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An Italian Solomon.
The Duke of Ossonc, while viceroy
6f Naples, delivered many quaint anil
clever judgments. The case Is relat
ed where a young Spanish exquisite
named Bertrand Solus, while lounging
around In the busy part of tho city, was
run against by a porter carrying a bun
dle of wood on his shoulder.
The porter had called out, "Make
way, please!" several times, but with
out effect. He had then tried to get by
without collision, hut his bundle caught
In the young man's velvet dress and
tore It. Solus was highly Indignant,
and had the porter arrested. The vice
roy. who had privately Investigated the
matter, told the porter to pretend he
was dumb, and at the trial to reply by
signs to any question that might be
put to him.
When the ease came on and Solus
had made his complaint, tho viceroy
turned to the porter and asked him
what ho had to say In reply. The por
ter only shook his head and made signs
with his hands.
"What judgment do you want me to
give against a dumb man?" asked the
viceroy.
"Oh, your excellency." replied Solus,
falling Into the trap, "tho man Is an Im
postor. I assure you ho Is not dumb.
Before he ran Into me I distinctly heard
him cry out, 'Make way.' "
"Then," said the viceroy, sternly, "If
you heard him ask you to make way for
ULM, why did you not? The fault of the
accident was entirely with yourself,
and you must give this poor man com
pensation for the trouble you have giv
en him In bringing him here."
New View of the Matter.
Mamma— "How hot you arc, Tommy;
your clothes are wet through, I de
clare 1"
Tommy— "Can't help It, ma. The hit
makes me cry all over."—Plck-Me-UJN
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1 MINING OUR • 1
| ® BLACK DIAMONDS, I
w w
I have just spent a few days at the
United Htates geological survey in
| Washington, writes Frank G. Carpen
ter, looking up facts about coal min
ing. Tho geologists know more about
j coal than any one else. They eon tell
| you just how the world looked when
i coal was made, and they describe how
] there were ages of luxuriaut growth
| consisting of piue trees, lir trees and
1 all kinds of mosses and plants, which,
dying down year after year, became a
great matted bed of vegetation. They
tell you how this bod was bottled up
by being covered up svith rock 3 and
! how it finally turned into coal. They
l can tell you just how this happened
; and how long it came to pass before
I Noah was a baby or Cain killed little
Abel outside the Garden of Eden.
Men lived for thousauds of years
I upon the earth before they kuesv that
coal was good to burn. All the iron
made before the days of tho middle
I ages was with charcoal, aud a fairy
| tale is told in Belgium of how a poor
J blacksmith discovered tho first black
\ diamonds. He found that he could
not jet along, for it took so much time
I to make his charcoal for his furnace,
j He was just about to commit suicide
| when a white-bearded old man ap
] peared at his shop and told him to go
I to the mountains near by and dig out
| the black earth and burn it. He did
so, and was able to make a horseshoe
jat one forging. This is the Belgian
story of the discovery of coal. The
first coal found in America was near
Ottawa, Illinois. It is mentioned by
Father Hennepin, a French explorer,
who visited there in 1679. The first
mines worked were about Richmond,
Va. This coal was discovered by a
boy while out fishing,
i He was hunting for crabs for bait in
a small creek, and thus stumbled upon
the outeroppiug3 of the James River
j ooal bed. Our anthracite coal fields
have perhaps paid better than any
other coal fields of the world. They
I were discovered by a hunter named
Nieho Allen, when George Washing
ton was Prosident. Allen encamped
[ one night in the Schuylkill regions,
| kindling his tiro upon some black
stones. He awoke to fiud himself al
l most roasted. The stones were on fire,
and anthracite was burning for the
first time. Shortly after this a com
pany was organized to sell anthracite
coal. It was taken around to tho black
smiths, but they did not know how to
use it, and it was very unpopular.
