1
1 Vaccine Virus -
Preparation and Its Use.
VARIOLA or smallpox It snld
to have found Its way Into
Europe In the seventh cen
tury, and to have been almost
aontlnnously present since. It was a
permanent plague, against which no
one was safe. The prevalence of the
evil led English physicians to adopt
the practice of Inoculation with small,
pox In 1721, but It was soon recog
nized that, although tho Individual
thus treated usually suffered only a
mild Illness and escaped another at
tack of smallpox, tho practice not only
failed to reduce, hut even multiplied
the sources of contagion, and thus In
directly Increased tho number of
deaths.
Ahont 17C.S a woman snld In tho
hearing of Kdward Jenner: "I cannot
take that disease, for I have had cow
pox." It was n belief which, although
common enough at the time, was held
by most medlca'. men to be based upon
tin Imperfect Induction from the facts.
But Jenner, being a man of discern
ment and reflection, began a series of
observations, and at last of actual ex
perlment. On May 14, 1700, he Inocu
lated an eight-year-old boy with mat
ter taken from a vesicle In the hand
of a dairymaid smitten with cowpox.
So perfect was this vaccination that
the boy was Inoculated with smallpox
OMSDINO AND EMULSIFYING THB PULP.
on the first of the following July with
out taking the disease. Two yenrs
later (170S) Jenner published his fa
mous work, "An Enquiry Into the
Causes and Effects of Variola Vac
cinae." In the following year vaccin
ation was Introduced In the London
Smallpox Hospital, and In 1800 the
practice was begun In this country
through the efforts of Dr. Benjamin
.Waterhouse, of Cambridge, Mass,
In the early part of the century vac
cination was effected almost entirely
from arm to arm a method which Is
largely followed In London to this
very day. But toward the middle of
the century vaccine virus obtained di
rectly from an anlmnl began to be
used In Italy. Although first regarded
.as the whim of an Italian physician,
the custom of vaoclnntlng with animal
virus spread rapidly throughout Eu
rope and the United States In most
European and a few American cities
there have now been installed labora
tories for the preparation and distribu
tion of bovine virus. Many of the
'American laboratories have been pat
terned after tho vaccine laboratories
of the Health Department of New
York. In order to show bow vaccine
.Is mado It is our purpose to describe
In the present article the methods
which are followed at this admirably
equipped New York laboratory.
Until 1870 arm-to-arm vaccination
was usually practiced In New York,
the lymph being taken only from a pri
mary vaccination veslclo of a child a
few months old and only on the eighth
-day. But human lymph has always
been objectionable, In that it Is a pos
sible source of Infection of a must se
rious blood disease In 1870 the city
Health Department started a vaccine
ifnrm, and out of this hat grown the
present vaccine laboratory. This la
boratory at present occupies , three
story building of brick, tlx ground
floor of which It divided lntc i stable,
IT- 1 Hygsii
r f'l 7T7T77JW -aSia.2VjVr:,M1
COLLECTINO THE ri'LP WfiTH THE CURETTE.
Mng-rooin, nn operating-room
terUlslng-rooui, and the second
which contains, besides labor
"or general bacteriological
I preparluj-roowi Into wi'.cb
Its
3MC0C0O50
the virus Is received after It has been
collected In the operating room.
The stable contains fourteen calf
stalls, having Iron posts and side
guards, revolving stanchions and re
movable flooring. The operating-room
resembles a hospital operating-room;
It has a cement floor, enameled brick
walls, and contains merely tho operat
ing furniture, a special table, enameled
stools, wash basins and tables for In
struments. The preparlng-rooms are provided
with hydraulic pumps, each connected
with two metal pipes used respectively
for suction and blast. The free ends
of these pipes are distributed along
narrow benches at which the virus Is
drawn Into capillary tubes, and the
tubes hermetically sealed.
