RURAL RUSSIA.
TILLAGE Mm IN TUB IZAIVS
DOMINIONS.
Vtnaela IsaNalton of Peasants Pecu
liar Institution of thn llimalnn
VillRtr Imprnvlilnnt nnrL
dtanibltlous People,
US 8t A, write
Frank O. Carpenter,
in tlio Chicago Her
ald, la a Nation of
peasants. We hoar
of tli ia country only
ii tlio land of the
Czar, or as tho pos
'sessions of thn auto
crat - of the Kusains,
mnl until lliis year
lew peoplo have
looked n pim It. n
much die tlmu nn
ordinary Kurornii
country filled with
nn oppressed and
rather tnrliuli'iit pco-
fV It M ttpposcd and largely I" mtp
posed to-day to bo tilled with peasants
who arc plotting against tliolr Govern
ment and who nto dissatillcd with tliolr
condition. It ii known as tho land of
nihilism, ami It Is thought by many thnt
the peasants are among the nihilists. Thli
ii a mistake. Pitch nihilistic elements
exist do not holnng to tlio peasantry
at all, and the nihilism, tho nfllclals anil
the nobility form but a drop in tho
bucket of this grent Russian population.
The town and tho oity people numlior
but a few millions, and Inn great bulk
of the peoplo live in littlo villages.
These villages constitute thu real Russia
and the Russia out of which is to enmo
the Russia of the futuro. Of tho 12l,
(11)0,000 subjects of the Czar, less than
20,000,000 live in towns, and the towns
of Russia are numbered by hundreds.
There are comparatively only a few large
cities. St. Petersburg is as big as Phil
adelphia, Moscow is about the si no of
Boston, Wnrsaw Is as big as Ht. Louis
and Odossa is a littlo bigger than Cleve
land. In addition to these there aro a
(ow cities of 100,000 ench, and then
about 300 cities ranging from 10,000 up
to S'.000, and about fifteen cities of
from 50,000 to 100,000 in size. Thero
re, however, more than half a milliou
peasant villages, and theso villngos con
tain the vast population of Russia, which
forms nearly ono tenth of the popula
tion of the globe. Only a small pro
portion of these many millions
live outside of Russia, and t tho
village. syst?m and customs are
very much the snino'the whole em
pire over. Kvcry Russian villago is a
tittle Russia in itself, and by tho study
of these people and by a look at one of
their villages you pet a fair idea, of tho
-wholo empire and of this great Russian
people. Of courto there iiru Asiatic
tribes, and tmno of the now territories,
as Finland and Poland, are to it certain
extent different from tho pure Russian,
but the great Ilussia is a village; ltussiik
and the Russians a a Nation are tho
peasants.
. . trf isl mi
' RUSSIAN
Kse.h of the 500,000 villagos is a littlo
republic. Its inhabitants elect their
own officers by vote and it courts, for
etl ordinary offencci, are managed by
judges elected by it. Every villago has
t little assembly of its own mado up of
one member to every Ave houses,
and theso men manage the affairs
of the village. Tho village, you know,
owns the land and this assembly
divide this from time to time
among the people, giving each
family a certain number of acres accord
ing to the number In it and according to
ayE IUtI,I. OF TDK COMMTJNITT.
La work ins power. After such divis
km tho lands are left with the families
which they are allotted until the nest
t ' 'oq, when they revert to tho village
t ) I f ' vta out to tho same persons or
-m tre assembly may ooo St.
"tC Cad-tea of haxvaat-
l cl tvr'-i 4 il
) i ; ir i.