I Some of it was shipped to Philadelphia
j by a Colonel Shoemaker nnd sold
j there. It was not at all satisfactory,
and a writ was gotten out from the
j city authorities, denouncing the
colonel as a knave and scoundrel for
trying to imposed rocks upon them as
coal. Still Philadelphia has largely
been built up by anthracite coal, and
50,000,000 tons of this coal were taken
out of the Pennsylvania fields in 1896.
Since then some of these coal lands
have been sold n3 high as 81200 an
I acre, and the Philadelphia and Read
ing Company in 1871 paid 840,000,000
j for 100,000 acres of coal land in this
! region. As a sample of the amount of
business done iu anthracite coal, the
Delaware andHudsou Canul Company
paid 83,000,000 iuone year for mining,
und their coal sales that year amounted
to more than 810,000,000.
i It is hard to estimate the enormous
; amount of money the Unitod States
■ makes out of its coal. We get more
thau three times as much out of our
! coal mines as out of our gold mines,
nnd the silver metal is not iu it with
tho black diamonds. There is a little
region in eastern Pennsylvania, about
a hundred and twenty-five miles from
Philadelphia and not more than two
hundred miles from New York, which
produces every year coal to a greater
value than all the gold mines of the
Rockies, Canada and Alaska. It is
our anthracite coal fields which turn
out between 50,006,000 and 60,000,000
tons of anthracite every year. We
have in addition to this a hundred and
thirty odd million tons of bituminous
coal annually. We have, in short, the
biggest and best coal measures on the
globe. It is estimated that our coal
: east of the Rocky Mountains covers
192,000 square miles, nnd within the
past few years coal has been found in
: many pnrtsofthe Far West. Colorado
J will eventually be a great manufactur
ing State on account of its coal.
Utah lias large coal fields, and so
have tho Htates of Montana, Washing
| ton and Wyoming. Wo are now get
ting something like 20,000,000 tons of
coal a year out of Indiana, Kentucky
and Illinois, aud the great Appalach
ian field produces more than four
times this amount. There is more
good buruable earth in the Appalacli
IN AN ENGLISH MINE.
ian Mountain, than anywhere else in
the world. The coal is easy to get at,
the veins are thick, and in some mines
they are almost on the top of the
ground. They are better than any
other coal fields in this respect, with
qua tingle exception. This is the new
eoal field of Alaska, which, one of tlio
geological survey men tells me, comes
right out over the water, so that the
coal can be dug down and nlmost fall
into the ships below. This Alaskan
coal will probably be used to supply
the Pacific trade, aud its importance
will be appreciated when it is remem
bered that the largest fleet that sails
the Pacific is the coal fleet. Most of
the cool from that region comes from
Australinoml Japan. Much Australian
coal is brought to Han Francisco. Dur
ing my travels in Japan I visited one
coal mine which had fifty miles of tun
nels under the sea, and I learned that
the Japanese were making a great deal
of money out of their coal.
They were shipping it to China, not
withstanding the fact that the geolo
gists say that China has some of the
largest coal fields of the world. I
doubt the extent of the Chinese fields.
The people are thrifty, and it is curi
ous that they do not use the coal if
they have it. They are among the
most economical of people, aud in the
different Chiuese cities coal is so valu
able that it is ground to dust and then
mixed with dirt, being sold in balls
about the size of a biscuit. It is in
teresting to know the coal fields of
the world, as estimated by the geolo
gists. Here they are:
China, '200,000 square miles; United
States east of the Rockies, 192,000
square miles; Canada, 65,000 square
miles; India, 05,500 square miles;
New South Wales, '21,000 square
miles; Russia, 20,000 square miles;
United Kingdom, 11,500 square miles;
Spain, 5500 square miles; Japan, 5000
square miles, France, 2080 square
miles; Austria-Hungary, 1790 square
miles; Germany, 1770 square miles;
Belgium, 510 square miles.
From the above table it will be seen
that the English coal area is small.