1 i 1 fMSfS
m IStiil
SCARIFYING A SHAVEN HEIFER
A calf before It Is admitted to the
stable Is weighed, and Its skin care
fully examined. The body Is curried
and brushed; the feet are washed and
scraped, and the hair Is clipped from
the tail. While nt the laboratory the
calf Is fed exclusively on milk. Its
condition Is noted each day on a cord
hung beside Its stall.
riuced beneath a window In the sta
ble Is a table of suitable form to which
the calf is securely strapped. The
posterior abdomen and lnsido of tho
thighs are washed with hot water and
shaved the first step in the prepara
tion of vaccine. From the stable tho
calf Is led to the operating-room and
strapped on the operating-table. The
shaved abdomen and thighs are again
washed and then scarified with super
ficial linear incisions mnde with a sur
geon's knife a process which Is not
painful and entails but slight discom
fort. The calf Is now ready for inoc
ulation. Into tho bleeding incisions
mado by the knife vaccine (cowpox)
virus Is carefully smeared with an
ivory or metnl Instrument, after which
the calf is returned to the stable. In
a few days the entire scnrlllcd vaccin
ated surface Is covered with vesicles,
und from these tho virus is obtained.
On the sixth day the calf Is led agalu
to the operating-room and laid on tho
table. Tho area Is most carefully
cleansed. With a curette, a scoop
like Instrument generally used by sur
geons for digging out dead bone or
morbid matter, the vesicles, techni
cally called "pulp," are picked off, do-
posited vu a small cup and weighed.
In the pcratlug-room, and removed
but a fifv feet from the table; a pulp
grinder t seated, whose duty It Is to
cwulslfyllue collected matter, lielwt
THB HOLDER AND ITS ENVELOPE.
him Is a small mill comprising font
glass rollers superposed In pnlrs,
geared together and turned by a
crank, and upon the rollers sixty per
cent, glycerine In water Is allowed to
drop from a burette such as every
chemist uses In volumetric analysis.
As It Is ground In the mill the pulp It
emulsified In the glycerine. The hard
pulp collects on a scraper and Is re
turned by the grinder to the top rollers
in order to be re-ground and further
subjected to the action of the glycer
ine. Tho glyccrlnated vims from
each calf Is clinically tested In
three Insertions on each of five
or moro previously unvacctnnted
children. As a general ruin 100
per cent. Insertion success Is se
cured. During the tests, which extend
over many days, the glycerlnated vl
rus Is stored In large, hermetically
scaled tubes, properly labeled to In
sure Identification. If the results are
favorable these tubes aro taken to the
preparlng-room and emptied Into small
conical cups. From these cups the
virus Is drawn up Into small capillary
glass tubes, each tube containing
enough virus for one vaccination. The
ends of the tubes are then hermeti
cally sealed with a blow-pipe.
From the preparlng-room the filled
and tested capillary tubes are taken to
a packing-room, where each tube Is
Inserted In one of the four grooves of
a wooden holder shown In one of the
Illustrations. The other three grooves
receive respectively a little rubber
tube, a needle and a small wooden
spade resembling a toothpick. Thus
charged, tho wooden holder Is slipped
In an envelope on which directions for
using the virus and the simple Instru
ments by which It Is accompanied are
printed. According to these dlrec
tions tho surface of the skin Is to be
scarified with the needle, the ends of
tho capillary tube are to be broken
off, the small rubber Is to be slipped
over one broken end, and the virus Is
to be blown upon the wooden spade
nnd thoroughly rubbed Into the scar!
ficatlon. These printed envelope! and
their wooden holders are distributed
by the Health Department to Its va-
FILLING THB OAPILLABC TUBES.
rlous supply stations throughout the
city and sold for ten cents each.
Scientific American.
f,lvdj Under Tlrm Monarclia.
