V
IMEft OF THE FHOMTIER
How They Brought Law and
Order to the Unruly West.
THE RULE OF THE REVOLVER.
Life In the Wild Daye When Gun Plays
Occasioned Little Comment, Yet
When There Was Always Safety In
"Leaving It to the Crowd."
Thi! bold, reckless life of tho frontier
of tho nililillu years of tho nineteenth
cculury linil later lias been often re
called by tho stories of desperadoes
nml bail, men, but In tho birth and
growth of tho frontier clt It Is a iiiiitpio
phano of American civic genius which
bna been little dwelt upon.
Most f the dill's of the far went
have hovered close about the gather
ings of hardy miners as they came or
went on a feverish search for gold. In
forty-nine So.ikmi men from all parts
of tho world reached the HI Dorado
of California. Nome traveled 2,000
miles overland; others went far around
by Panama or Cape Horn. In llfty
Ji'lno UMl.OOO- isold Beckers stampeded
wildly across the sunburnt plains of
Colorado. Only 40,000 stayed thu year
through. Of like kind, although of
smaller proportions, were all the pil
grimages that are more or less respon
sible for the titles of the west, the
finding of a streak of inngle yellow,
Its story leaking out mid growing,
tho glimpse of nuggets mid speci
mens and then the grand, senseless
tirnh to the Land of Oot-Hlch-Qulek.
Thousands of daring spirits wero
drawn by the yellow loadstone, Intent
, on nothing but the accumulation of
wealth. Then necessity produced soino
weird assemblages of tents, shanties
and log cabins, many of which grew
Into cities. Often full grown towns
sprang up In n few months. Far from
any state or territorial government nnd
composed of n conglomerated herd of
excited men, none of whom had timo
for civic affairs, these embryo cities ex
isted nnd grew under conditions that
wero unique and extremely wild.
Our forefathers landed on the east
era const full of religious zeal nnd a
desire for freedom of thought nnd life.
Their leaders and law came with them.
They prayed nnd lived communlstlcnl
ly nB long as they could, then In
creased, expanded nnd developed Into
a nation. But tho gold discoveries of
California, Nevada, Colorado nnd Mon
tana brought thousands of Independ
ent men to the wilderness who were
full of the hunger for gold, not homes;
who had no leaders, no laws to which
they could appeal nnd nothing to bind
them together. Then tho lenders came
out of the crowd, nnd the law grew ns
It was needed. It was only after n
time that any of these men came to
consider remaining permanently In the
country, and It was these venturesome
builders who developed the newer part
of our nation.
From tho nature of things, with so
much at -stake among such bard living
men, there wero plenty of tights nnd
disputes. There being no authority to
which to nppenl, differences were set
tled between man and man. A six
shooter was the greatest help a man
could get 'toward a physical superior
ity over other men, and so everybody
carried a "gun" nnd knew how to uso
It. Tho trigger finger grew nimble
with practice, and there developed a
condition whore frequent killings and
shootings occasioned little comment or
criticism, where men were almost In
different to the spilling of blood and
looked death square In the face with
a nonchalance that Is hardly concelv
ablo now. Shooting affrays were the
froth of a very strong brew of tho bor
der life, and they put a settlement to
questions quickly and definitely. If
when the smoke cleared away some
good man lay biting the dust, his light
hnd gone out according to tho code of
tho time, fierce aud barbarous as codes
must be when man first struggles with
nature.
' And yet there was always safety In
"leaving It to the crowd." The gener
al sentiment of the community was
very partial to fairness aud honesty
during the early days of most border
towns. There were no locks or keys,
almost any man's credit was good to
any amount, and stores and provisions
could lay untouched for mouths In
wholly unguarded places. It was the
natural, frank honesty of the virgin
west and a veritable paradise for
thieves and criminals.
And they came, hordes of murdering,
- plundering adventurers who knew no
code of morals or chivalry, and resorted
to anything to accomplish their ends.
They found plunder rich, crime easy
and escape still easier and, drifting all
over the country, levied tribute from
each new camp as It sprang into being.
Often' these men were In such a ma
jority that a man who believed In hon
esty and Justice was a man indeed if
lie bad the courage to back his ideals.