U! ( i
ML
Czar fates the village tump sum, and
this assembly apportion! Ibis tat among
those who should pay It. No ont can
leave the village without leaving behind
him a guaranteo In some shape or other
that his share of thn Imperial taxes will
bo paid, and a drunken, good-for-noth-li
is often voted out of the village en
tirely and his share of the village lands
goes back to the villago. Kach village
electa two petty judges, who sottle all
small suits relating to sums of less than
three dollars and petty quarrels, and
larger suits are settled opto a certain
amount by a higher court elected by a
tiled number of villages and formod Into
an assembly called "the volost." Kvcry
thousand people among the peasants
have one of these assemblies and the
different villages making up tho thou
sand elect delegates to them, and alt
disputes among the people of theso vil
lages aro brought before this assembly
and tried.
FAnMINd llf
Tho power of the volost, however, is
limited. It cannot try cases of more
than $30, nor can it Imprison for moro
than sovon days. In addition to thosu
two petty courts thero are trials by
jury, nnd thine are courts made up part
ly by judges appointed by the Czir and
f nrtly by those olceto I by tho peoplo,
and an nppenl can be taken from thom to
tho higher courts at Ht. Petersburg nnd
Moscow. Tho village assembly ia called
the Mir, the assembly madoupnl enough
villages to comprise 1000 population is
tho Volot, and above this there is in
cneh district a third ascmbly of dele
gates elected by tho nubility, the towns
and thn villngci of tho district, and this
assembly is called the Zmntoo, and its
business is to tnko care of tho roads of
tho district, to sco that proper provis
ions aro niado against fiimino, to attend
to educational mutters and to look after
matters in which all tho pooplo of tho
district aro interested. Tlieto Rusiian dis
tricts are a good deal liko our counties,
and thero aro a number of thorn
in each province, which last is
presided over by a governor ami his
coon ill, appointed by tho Czir.
It will bo thus seen that the peoplo of
Russia Imvo a homo rulo system of their
own liko ours, only moro so, In that tho
moat minor matters aro managed by it.
A Hti-istnn peasant cnu buy lund if he
has tho money, but tho most of them
A
VIM.AGKH8.
hsvo no proporty outside of what they
own in common with their village, and
the only estate the avorage peasant has
is the little tbatchod hut which cover
about twenty feet square. They (tick,
however, very closely to tho common
property, and will do anything rather
than lose their interest in the village to
which they belong. Strange to say, they
are by no means anxious to bold office.
and thoy consider an election as village
policeman or elder Rubor curse ttan a
blessing. Their village assemblies and
elections take place in tho open air in
one long street of tho village and thoy
discuss matters relating to crops and
their government among themselves.
They do not realize, howevor, that they
might go any further than they have
now gotten in the way of government,
and they look upon tho docrees of the
Lzar something as tney do on too laws
of nature or those of God, which could
not possibly be changed.
The Russians tosent tho Insinuation
that their serf were slaver, but tho truth
is they were little more than that, and it
ia not long since they were bojght and
sold. In looking at the Russia of to-day
It must be remembered modern Russia
has not yet lived quite ono generation
It was born during our Into Civil War,
when the Czar of bis own free will took
the bondage oil of 47,000,000 of peoplo
They were given a part of the lands of
their masters, aud this not in the shape
of individuals, but as villages, making
the villages and not the individuate re
I possible for them. The time of pay
ment for these land was to be forty-nine
yean, and they have already redeemed
about $430,000,000 worth of lands, or
mors than 88,000,000 acrsa. In addi
tlon to holding on to and gradually pay
In, (or to hud they pot I root tho Gor
.r-tr-"yert;o v is Have t"
r i I , ( 1 i tt t o i - l
have bought land anil hold it In addition
to the village land. fluoh ease are,
however, comparatively very few.