How many Indies In English society,
says the Onlooker, have lived under
five monarch! It is difficult to sny with'
out reference booki. But old Lady
Carew, and Lady Spohla Cecil, the sur
vlvlng sister of Lady Louise Tlghe,
have lived In the reigns of George III.,
George IV.. William IV.. Victoria and
Edward VII. Lady Sophia Cecil has
certainly conversed with them all. She
Is uow rather infirm for her dully drive
in a four-wheeler, but in her quiet,
dignified manner she preserves much
of tho manner of the old school, and
she recollects her old friends eveu If
she bus not seen them for years.
The Successful Hun.
When a man wants the public to
know that he has something to sell, or
services to render, systematic and per
sistent advertising In the newspapers
will do more toward achieving bis
purpose than any other means of pub'
Uclty. In every community the most
successful merchants are tboso who
use the newspapers. Circulars, dodg
era, programme!, bill board! and di
rectory schemes are a waste of money
Strangest Bight nt Victoria's Funeral.
Many facts of the end of Queen
Victoria i reign would have teemed
Incredible if predicted in ite early or
even Itt middle years, but few Indeed
can' have dreamed that of all the bat
tleships gathered to do her honor by
tea la the great funeral procession,
the mightiest vessel of all the Hut
suo should be tout by the Hoot of
Japan. Loudon 'Globe,
Our Fially Political Syttsm.
TTfc hare found that even among
ursclvofi our historic methods are not
universally convenient or serviceable,
says I'rof. Woodrow Wilson In the
March Atlantic. They give us un
trained officials, and nn expert civil
service Is almost unknown among us.
They give us petty officials, petty
men of no ambition, without hope or
fitness for advancement. They give
us so many elective offices that even
the most, conscientious voters have
neither the time nor tho opportunity
to Inform themselves with regard to
every candidate on their ballots, and
must vole for a great many men of
whom they know nothing. They give
us, consequently, the local machine
and the local boss; and where popu
lation crowds Interests compete, work
moves strenuously and nt haste, life
It many-sided nnd without unity, nnd
oters of every blood nnd environ
ment and social derivation mix nnd
taro at each other nt the same vot
ing places, government miscarries, Is
confused, Irresponsible, unintelligent.
wasteful and of sinister aspect.
Methods of electoral choice and ad
ministrative organization which serv
ed us admirably well while the Nation
was homogeneous nnd rural serve us
oftentimes III enough now thnt the
Nation Is heterogenous nnd crowded
Into cities.
Foreigners Own No Land In Shanghai.
The government of Shanghai Itself,
as a municipality. Is ns oddly compli
cated and ns full of apparent contra
dictions ns the prerogatives nnd Jurls-
dlHtlou of the consular court, 'lhe
foreign settlement Is built upon Innds
held, under treaty, by a perpetual
lease from the Imperial (loverninent;
not one foot of It Is nctnally owned by
the foreign residents. The holdings
of Western Powers In China, with the
exception of the Russians nt Port Ar
thur, are precisely of the same nature;
the laud upon which they have built
barracks, residences nnd warehouses
has all been grunted subject to the
same condition, each and all paying
perpetual ami stipulated tax to the
Imperial tSovernmoiit. Chnutimiuun.
.fine's Fnmllr Tfcrilnne
Moron tho bowels eni'h dnr. Ill nt-ili'f- In h
healthy tli in la neeoaparr. "Aft" gently on tho
liver ana sinners. Lures sick ncadacbe.
Price 23 ami 50 cent.
Fubmarino hoats and tnrneilnes foe nmn
in warfare do not seem in lie heM in f.
vor by M. de Lancssati, the French Millili
ter ol Marine, ill spite of the generally
supposed preililertion of the French for
llch measure of hnrhnr flffonc- Af A a
Lsncssan is quoted ns saying that neither J
sunmanne domi nor torpedo la o( great
value in war, owing to their limited range
of action.
C'onchlnar l.emls lo Consumption.
Kemp's Iinlwim will atop the cough at one.
lo to your ilruRnint to-day and get a sampln
bottle free. Hold in 25 and 60 cent bottled.