But there were such men, men as God
meant men to be, full of the sense of
rlgbt and tho fitness of things and un
afraid. They stepped right Into the
opening and tackled some of the cuss
cdest crowds in Christendom, teaching
a wholesome respect for "life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness" to
bunches of drinking, blasphemous and
tmhnrnessod tempers. The gun fight
ings, lynchlngs and wanton splllings of
blood that spiced the histories of the
time may have been very close to sav
agery, but they serve now to deepen
the respect we must have for men who
harnessed law and order on such condi
tions. Outing Magazine.
Good Temper.
Good temper la ITke a aunny day.
French Proverb. . . I
CRYSTAL GAZING. -
If Ycu Want to Try It, This Will Tell
Yau How to Procetd.
Having satisfied nivsell that some
people really would see h illiiclna'oi-y
pictures In n glass bull or In water, I
examined the ethnological side of the
question. I found by studying works
of travel and anthropology that many
savage nnd barbarous races gaze bilo
water, polished basalt, rock crystals,
uuil so on, for the purpose f seeing
distant events, foreseeing tho future,
detecting criminals, anil so forth, it
docs not seem to mo credible that so
uimiy and so widely separated peoples
should agree with ancient (ireeks nnd
the races of western lOuroiio in staring
away If they did not see hallucinatory
pictures. So I believe that some peo
ple do see tli i-lii. Nor Is this fact now
denied by professors of psychology.
I have never been able to foresee
from character, complexion, habit of
mind and nlhcr Indications what per
sons would prove capable of descrying
even fancy pictures lu a glass ball.
Tho best gazers of my ncipuilnlance,
those who hit on pictures enlnclilenlill
with actual events unknown to them
or with the secret thoughts of n com
panion, nre both of them not unfamil
iar with other curious experiences.
But 1 have tried with the glass bull
two or throe other friends who have
seen what are vulgarly called "ghosts"
In haunted houses, and In the glass
ball they can see nothing, while people
who never saw ghosts do seo "coinci
dental" pictures lu a gluss ball. '
If any renders care to niako experi
ments, they can begin by purchasing
a ball, or, of course, n glass Jug of wa
ter will do, or even a toaspoonful of
Ink, In some cases, but both are Incon
venient nnd may spill. Having got tho
ball, It Is best to go alono Into a room,
sit down with the back to tho light,
place the ball at a Just focus lu the
lap on a dark dress or a dark pleco of
cloth, try to exclude retlectlons, think
of anything you please ond slnro for
five minutes, say, at the ball. That Is
all. If after two or three trials you
Bee nothing lu tho way of pictures In
the ball, you will probably never suc
ceed. Andrew Lang.
Circumstantial Evidence.
During a discussion In regard to cir
cumstantial evidence a lawyer told of
a rcmnrkiiblo case which, ho said, ap
pears In tho Virginia reports. It was
this:
A man was discovered drawing a
knlfo from the prostrate form of nn
other man near n roadside. The wit
nesses rushed upon him and took tho
weapon from blin. It was still drip
ping with the warm blood of tho vic
tim, lie was accused of tho murder,
but asserted bis Innocence. Ho claim
ed thnt he had happened along the
rond but n few moments before and
saw his alleged victim struggling with
another man. Before ho could come up
tho unknown hnd driven his knife
home and had lied into some brush
close by. Seeing the knlfo still In tho
breast of tho fallen man, ho stooped
over nnd drew It forth Just as bis ac
cusers came on the scene. That was
his story. The knife being Identified ns
the property of tho accused, no cre
dence whatever wns placed In bis talo.
ITo was tried, convicted and banged.
A year later the man who bad really
committed the crime whtlo on his
deathbed confessed that he was the
murderer and told how bo hnd stolen
the knife from the Innocent man who
had been sent to the gallows.
A Perfect Marriage.
Most people know and admlro the
work of the versatile William Blako,
poet and artist, but few people know
.tho story of his perfect marriage, for a
perfect marriage It was Indeed. In
1780 Blake fell In love with a pretty
girl called Clara Woods, but she did
not care for him, and the blow was a
severe one to the Impressionable young
man. He left London und took up his
abode at Richmond, whero he lodged
with a nursery gardener named Bouch
er. Mr. Boucher had a beautiful daugh
ter, Catherine, and sho becamo the
confidant of the poet's lovo affair, and
her generous sympathy so cheered
Blake's mental sufferings that he grad
ually fell in love with tho gcntlo girl.