The Russian peasant Is naturally Im
provident and unambitious. He has but
few want, and he lives as far as ha can
from hand to mouth. Naturally, how.
ever, ho la physically and Intellectually
thu equal of any man on the face of the
earth, and when he is oneo roused up to
his possibilities and shown how he can
rvali in them he will develop Into one of
the atronucst men of tlio futuro. No one
can go among the Itussian peasant with
out being struck by tho wonderful
strength of features of both men and
women. I see every day scores of peas
snts whosn faces w.iuld attract attention
In any American crowd, and the wnninn
I meet are motherly, womanly looking
women. There aro very lew villainous
faces, and patriarchal men, who look as
though thny were men of authority and
force, are to be seen on every aide. I
COMMON.
visitod a Russian bath In Moscow,
where I saw a tiundrod odd men,
steaming, soaping and ociuhhina;
their milk whito skins, ami 1
nrjssiAN POI.rCRMAW.
was struck by the splendid physiquo
wbich every ono nl tliom possessed.
There was of the whole hundred not ono
who had not broad shoulders and big
bone. All wore tall and stout, and
hen I thought that theso men wure not
picked athlotes, but moroly an average
crowd at public bath house, I felt tho
staying power of those hundred odd
millions as I ncvor hail before. During
the past few days I have been visiting
these peasants in their Holds and in thoir
villages. 1 have gone into their house
and have talked with all classes of them.
They seem to me Uko a vast Nation of
grown up men who, with the strongtn
of a giant, have all tho simplicity and
ignorance of a semi-savage child.
The First Gerrymander.
Ellmdge Oorry was a signet of tho
Declaration and sponsor of the "gerry
mander." He was Governor of Massa
chusetts in 1812, and hi party majority
was dangerously small lu too Legisla
ture, to he cut Eisex County into two
district in a way tho Federalist de-
THE ORIOtNAr, OERRTUANDBR.
spUed. A wit laid it looked like a sala
mander. "Say rather (Jerrymander,"
said another, and the word was barn.
Governor Gerry that saiuo year of 181 1
was elected to the Vice-Presidency of the
ticket with James Madison, and in 1814
died suddenly in hi carriage in Wash
ington City. But the gerrymander still
live.
Dates la tho United States.
Some sis miles from Yuma, Arizona.
Hall Hanlon has a garden which contain
twentv date calms, ono of which is
fifteen years old. It is thirty feet in
height. Tbo six oldest tree ae bear-
ing. By actual count ono bunch con
tains X5 00 date. It welgus lorty pounu.
Thar aro several nmoh larger bunches,
so thick that the fruit on them cannot
bo counted oorrectly, but It is estimated
that thor aro S0O0 dates ia each bunch.
ad. that they wUlw!$ (A Ut tftj
"HEADQUARTERS."
vTIIUItM TWO iAHTIK) UAttltV
UN Til Id UAMI'AKsN.
Thn lliilldln Occupied by the Demo
crat lo anil Itrpubllnan National
t'ominlttPK In New York
llowTliny Are I'nrnUlieil,
ROM two unpreten
tious brown stone
bouses miTllth ave
nue, the leaders of
the two ureat t o-
litical partlos will
conduct tho Presi
dential campaign.
Within thn wulls
nl lliiuii two houses
there gather daily
the most abln campaigners, thn greatest
statesmen, thu must brilliant orators and
thn trained leaders of each party, for the
purpose of laying (loan plans for carry
ing on the battle.
From New York City and the respec
tive headquarters tho wires am laid
which will traverse the entire country and
which will dally cjnvny to tho managors
of the campaign acctirato reports of tho
situation In every nook and corner.
The building Iroin which Chairman
W. F. Harrlty and his stall of nonten
ants carrlea on tho battle for Dnmocratlo
principles is situated at No. 130 Fifth
avenue, between T went loth and Twenty
first streets, nn the east side of the ave
nue, and Is readily distinguished by rea
son of the display of Amarlcan banners
with which Superintendent W. Dull
Ilaynlo ha adorned the outer walls. It
is a broad-fronted, high-stooped build
ing of brown stone, with a wido balcony
on the parlor floor.
Thn liouso is four sturios high, with nn
F.nglish basement, and is a good typo of
the old-time faxliionablo residence on
the lower section of the avenuo. Of
the interior, much has been said of the
"t'iOOO bronzes" and the "1000 mir
rors." Whilo these fixtures aro un
doubtedly exceedingly handsoino and
lend an air of general beauty to what
would otherwise bo prosaia business
quarters, there is nothiug really remark
able alkMit them.