Go at once, delays are dangerous.
A reeruitintr nflii'rr u-hn Itna LuH i
Iowa saya that the peri-entaire of men ac
cented in that Htnte on offering them
aelvos for army aerviro ia conmlernlily
above the average in any other Stale.
r.nliRtmenta in Iowa ni-n litrnwlv f i.A
farma, and the vaat majority of young
follows who offer themael voa are vnimn
strong and hardy.
Cure of Hie llnby.
To keen the akin clean ia In keen It healtlir:
every nintlior alionlil thnrufurs nee that hfT
hahr In Given a daily liatli in warm water with
Ivory Soap. Ttiu liuiwry nlmulit niso bo well
aired anil cleaned, and all clothing waahed
wiin ivory Soup, well mined and dried In tlie
run. Kmza it. 1'ABsr.n.
When a Chinaman ia very swagger he
Becomes poaseaaor ol s cheap American
clock. These alarm clocka bavo found
meir way into every city and town in the
empire. I hero ia nothing the t'cleatial ia
ao proud of aa Ins alarm clock. If you
take up a dozen uhotographa of Chinese
you will see that they niwaya have the lit
tle clock on the tablo at their elbow.
When feeling tired, diicouraareil anil oen.
erally ' uaed-up," tako UartMil Headache
Powder: they are made from Hnrtm anil em
genuinely good. Hend to Garfield Toa Com
pany, urooklyn, w. Y., for free tamples.
The output of coal in Washington State
nr 1000 was about 2.200.000 tona.
LION COFFEE
aa absolutely pure coffee,
I A LUXURY WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL!
$:??fF All Alikpf 1
I 'Watch our noxt advertisements'-
In every packng of HON COFFEE you ylXl find a fully Illustrated and descriptive list. No housekeeper, in
fact, no woman, man, boy or girl will fail to And in the list lome article which will contribute to their happiness,
comfort and convenience, and which they may have by simply cutting out a certuin number of Lion Heads from
the wrapper! of our ouo pound sealed packages (which is the only form in which this excellent coffee ii sold).
WOOLMN SPICB CO., TOLEDO, OHIO. (
UNDER M Sill
Ghastly Truths Revealed on the Disap
pearance of Winter's White Mantle.
Deadly dangers lurk In the ground
left bare by the departing mow. All
Winter long there have been accumu
lating deadly disease germs.
These have been protected and
kept alive by the covering of snow
and how. with the first warm days,
tnVne death-bringing microbes are
afeaken.ed by the rays of the eun, and
as the ground dries they are carried to
all Cornera of the community In the
dust that la blown everywhere by the
Bprlngr winds.
The human body at this time Is par
ticularly susceptible to these germs,
especially the germs of fevers. The
system has been depleted by the fore
going Winter. The blood is sluggish
and filled with Impurities. The nerves
have not recovered from the tension
they have been under for the past
months. The etomach, the bowels, the
kidneys, the liver are all at their
worst.
It is, therefore, not strange that
these germs of disease find fertile
ground In which to thrive, flourish and
develop Into deadly Ills.
8pring Is the time of year when one
should fear an attack of fever, espe
cially when the system la depleted.one
should dread any severe Illness. The
vitality Is at a low ebb. There Is less
power of resistance to throw off di
sease, and It Is on this account that
fatalities are so much greater during
the Spring month! than at any other
time of the year.
There Is but one way to ward off
such dangers, and that la to fortify
WET WEATHER. WI5D0M!
v t THE ORIGINAL.
SLICKER
SLACK OP YELLOW
.WILL KEEP YOU DRY
' NOTHING USE WILL
TAKE NO SUBSTlTUTej
CATALOGUE PRC
3H0WIW HI LI LINE OP ARHT3 AND HAT3
A.J.TOWEg CO.. B03TON, HASa.
is not glazed or coated with egg
full of strength and flavor.