Still England has for years been the
centre of the coal production of the
world, and for years it mined more
than half the total amount used by the
world. The United States is now
probably ahead of it, and we are in
creasing our product every year. The
English coal veins are thin. The
miners have to lie on their sides to
BELGIAN MINERS.
work many of them. They have dug
out the surface coal aud they are now
working at great depths. One English
vein, fourteen and a half inches wide,
is already down over twelve hundred
feet. Such a vein would not be worked
to any great depth in America. The
Newcastle coal field, which is the rich
est in England, has veins from three
to six feet thick, while the Wales coal
veins are less than three feet in thick
ness. Some of our Pennsylvania an
thracite veins run from thirty feet to
sixty feet feet in thickness, while the
Pittsburg bituminous coal veins are
from eight to sixteen feet thick. At
the present rate of mining it is esti
mated that all the English coal will be
exhausted in 212 years if it is worked
down to 4000 feet, and this will be 113
feet deeper tban any of the English
mines now worked. Notwithstanding
the enormous amounts of coal which
we have taken out of our anthracite
region it is estimated that we could go
on at the present rate for 616 years.
As England goes further down her
coal mining will become more expen
sive, aud her days as a manufacturing
Nation are, consequently, numbered
Already we surpass her a great denl in
manufacturing, aud there is no doubt
that we, with our vast supplies of coal
and iron, are to bo the chief manu
facturing Nation of the future.
Our Appalachian coal fields alone
could supply the world with fuel for
centuries. They are the largest nnd
richest known, aud they are so situated
that the coal can be shipped from them
long distances by water. From Pitts
burg coal can be carried for eight
. een thousand miles on navigable
streams, and the grate fires of the
i South blaze with the rays from the
i black diamonds from Bfto'nsylvania.
The Ohio River is the great coal chute
for the Mississippi valley. The coal
is carried down it in crreat barges
pushed by little steamers, and so fast
ened together that a single steamer
will push acres of coal. Loads of
twenty thousand tons are taken. A
vast amount of coal is carried on the
canals and the great lakes form one of
the chief highways of the coal trafflo.
The amount of ooal carried on the
railroads is almost beyond conception.
The Philadelphia and Beading has
more than fifty thousand ooal cars,
which are dragged by nine hundred
AN EXPLOSION.
coal locomotives. These cars are kept
busy in carrying anthracite coal. The
Pennsylvania Railroad employs more
than seventy thousand cars for the
movement of its coal and coke trade,
and the Central Railroad of New Jer
sey carries about Ave million tons of
anthracite coal every year. More coal
is handled at New York than at any
other place in the world except Lon
don, more than fifteen million tons be
ing used or transshipped at that point
annually.
One would think that there would
be a lot of money in ooal for the miners.
There is not, and it is a question
whether tho present strike will materi
ally better matters. As far as strikes
have gone in the past, they have been
against the working men. Some years
ago Carroll D. Wright, the United
States Commissioner of Labor, figured
up the profit and loss of ten years of
striking in all branches of labor. He
estimated that the employes during
this time lost fifty-nine million dol
lars, an average of forty dollars to each
striker involved, while the employers
lost a little more than half the amount,
or thirty million dollars.
The coal miners live a3 poorly as
any other class of workmen in the
country. Por the most part they are
in dirty villages, with narrow streets,
their houses blackened by coal Amoke.
In many mining districts the houses
belong to the company owning tho
mines, and the miners pay rent for
them, so that when a strike occurs and
they are out of money they are given
orders to leave. Many of the housos
have nothing more than two rooms
and a kitchen, and in some places the
only stores at which the miners can
trade are the company's stores. With
all this the American miners are far
better off" than the miners of other
countries. The coal miners of Japan
receive only a few cents a day. Both
women and men work in the mines,
and the foreign ships, which get coal
at Japan are always loaded by women,
who pass the coal up the sides of the
ship in baskets.