His affection was warmly returned,
and Catherine Boucher married Wil
liam Blake ou Aug. 13, 1782. It was
an ideal union. The young husband
took a delight lu teaching bis wife,
who was- all eagerness to learn, and
the modest gardener's daughter be
came eventually a cultured woman,
who was an ardent hero worshiper of
her clever husband and who cheered
his life more than any one else could.
Mrs. Blake learned to color ber bus
band's drawings and was extraordi
narily adept In the work.
Discovery of Osteopathy.
"The man who discovered osteopathy
was a great sufferer from headache,"
said a man who claims to know. "He
tried every remedy on earth almost,
but could get no permanent relief. One
day he had a terrible headache and
went out Into his front yard to lie un
der the shade of a big tree and rest his
throbbing head on the cooling grass.
Suspended from a limb of the tree was
a rope swing used by the children.
The man lay under this swing for
awhile and finally put the rope under
his head to act ns a support. In a few
moments be was surprised and pleased
to find that bis headache was much
better. In half an hour the pain had
gone. He began an investigation. He
discovered that the rope swing pressed
on the neave In the back of the head.
This pressure stopped the headache.
With more study be decided that many :
pains could be relieved If nerves could
be given tho proper treatment a mas
sago. He started an osteopathic school
and has made a grand success." !
Nashville Tennesseean. I
ETIQUETTE IN KASSALA.
A Chat Betwtrn a Mole Heallicn and
Two Native Ladies.
Pome of tho traditional observances
In the pollto society of oilier lauds af
ford, In addition to amusement, con
siderable opposition to the free Inter
course to which modern condition
have accustomed us. Mrs. Speedy,
one of the first Kngllsh ladles In visit
Kassalu, gives a good Instance of this
In her "Wanderings In llio Sudan"
when relating how she anil her hus
band received their first oil lorn. Their
patroness was an Itnllnn lady who had
long been n resident of tho city.
"In the morning n rap came to the
diKtr," writes Mrs. Speedy, "and on
opening It I saw niaibime, with two
Aral) women, standing outside. She In
quired cautiously If t'harlle were with
in, nnd on my saying that be was, she
mailo a sign lo the two ladles, who
drew the thickly concealing shawl still
more closely over their hidden faces
nnd moved on" to one side In the pas
sage, turning their backs to tho door
way. "Sho then explained to mo that they
wero of very high rank and of n very
strict sect and must on no account bo
seen by n strange man, especially not
by one who wns of another nation nml
an Infidel. They were, however, very
nnxlous to sea me and bad coino to do
me that honor, and If Charlie would
not object to go below or Into some
other room for n few minutes they
would make their visit very short.
"I represented the state of the case,
nnd ho at once consented to absent
himself, his only regret being that ho
should not have n chance to converse
with theso Indies, ns there wero many
things which he wished espeelnlly to
know nnd which bo wns not likely to
hnve any opportunity so good ns tho
present for ascertaining. In turn, I
represented this side of tho question
to nindame, and nfter much hesitation
and whispered conversation In tho pas
sage a compromise wns effected.
"It wns arranged that, completely
veiled, tho ladles should enter tho
room, not venturing to turn their bonds
In the direction of the masculine hea
then, and thnt ho should before they
entered turn bis back to the direction
by which they would como In.
"This was all strictly carried out, and
thus, back to back nnd a considerable
distance apart, an edifying conversation
wont on for half an hour, questions
being put lu bland, Inquiring tones and
dulcet repllps given, which appeared to
be quite satisfactory to both parties."
The Longest "Straight."
To the Buenos Aires and rnclflc
railway belongs the peculiar distinction
of bnvlng on Its system the longest
straight stretch of railway In the
world. The length of this Is 20f'j
miles, mid It Is situated on the main
line, between 158 and 313& miles from
Buenos Aires. The straight was for
merly broken by reverse curves form
ing a detour around Lnko Sorla. The
longer portion was then 175 miles long
and wns even then tho world's roc-onl.
Tho lake having, however, practically
dried up, tho company suppressed tho
curves, nnd tho cutoff wns opened to
service on Oct. 15, 1907. It seems thnt
when the line wns set out lu tho sev
enties, nt which tlmo tho country was
In the bands of the Indians, nfter leav
ing Junln, which was a military out
post and the Inst point of contact with
the Ilucnos Aires civilization, a courso
of aboutwest-northwest wns set nnd the
line run straight ncross the flat pampas
until It met another line about sixty
miles long, which wns pushed out cast
ward from the western terminus, Villa
Mercedes. There were tlo obstacles of
Importance to avoid, and hence the
phenomenal bee line. Engineer.
