holy Trinity, and
with the great Ectenia. To this Ec
tenia are added petitions on behalf of
the new consorts, that they be granted
a blessing upon their marriage, ehasti
ty, well-favored children and joy in
them; a blameless life, an unfading
crown of glory in the heavens, and an
abundance of the good things of the
earth, so that they may be enabled to
assist the needy; that the Lord may
help the wife to obey her husband, and
the husband to be the head of his wife;
that he may remember also the parents
who reared them, as parents' prayers
make firm the feundations of houses.
Next the priest puts a crown on the
head of the groom, repeating the
words: 'The servant of God, N., is
crowned for the handmaid of God, N'„
In the name of the Father and of the
Son and of the Holy Ghost.' This he
repeats, placing the crown on the
head of the bride, after which he
blesses them thrice, saying, 'Oh, Lord,
our Gud, with glory and honor crown
them.'
"After the ceremony of marriage and
the blessing a psalm is sung, in which
the essence of the sacrament of matri
mony is set forth: 'Thou hast set upon
their heads crowns of precious stones;
they asked life of thee, and thou gav
est it them.' After this lessons from
the gospels and epistle are read. The
epfstle lesson speaks of the importance
and of the mutual duties of the con
sorts; the gospel tells of Christ's
presence at the wedding at Cana in
Galilee. The readings are followed by
the triple Ectenia and the Ectenia of
supplication, ending with the chant
ing of the Lord's prayer. Then a cup
of wine is brought. The priest blesses
the cup and presents it alternately to
the husband and wife to drink from,
three times to each. This common cup
signifies that they must live in an in
dissoluble union and share with each
other Joy and sorrow. The priest then
takes the wedded couple by the hands
and leads them three time 9 around the
lectern; the best man and attendants
follow, holding the crowns above the
heads of the newly married pair.
During this, the same hymns are sung
as at an ordination. This ceremony is
sj'mbolical of the solemnity and indis
solubility of the conjugal union. The
priest now takes the crown from the
pair and addresses to each words of
greeting and good wishes. To the hus
band he says: 'Be thou magnified, O
bridegroom, like Abraham, and blessed
like Isaac, and increase like Jacob,
walking in peace and performing in
righteousness the commandments of
God.' To the bride he says, as he
takes off her crown: 'And thou, O
bride, be magnified like Sarah, and re
joice like Rebecca, and increase like
Rachel, being glad in thy husband and
keeping the bounds of the law, for so
is God well pleased ' After the crown 9
have been removed the couple bow
their heads at the priest's invitation,
listen to his wishes and give each other
the kiss of love. Before dismissal the
priest prays that the pair may preserve
their union inviolate."
ODD FACTS ABOUT THE CZAR.
In Russia the czar's will is the only
law, and it follows that he can name
any man he likes as his successor —a
barber, for example. As a matter of
fact, the czars have lately observed the
laws laid down by their predecessors,
but they used not to, and there is no
power to compel them to do so.
The czar commands an army of 2,-
532,49G men, who know no higher law
than his will. He has a personal es
tate of more than a million square
miles of cultivated lands and forests,
besides gold and other mines in Si
beria. His wealth is simply incalcula
ble, and probably inexhaustible. Pub
lic documents give no account of his
income, as they do in other monarchiai
countries.
Although the position of the czar
may appear an enviable one, it has
many disadvantages. The mortality
among czars is probably higher than
among match factory operatives. Peter
111., grandson of Peter the Great, was
murdered in 1762. Paul, son of Cath
erine 11., was murdered in 1801. Alex
ander was assassinated by the Nihl-
Usts in 1881. The late czar, Alexander
111., died prematurely through the con
stant fear of assassination. The czar
possesses the most splendid collection
of jewels of any person in the world
monarch or millionaire. These, or
course, are of more importance to his
wife than to him.
MISSING BASTION.
Search has been made at Oxford,
England, for the missing bastion of
the city wall. An extraordinarily fine
piece of the wall surrounds the garden
of New college, and makes it really
the most beautiful in Oxford. But be
tween this and the bastion which for
merly existed in . the garden of the
rector of Exeter college all trace had
been lost except the fine mediaeval
carving in the house facing the Bod
leian, which was, as known from doc
umentary evidence, abutting on a bas
tion.
Excavations now being made in the
angle between the Bodleian and the
Sheldonian theater reveal ample traces
of the missing bastion and a number
of ancient tobacco pipes and glass bot
tles, resembling those in which bene
dictine Is sold, with a protuberance on
the top of the bulb to receive a seal.
The next bastion was, as has been
mentioned, in the garden of the rector
of Exeter; the next is in the premises
of the furniture-maker opposite Bal
liol; and the next adjoins ihe ancient
church of St. Michael's, in the Corn
market, famous for its perfect Saxon
tower. The bastion opposite Balliol is
particularly interesting as having
formed the prison of Latimer and Rid
ley before their martyrdom.
M'N AIR'S LOST OPPORTUNITY,
All of the glory that has come to
Admiral Dewey might have been be
stowed upon Frederick V. McNair.
The latter officer was the commodore
in command of the Asiatic squadron
before Dewey was given the assign
ment. Commodore McNair was tired
of sea duty and did not expect a war
with Spain. Hence, when the navy de
partment offered to relieve him of
command a few months before the
commodore's expiration of sea duty, he
REAR ADMIRAL M'NAIR.
made no objection. George Dewey
was then given the appointment. Had
McNair been anxious to continue in
Asiatic waters it is believed that he
could have done so. Naval officers also
believe that he would have been suc
cessful, for, like Dewey, he was trained
under Farragut and he won meritor
ious mention for bravery in the attack
on Fort Fisher.
Every man has his price—Calvary