Ascending the stoop, entrance Is
gained to a wide hall paved with black
and white marble. To the right aro tho
roecption rooms, consisting of throe big
parlors with a combined depth of
aevcnty-Hve foot, and containing tho
tnuch-tnlkcd-of mirrors.
In the ilrst of these rooms Superin
tendent llaynle has his dosk and cordially
welcomes tho many Democrats who drop
in dally to discuss thu political situa
tion, Mr. 1 1 ay do is a Dakota man aud
was Adlni E. Stevonson'i right hand
man in tho PostoMlce Department during
the Clovoland Administration.
Oua of tho parlors is sot apart for tho
members of the press and is in chargo of
Colonel Tricey, a wolt-known Now York
newspaper writor. Rot'trnlng to tho
hall the straugnr would bo instantly
pointed out two of tbo conspicuous
Democrats of Now York in tlio persons
of the Hon. "Jimmy" Olivor, tho Idol of
Paradise Park, who tills tho olllce of
Scrgeant-at-Aruis, and tho other the
lion. Frank Dully, of Fort Hamilton,
who revel in tho distinction of being
oracinl mosHcngor to Chairman Harrlty.
THE DEMOCRATIC HEADQUARTERS.
The approach to the stairway ia guard
ed by a big railing of brass, with spikes
along the top and littlo gates that shut
with a click and a snap. Just tho same
sort of an arrangement can bo found at
Republican National Headquarters, and
the explanation givun is that the wire
partition are to protect the leader from
the army of clam chowder and summer
picnic politicians.
A broad, winding staircase lead up to
Chairman Harrit a apartments. Chair
man Uarrity has s nice breezy room in
the frout of tho home, where he sita at a
desk in the southwest corner of the
room.. In s smaller room to the right
have been placed a couple of dozsn
chairs and a table. This is Chairman
Uarrity's council cbsmber.
A large room la the rear Is reserved
for the use of Secretary Sbeerin, and
alongside of this is tbo headquarters of
tho Committee on Campaign Speakers,
omit' I til rtMitlll! (l"'i'l
smM4i
7TK "" ,V ' I J H.-.r
TIE BErOBLlCAN HE ADCJUABTEIl.
with Bradley B BmaUey, ot Virsooot
la chart!. .
Tho two urpor storiss ot ut huuamjr
MM
am devoted to tho literary bureau, over
which and large force of clerks Con
giossman Joslah Qulnoy, of Massachu
111 . l
IM THIS I1KCIIIII.ICAN HRAtiqtt ARTEIIS.
setts, prcsldm. Tim basement Is devote I
to the mulling dnpsrtment.
I lie llcptilillrau leader, Mr. Tnomai
II. Carter, of Montana, has pitcho I his
political camp at No. 514 Fifth avenue,
ust nbnvn Forty-third street, and on
tho west sldo of thn avenue. This Is
morn than n mllo from thn Filth Avenue
Intel and thn general haunts of Now
York ami visiting politicians. It Is near
thn Union Loaguu and Republican
Hubs, and also near the uraud Central
Station.
From tho top story window floats an
enormous flag, and alt over the front of
the building nro big campaign placard
aud signs representing a sheaf of wheat
anil a sickle, a strong arm holding a
blacksmith's hummer aud a spread eaglo
cinching in its talons a scroll with thn
legend, "Protection and Reciprocity. '
J im reception rooms on the tirst llu'ir
aro lilted up in similar stylo to those at
Democratic headiiutrtnra, with tho ex
ception that thero is a considerably
urger iitopnrtloii of wiro fencing and
spring lock gates. Colonel Sword i,
veteran campaigner, is In charge, and
carries around a big bunch of keys wttit
which to lot himself in and out of tlio
myriads of Iron gate.