Wc maeispakymnp
t meat employ the best skill w
I the best materials. I
: I We italce our fame on it. We I
I use it to advertise the many other I
' good things that we make. aff
n n it rsT a t. I
E MINCE MEAT J
i A package makes two large pies.k
Your grocer will furnish it if you I
ask him. You will find it better I
I than home-made better than any
mince meat you ever tatted. You'll I
eat'Libby'i foods thereafter. I
1 Llbby, McNeill 6 Iftby, Chicago I
j Our book, "How to Make Good Things B
Eh to Eat," acnt (roe. U
TO
A3
the human body so that It will be
come impregnable to the germs oi in-,
vadlng disease.
To do this take Dr. Greene's Ner-
vura blood and nerve remedy. It will
build you up quickly. It will re-establish
your waning appetite, it will give
you restful nights of sleep. It will give
vim and vigor to the nerves, and It
will dispel all existing poisons that
have accumulated In the body besides
counteracting the effects of others
that may accumulate.
Following Is an Ins'.ance that will
illustrate the wonderful power of Dr.
Greene's Nervura blood and nerve
remedy.
Sheriff Jonaa T. Stevens, who Is
sheriff of Hyde Park. Vt says: "I
have used Dr. Greene's Nervura blood
and nerve remedy especially aa a blood
purifier. I had a very severe numor
on my arms, accompanied by a very
bad itching, so severe that I could not
sleep nights, causing me great incon
venience by the loss of sleep by the
Itching. A friend advised me to take
Dr. Greene's Nervura blood and nerve
remedy, which I did with the most
satisfactory results, for the trouble
has entirely disappeared, and I can
now rest comfortably nights and have
none of my former misery from the
burning, itching sensations."
Remember Dr. Greene's advice will
be given to any one desiring same ab
solutely free if they will write or call
upon him at his olfice, 35 W. 14th St.,
New York City.
BALZER'S SEEDS
r'fO Thin l ft IK ring PMtmni, nncmu.
MVr'Uk Oittiroruoiiqrth WlllpolllTy r
ssr 'n'
f -vi
V'Jf ffia ITaUtl
i4 Ibkt VmiVK wt tUI
tlfl H4 M 14 off, 10 Grslm
6rtlMtMldini ikoT. bI
folia iNbcMf A.l .
ft tmhl tr A.i Rm.
iHv.rT)Slw.Wf A) IWL t Wrt$i& Mpllll
John km ftalsor Seed Go. I Craws,
r m
RESCUE
From SICKNRSS
andSUFFKKINO.
WELTMF.RISM,
the rirudem aclenre jSP
of heallnarorlatnated. rfm'
nrartlren atirl Lanirlit
fiy Prof. S. A. WELTMEP, has rescued
more hopeless rases than any other known
method. All who desire Heullb and Hap
piness or a Paying; Profession should write
at onre for nieciul offer and a free copy of
Wvltiuerlsm", fully Illustrated. AdUrost
PHOF S. A. WELTMEP,
300 . AafiSt. Navada. o.
URINOPATIIY
Is the new science n( detectina; and
curlnv diva.es (rum aCnlilvilCAl..
and MICROSCOPICAL analysis of
the urine. Send 4 cents for mailing
caseand bottle fnrurine. Bonk tree.
Cunsultationlree. Kfeareasnnable.
Medk-liies furnished. Address
J. F. SHAFER, M.
42 Penn Ave., Pltuburf, Pa.
LION COFFEE
Is always tho same.
One package is just liko another.
It is uniform in every respect.
IT NEVER VARIES..-
If you like one package you will like all
mixtures and chemicals, but is
3
m y J.'il rTlutionif oora r rowing.
B'r5s HNon Dollar prats.
m Bx-i-teL crop els vmU IWr towlof
m
OB
L I
M II
MM
uciatari
mt n
3
5 fnmfflL?Si??TP
I i Best t'juKh Syrup. TastusGood. Vasl I
In time. Hold by druggt.ts. rl