Cain's Wife.
"I never discuss marriage," said tho
late General Fltz-Hugh Leo, "Without
thinking of an old colored preacher In
my state who was addressing his dark
skinned congregation when a white
man rose up In the back of tho bulld-
"'Mr. Treacher,' said the white man.
" 'Sir to yoH,' said tho pnrson.
" 'Mr. Treacher, you are talking about
Cain, and you say ho got married In the
land of Nod after he killed Abel. But
tho Bible only mentions Adum and
Eve as being on the earth at that time.
Whom, then, did Cain marry?
'The colored preached snorted with
unfeigned contempt.
" 'Huh!' he said. 'You bear dat, breil
eren an sisters? You hear dat fool
question I am axed? Cain, he went to
de land o' Nod, Just as de good book
tells us, an' In do land o' Nod Cain
gits so lazy an' so sblf'less dat he up
an' marries a gal o' one o' dem no
count pore white trash families dat
de Inspired apostle didn't consider
flttin' to mention In de holy word.' "
Departed Glories of Fez.
Fez the "fertile," the Rome of the
western Arabs, still retains traces of
the magnificence which made her In the
middle ages the rival of Mecca. In the
twelfth century the holy city, to which
when tho road to Mecca was closed
pilgrimages were made, contained as
many as 700 temples, fifty of which
were adorned with marble pillars. In
those old days the city was the haunt
of philosophers, physicians and astron
omers. A. mere formal pretense of
study Is now all that is practiced.
"They have Euclid In folio volumes," a
traveler writes, "but neither copied
nor read. The teacher Bits crossleg
ged on the ground and repeats in a
drawling tone between singing and
crying words which are echoed by the
scholars sitting around him." Fez, how
ever. Is honest enough In one respect
she does not believe In outward show.
In the Interior of the houses are apart
ments decorated with paintings and
arabesques, while the outside walla
are often built of mnd.
ECCENTRIC HOGARTH. -
Incidents In lbs LI.' of the Vain and
Able Artist.
Hogarth, one of tho ablest and cer
tainly one of the v:ilnesl artists that
Knghind has pi'oilui eii, was as a paint
er hardly recognized lu bis lifetime, to
his bitter grief nml disappointment.
He maile money out of bis prints, but
could only sell bis pictures with diffi
culty nml at low prices.
Vet Whistler once declared that Ho
garth wns our greatest painter. He
painted some admirable portraits, but
lils manner was too Independent aud
bis tongue too sharp for success lu a
profession that requires a certain
amount of diplomacy mid much pa
tience. IIo resented any criticism of his
work, nnd there Is a story of a very
ugly peer whom ho painted that Illus
trates this. The portrait was returned
to tho artist. It was. In fact, too good
a likeness.
But Hogarth declined lo alter It In
the least ami told his siller that unless
tho portrait was paid for In three days
ho would add a lull to the llguru and
sell It to n wild beast fclinwninn to
hang oulsfde ono of his caravans. The
peer paid the money mid Instantly de
stroyed the picture.
Moro curious still Is a story of Ho
garth's abseneo of mind. When the
sale of his prints had niado lilm pros
perous, be set uj) n ciirrlngo and ono
day went In it to visit tho lord mayor.
While ho wns In the Mansion House
tho weather becamo stormy, and Ho
garth, who happened to go out at a
different door, nfter vainly searching
for n hackney coach, walked homo
through the rain nnd wns soaked to
the skin. IIo bad entirely forgotton his
carriage. Modern Society.
HIS LIFE MASK.
The Actor's Bieezy 8tory of the Way
It Wae Taken.
A famous m-(or enlertalnluK soino
ladles at dinner showed them his life
mask, then told them with feeling bow
the musk bad been mndo. "They put
mo In n ehalr," ha said, "Hod a towel
around my head, plugged my ears with
greased wool and stuck a quill In each
nostril.
"'Shot yer eyes,' said tho workman,
drawing near with n ladle and a Inrgo
steaming tureen of pink plaster of purls
of tho consistency of thick soup, and
ho slapped tho Btuff on my face in
grcnt lndlefuls. I could feel It run
ning down my collar aud over my
chest Just as soup would havo done.