Pioceeding up ono flight of stairs the
visitor will II n I Chairman drier's room
in thn front of tho houte, with a smiller
room adjoining, for tho purpose of hold
ing conferences.
There Is a desk, a table, sola and
chair to the room, which ia partly oe.
copied by Jacob M. Patterson, tho
Chairman of the Republican County
Committee.
The rear room Is devote I to the occil-
IK TUB DF.MOI ItATtn ItKADqCARTKIl.
paucy of Treasurer Cornelius N. Ill 1st.
On tins floor Secretary Mcuomas, the
Adonis of tho Republican olllcials, has
bis quarters. Upstairs again is the liter
ary bureau, and downstair in the base
ment tho mailing department. 2i3
York Journal.
How to Itnb.
Peoplo who rub thoir arms or legs for
rheumatism should remember that the
secret of the benefit derived from mai-
sago is that the opoiator always rubs up,
that is, in the direction of the beart.
The reason is found in the fact that the
valvos of tho veins and capillaries all
open toward tho heart, and by rubbing
in that direction the action of these ves
scls is assisted, the vessels themselves en
larged and circulation Is more fully pro
moted. Rubbing down, that is, away
from the beart, does harm, for it clos
tbo veins and capillaries by impeding the
circulation, without in the least assisting
the action of the arteries, which lie too
deep to be affected by external Iriction,
evon If it could do them any good. St.
Louis Ulobc-Dernocrat.
Another Autoniatlo Jlllker.
An American inventor has secured a
patent for the new form of cow milker
shown in me accompanying illustration.
It consists of s number of cupt to bo
connected with the teats of the animal,
an air exhaustion withdrawing the milk,
Aftor passing from tho animal it is col
lected in the milk reservoir shown ia the
cut. The inventor considers the device
a crest imprivement over the present
band method, saving considerable timu
and doing the work more thoroughly,
Walline for the Dead.
The coronach, or mourning for tb
dead, is still hesrd in many parts ot
Scotland, as well as of Ireland. It Is
weird chant, cries of lamentation being
mingled with remonstrances addressed
to the departed for leaving his friends
and relatives. In some remote country
districts of Scotland as well as of Ireland
professional "keener" that is, old wo
men employed to sing the praises or tho
dead aro still to be found, though their
services are by no means so often called
la requisition as they wvrs half a century
ago. -Globe-Democrat.
Expedition Island, oil tbo coast M
Australia, has mystsriously disappeared
proa now-
SOLDIERS' COLUMN
PRISON XPrw.IRIVOB.
A Wost Virginia Oomrads'a Aogoo.nl of
What Hs Buffirsd,
Salisbury Pris
on, N, (., and An
(lorsonvltlo were
second only in
horrors to tho
llastlle In France.
For Instance, one
bitter cold, free.
. r V -' "K nigni in jsn
(?, i V WI nary. 1815. as our
squad of 00 st
it... i....
gilaril sat hud
died together for
warmth, whilo
i i.... .. .i i
iouslv. for the break nfdav (the ngonv
of those lung drawn out nights even
now still haunt me In my dreams) a
young Frenchman named I tosses it be
gan crying most piteously: "Oh, my
poor feet. They are frozen." I Im
mediately began to rub them for hini.
I also took oil in v noor ran of a Mouse
and wrapped up his feet, for lie ws
burerooteil; but to no avail, Tor they
mortified, nnd In a day or two, after
suffering excruciating pain, he died;
and when dying looked at me and said:
"Oh, comrade; my poor, poor mother."
on another very cold and tltirk night
we bovs held a secret caucus and came
to the conclusion ttint to remain In
thero was cnitaln death, for our com.
miles worn dying by tho hundreds
nli'htlv: so wo concluded that nn a
certain day, at relief (' d.Just before
(lurk, wo would rush . he big gate.
overpower the guard, and make our
escape. Hut some of our over anxious
boys nn the day fixed upon began tho
attack at noon, which was a surprise
to thn majority of us. Thus the whole
scheiiio was a failure.