Women are still used in the coal
mines of Belgium. They dress in
trousers, just like the men, and they
do much the same work. They help
load the coal, and in some of the mines
they drag the cars from the tunnels to
the bottom of the shaft. L. Simonin,
a Frenchman, from whose book on un
derground life the illustrations of this
letter are taken, describes the horrors
of their life in the mines. For a long
times women were used in this way
in England and Scotland, and it was
not until twenty-five years ago that
parliament passed an aot keeping them
out.
Children are employed in the Bel
gium mines to-day. The English and
Scotch used th sin for years. They
were taken into the mines at seven,
eight and nine years of ags, and were
kept there until they grew up. The
English coal veins are very thin and
the tunnels are not more than a yard
high. These children were used as
beasts of burden. They were har
nessed to little carts filled with coal,
and had to crawl along on all fours
with belts about their waists and
chains between their legs dragging
the coal carts to the surface. Women
became deformed by this work. They
were dressed in trousers and shirts
like men. They learned to fight and
swear like the men and became bad
characters. At the age of fifty they
were usually worn out. In Scotland
young women were employed to carry
the coal on their backs out of the
mines. They dragged the coal to the
foot of the ladders and then loaded it
on their backs, holding it there by a
strap around the forehead while they
climbed up the ladders to get it to the
surface. They worked from twelve to
fourteen honrs a day, and would do
work, it is said, which the men would
not do, tramping through tho water
with their loads of coal. According to
law women cannot be employed in our
mines.
Boys, however, have been largely
used. They drive the mules, and in
the anthracite regions they pick over
the coal, taking the slate and refuse
out of it. They get from fifty to sixty
cents a day for bending over the dusty
coal, roasting in the summer and al
most freozing in the winter. They
are frequently hurt, though it is by no
moans as bad with our children as
with those of Europe a few years ago,
when in one investigation it was
stated: "That they seldom slept with
a whole skin, and that their backs
were cut with knocking against the
roof and sides of the tunnels, and that
the walking in the water covered their
feet with sores."
Have you ever been down in a coal
mine? If so, you can appreciate some
of the dangers of mining. A coal mine
is like agr eat catacomb. It is a city
underground, the walls of which in
many cases are upheld by timbers.
Now and then you come to rooms out
of which the coal has been cut. The
coal is taken down with blasting pow
der, and there is danger of the wall
falling and of the miners being
orushed.
There is also danger from fire damp,
or the union of the gases of the mine
brought together by the light from
a lamp or candle. This causes a great
explosion. It comes like a stroke of
lightning, and with a clap of thunder.
As the explosion occurs a roaring
whirlwind of flame goes through the
tunnels, pulling down the timbers and
caving in the walls. It burns every
thing within reach. Miners are
blinded, scorched and sometimes
burned to cinders. Hundreds have
often been killed at n timo by such
explosions, and by the flood of cur
bonio acid gas which follows them.
The statistics show that even in the
United States one miner is killed for
every hundred thousand tons of coal
mined, and those who are injured
number many times this proportion.
TWO FOWLS WITH SEVEN LECS.
A New Yorker Has a Three-Legged lioos
ter and n Quadruped lieu.
Two freak fowls are owned by C.
Stern, of the Third Street Market,
East River, New York City, which
are belioved to be unique in their
way.
They were bought by their owner in
Washington Market, The rooster,
which is a year old, has three legs,
FREAK FOWLS.
the extra "scratcher" (which, by the
way, is useless for that purpose or any
other) sticking out behind, between
the other two.
The hen, which is about a year and
a half old, can boast of four legs, two
which she walks on, being in their
natural places, the extra two growing
out of her left side.
The strange feathered creatures
have been seen by hundreds of
chicken fanciers.
America's Oddest Hock.
Near West Superior, Wis., on a
steep, rocky bluff stands one of the
most freakish objects to be found in
the world. It consists of a ledge of
solid granite, which bears most gro
tesque resemblance to a human head.