I motioned with my hands wildly. Tho
man laughed.
" 'That's all fight, boss,' ho said, and
kept slapping tho hot, horrible, fiJItny
stuff upon mo.
"Ho stopped when my face was lu
cosed In a half Inch cont of plaster.
Ho told mo It would dry mid harden lu
a few minutes. It did, but tho min
utes wore awful. As tho plaster dried
It seemed to shrink, shrinking my skin
with it. In a hundred places I wns
pinched nnd pricked ns though by tiny
Crab clnws. And tho bent of tho thing!
And tho difficulty of breathing through
tho quills stuck In my nostrils! Then,
very cnrofully, very slowly, they drow
tho hardened enst from my face. I
gripped tho chair arms and shrieked.
Did It pull? Mid It tear? Let us
draw a veil over tho painful scene."
Tho actor smiled nnd banded his life
mnsk nbout. "Behold," ho sold, "the
result of my. suffering! It looks like
a particularly dull and lnnnlmato false
face, doesn't it?"
Tho man who believes bis friends
will support him In his adversity can
keep from having bis faith shattered
by not becoming the possessor of to
adversity. Chicago Record-Herald.
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Laughter and Indigestion.
"I don't know whether nature fitted
mo out with a different sort of diges
tive apparatus from the average man,"
remarked n magazine render, who look
ed up from tho printed pngu. "Hero Is
a writer who sets It down ns a sol
emn fact that 'laughter and good cheer
are enemies of dyspepsia.' Now, when
ever I go to a dinner where a lot of
good stories are told or amusing
speeches innilo nnd I laugh more than
usual the result for me Is an aggra
vated attack of Indigestion. Moro than
this, nnd, although I never drink any
thing In the wny of Intoxicants, I am
certain to hnve an attack of hiccoughs
as a result of laughing, which always
amuses my friends who are aware of
my iiondrlnklng habits. I present the
anomalous picture of perhaps being
thn only man at the talilo who has not
taken n drink of any kind, and yet my
actions are those of n man who had
decidedly too much liquor. You can't
liinke mo believe that old saw about
laughter being good for digestion in
spllo of (hp solemn gentleman who
wrote fills article." New York Tress.
Photography.
Tractlcal photography first saw tho
light lu lR'HI. On Feb. tl of that year
Talbot, who bad obtained permanent
prints and camera Images as curly ns
lHIIC, published his process. Dnguerre'S
wns published on Avj. 10, and some
where between those two dales ronton
lu n paper read at the lloyal Scottish
Society of Arts made known to tho
world his discovery that soluble or
ganic matter In thn presence of an al
kaline bichromate was rendered Insolu
ble by' exposure u, light, n discovery
tho value of which wns not recognized
for some years, but which is tho basis
of nil that is Included lu "process
work."
The Dark and Bloody Ground.
Before the while man began lo ex
ploro Kentucky, nbout the inldillo of
the eighteenth century, tho region was
a vast bunting ground for many largo
tribes of tho south, north ond enst,
aud between theso tribes there was
continuous conflict for tho possession
of tho rich giuno privileges. Later on,
when tho white peoplo settled in tho
territory, their strugglo with tho red
men wns moro bitter nnd persistent
than In almost any other section of
tho continent; hence tho sanguinary
name that was given to tho territory,
"Tho Dark mid Bloody Ground." New
York American.
Whist.
An ncqunlufnnco of Talleyrand once
remarked to him thnt he did not think
It worth his whllo to learn the game of
whist. Talleyrand's reply has been re
membered until this day: "Not know
whist, young man? What a dismal old
ago you are preparing for yourself!"
Never Tested.
"You hnvo a grcnt many friends."
"I don't know whether I havo any
friends nt nil or not."
"You don't?" ,
"Nope. I was born rich and have
never been broke." Houston Tost.
Didn't Hit Him.
"To what do you attribute your suc
cess as a monarch?"
After a moment's thought tho Euro
pean ruler, replied:
"Largely to bad marksmanship."
Exchange.
What sort of truflu do the majority
rally round? Trillin that are decrepit
with age. When n truth I ho old M
that, It's in a fair way to become a lie,
Ibsen.
No man can wear one face to him
self and another to the multitude with
out finally getting bewildered ai to
which may be the true. Hawthorne.
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