Another verv and disannnintnient
also awaited us mi Christina Day,
1804. We had been told that our
rations would be doubled on that (lav.
but, to and behold, we received none
at all; and a morn dejected, ragged,
downcast lot of starving and dying
mortals never hailed a National holi
day. Our sound had two noble and if rent-
hearted comrades in it, named William
A. Perrin and Charles Montrnss, of
Ilrook vn. N. The used (whilo
their strength lasted) to work ontsido
tho prison for the rcbs, for which the
received a loaf of bread. They wool I
bring in their loafand divide it wit'i
us at night. God hlets them.
Thn Inst Hahhath we spent in that
deuth-iien a minister came in and an
nounced that we were all soon to be
paroled, and Slid: "Cotno, now, let's
sing 'Prsiso God, from whom all bless
ings How " We all tried to do so, but
found that our voices would not work
at all, o we took off our pieces ol
caps and lints and threw them up a
high In the air u our strength would
permit at tho thought, and lor Joy of
once more seeing "Home, sweet home."
A. Tun N Kit, in National Tribune.
A WAR PAPER
Copy of Vlcksbnrsr Journal Partly
Prlntud by Kabsls and Yanks.
W. II. Benny, an ex Union soldier,
residing in Richmond, Ky., is the
possessor of a unique and at the ssm
time a valuable relic of the late war
It is probably one of tho most inter
esting of its kind in this state, as
there are but Tour or nve in toe
country. It is a copy of the Vlcks
burg (Miss.) Citizen, published at the
above place, July 9, 1463, and printed
on wall paper. It was printed on
figured paper, because the supply of
news paper gave out on the usual
date. That it is printed on this kind
of paper is a guaranteo that it is gen
uine, sinco it would be a difficult mut
ter to duplicato it. It is well preserv
ed, being In a frame, and hangs
in the parlor as an ornament. The
following paragraph were taken from
its column by your correspondent:
'On dit the great Ulysses, the Yan
kee Generalissimo, surnamed Grant,
bus expressed bis intention of aining
in Vicksburg on Saturday and cele
brating the Fourth ot July, by s grand
dinner, dec. When asked if he would
invite Oeneral Joe Johnston to join, ho
said! 'No, I fear there will be a row
at the table.'
"Ulysses must get into tho city be
fore he can dine in it. The way to
cook a rabbit is to fiist catch your rab
bit," etc.
It has long since been chronicled in
history that the Generalissimo did get
there in time, and his boys returned
the following incisive rejoinder:
"Two days bring about great chang
es. The banner of the Union floats,
over Vicksburg. Gen. Grant has
caught the rabbit. He has dined ia
Vicksburg, and he did bring bis din
der with him.
"The Citizen lives to see it. For tho
last time it appears on wall paper. No
more will it eulogize the luxury of
mulo meat and fricasssed kitten urge
Southern warriors to such diet never
more. This i the last edition on wall
paper, sod will be valuable hereafter
as a curiosity."
"Mr. Benny has bad many offers for
the old sheet, one party having such a
desire for it as to offer fifty dollars for
it, which was declined. Cincinnati
Commercial Gazette.
TBI TOO school ma'ams of Cincinnati, Ohio,
by a recent dacisioo, must pa on lamina
tion in bygiaos; physiology and the nature
and ff set upon U human srsum oi aioottolio
drinks. Tku law had bra 1 jaorsd sad ast
asias UlsgaUy drawn ia the V yArs ag-
r.n ajtm mm
Tan Osraoaa tailiuuy Mil will
donbUaw the ttrasgth of aslUaor
4 the snqnost lowest
4 fT ssausswy par? a
rovidai far
laareaw ol srpaai
WIN
r4 Tf'-j
.t ihm .-v
I
t