Its cavernous mouth is partly open
and its features are distorted with a
hideous grin. This monstrosity is
DEVIL'S HEAD.
known as "Devil's Head." Prospec
tors rub a spot above the eyes, which
is said to bring them luck. The In
dians have a legend concerning the
"skull rock" to the effect that it is
nothing more or less than the petrified
head of a great warrior who came from
their "happy hunting ground" to pro
tect the tribes of the Northwest againßt
extermination by the whites.
The largest mass of pure rock salt in
the world lies under the province of
Galicia, Hungary. It is known to be
550 miles long, twenty broad and '250
feet in thickness.
The Mtlllcmaire'. Regrret.
Dismal Dawson—Funny" Isn't It, that |
a millionaire ain't happy?
Everett Wrest—l see nothin' strange
about It. It is the time they have wast. ]
ed that makes 'can sore when they |
think of It.
"Time wasted?"
"Sure. Don't you know that most of )
•em has spent their lives In hard
work? —Indianapolis Journal,
I rooM not vet along vdthont Piao's Care
for Consumption. It always cures.—Mrs. I l '. C.
Morr.Tos*. Needham, Mass., October -I,isai.
WHY SO MANY REGULAR PHYSICIANS FAIL
To Cure Female Ills—Some True Reasons Why i
Mrs. Pinkham is More Successful
is some disease peculiar
the doctor fails to cure the di .rase
man, f-•:* it i i r;i :11 H I
to detail some of the symp- J ■
toms of her suffering, even to /
It was for this reason that f ' ® * (
years ago Mrs. Lydia E. Pink-
ham, at Lynn, Mass., determined totep in andhelpher sex. Having had consid
erable experience in treating female ills with her Vegetable Compound, she en
couraged th.o women of America to write to her for advice in regard to their
complaints, and, being a woman, it was easy for her ailing sisters to pour into
her ears every detail of their suffering.
In this way she was able to do for them what the physicians were unabto
to do, simply because she had the proper information to work upon, an<2
from the little group of women who sought her advice years ago a great
army of her fellow-beings are to-day constantly applying for advice and re
lief, and the fact that more than one hundred thousand of them have beea
successfully treated by Mrs. Pinkham during the last year is indicative of
the grand results which are produced by her unequaled experience and
training.
No physician in the world has had such a training, or has such an amount
of information at hand to assist in the treatment of all kinds of female
from the simplest local irritation to the most complicated diseases of the womb.
This, therefore, is the reason why Mrs. Pinkham, in her laboratory at
Lynn, Mass., is able to do more for the ailing women of America than the
family physician. Any woman, therefore, is responsible for her own suffering
who will not take the trouble to write to Mrs. Pinkham for advice.
The testimonials which we are constantly publishing from grateful women
establish beyond a doubt the power of Lydia & Pinkhain's Vegetable Com
pound to conquer female diseases.
| y STANDARD OF THE WORLD. 4 ►
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y Hartford, Pattern 2 45 4
. y Hartford, Pattern 1 40 4
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EVERY MAN HIS BWN DOCTOR
By J- Hamilton Ayers, A. M. f M. D.
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t'W 598 paces,
w profusely illustrateh
\S9J written in plain every
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What Brings Release From Dirt and Crease 1
Why, Don't You Know ?
SAPOLIO
Gladstone's Career Equaled.
I Mr. Gladstone, who celebrated Ms
[ S7th birthday on the 29th of December,
Is younger than a former AmerVaa
j Congressman and Cabinet miniate*
| whose old age is as vigorous as that ot
I the groat English statesman. CoL
j Richard W. Thompson, of Terre Haute,
| Ind., who was a Whig leader In tba
dnys of .TaeUson and Clay, who was ths
close friend of Lincoln, and who served
as Secretary of the Navy under Hayes,
will be S8 if he lives to the 9th of next
June.