PAGE SIX
THE CITIZEN, FRIDAY, AUGUST i, 1913.
MANY TEACHERS
IPELL
Over 10 Per Gent Deficient
In New York City.
SOME EVEN ILLITERATE.
School Inquiry Committee Bears Out
Report of Professor Elliott of Wis
consin, Who Has Been Examining
Ratings of New York City School
Ma'ams Drastic Reforms Urged.
Many teachers both in the elemen
tary anil the high schools of New York
city are nimble to spoil correctly and
are deficient In the proper use of the
English language. This fact has be
come known as the result of an exami
nation of the letter flies In the ofllco
of tiic city paymaster, made recently
by a committee which has been Investi
gating the schools for the New York
city board of education.
The committee searched the flics In
investigating a complaint that the
teachers and principals had not receiv
ed their pay promptly. Representa
tives of the board of education assert
ed that this was a good reason why the
city department should not havo con
trol oyer the payrolls of the board of
education. The attention of nn exami
ner was called to several letters ad
dressed to the city paymaster by school
teachers now In service and substi
tutes, which showed Illiteracy on the
part of the writers.
A collection of these letters covering
one mouth was inspected. Out of 300
letters filed in the month 10 per cent
contained mistakes in spelling and
grammatical construction, nnd a larger
percentage, it was said, showed disre
gard of proper form in letter writing.
Elliott Confirms Report.
Professor Elliott of the University of
Wisconsin confirms this report In a let
ter to the committee after examining
the ratings of the teachers.
"There are today hundreds of teach
ers in the elementary schools of New
York whoso services would not be ap
proved in any progressive school sys
tem, primarily on account of the use
of broken, highly accented and incor
rect English."
The committee agrees with Profes
sor Elliott in stating that the presence
of illiterate teachers in the schools Is
because "the professional examination
conducted by the board of examiners
is pure form nnd all one needs Is to
comply with the letter and not with
the spirit of a thorough understand
ing." Hero are two of the letters:
Dear Sir I am a Teacher at . I was
not at the School yesterday Slay 1st. I
whent to the School to dy to And my
check was sent back to tho pay masters
office. I was told to wrlto to you and you
would send mo a receipt to sign which I
belelvo I have to return before you send
check. Trusting this will meet with your
npporuval and I will receive a. prompt re
ply. I remain, Slnccrly.
Dear Sir: Kindly sent mo my June und
July check. I am a rcguler teacher,
In P. S. No Queens Borough, .
Respectfully yours.
Letter From a Lecturer.
Another letter written by one of the
lecturers employed by the board of
education is as follows:
Dear Sir, am returning herewith receipts
for my lectures fees I havo been sur
prised learn of dlsgulded corrlspondence,
but I beg to Inform you that I did noti
fied tho Board of Education of my change
of address since September, 1911 Slnco
then I will call my mall at my residence,
where amo leaving slnco four years
Also am subscriber to telephone with di
rector number . Hoping fllcso Infor
mation will bo of some help In tho future.
Tho committee asserted that those
letters had a direct bearing on tho
report prepared by Proessof Edwnrd
O. Elliott of the University of "Wlscon
sin. Tho committeo said:
"As a result of his careful analysis
of district superintendents and princi
pals' rating of teachers, Professor El
Jiott declares that tho present inspec
tions and reports upon teachers arc
merely formal and wholly insufficient
and tend to insure their continuance
in service after they are once admit
ted la tho system."
Tho report concludes:
"In tho light of tho incredible ig
norance on tho part of even a few
public school teachers, a careful in
spection of tho present examination
system is indeed urgent. This de
partment of tho board of education
has not received from tho school au
thorities tho serious attention it de
serves." HONOR POETS OF THE SOUTH.
Monument to tho Four Greatest Un
veiled at Augusta, Ga.
A magnificent monument, tho gift of
Mrs. E. "W. Colo of Nashville, Tcnn.,
has been unveiled at Augusta, Ga., to
tho memory of tho south's four great
poets, Sidney Lanier, Father Ityan,
James It. Itandall and Paul Hamilton
'Hayno.
Tho monument was erected by the
donor as a mcmorla.1 to her father, the
late Henry P. Russell, ono tlmo mayor
of Augusta, who died sovcrol years
ago.
Tho monument is composed of a
granlto base of threo pieces, on which
rest four columns of tho samo mate
rial, supporting a roof of granite. In
eldo tho four columns is fitted a block
of granlto of a darker hue, each face
of which contains the namo of ono of
Iho poots, tho dato of his birth and
death nnd an inscription from bis
writUcs.
PATH OF THE SUN.
Its Relation to the Equinoxes and the
Solstices.
Tho sun's path is called tho ecliptic.
It is a great circle of tho celestial
sphere, cutting tho celestial cquntor at
two points ISO degrees apart and mak
ing with It nn anglo of 23 degrees
known as tho 'obliquity of tho ecliptic.
Tho crossing points are called the equi
noxes, because the days and nights aro
then equal, nnd the points midway be
tween the equinoxes aro the solstices,
becauso the sun then seems to stand
still for n few days.
Tho ecliptic is so called because
eclipses occur only when tho moon is
crossing it or is near it, for the moon's
orbit cuts the ecliptic In two points,
called nodes or knots, nnd at other
times is above or below it. Ifi the
moon, when In cither node; is in lino
with the sun and tho earth we have
an eclipse, either total or annular. If
she is near her node wo havo a partial
eclipse.
Tho moon's nodes are not stationary,
but move backward on tho moon's
orbit, completing n revolution in about
nineteen years, when the eclipses of
tho period recur in the same order nnd
at about tho same Intervals as before.
This period of eighteen years and elev
en days is called the saros. It was
known to tho Chaldeans and the
Greeks nnd gave them their data for
computing eclipses.
Any intelligent person can trace the
sun's path in the heavens. If the sun
rises exactly in tho east nnd sets in
the west It is tho time of tho equl
uoxes. If tho sunrise nnd sunset
points are farthest north and the sun
nt noonday Is highest in the heavens
it is tile time of tho summer solstice.
If tho sunrise and sunset points are
farthest south and the sun is very low
In the heavens at noomlny It Is tho
time of the winter solstice. narpcr's
Weekly.
RUSSIA'S POLICE SYSTEM.
It Has an Assistant In Every House In
St. Petersburg.
Tho Russian sollcc system is ex
tremely complicated, for It practically
gives Russia nn assistant policeman in
every house in St. Petersburg. The
landlord has a private porter or acts as
porter himself. A porter has authority
to niiikc nn arrest, and ho Is obliged to
rush from tho house to the street at
tho sound of a police whistle.
As there is a policeman stationed at
hvcry block, which Is tho limit of his
oeat, and as every policeman within a
certain radius may respond with the
porters to tho signal, it takes but a
few seconds to got a platoon of uni
formed men. with almost a regiment
of porter policemen together.
Russia has also a most elaborate
system of training its policemen, and
some time ago there was opened at
St. Petersburg a fully equipped police
man's college, designed to train men in
all tho various duties of an officer of
tho law. At this college policemen are
made familiar with the tools used by
criminals, their teachers holding that
they cannot become proficient police
men in any other wny.
Tho Russian policeman attends lec
turos at which burglars' methods nnd
Instruments are explained, so that he
can checkmate them, while he has the
advantage of tho criminal museum,
which is attached to tho college. There
every appurtenance known to the
breaker of tho law must bo experi
mented with until Its every uso is thor
oughly understood. London Tit-Bits.
A Good Doctor.
'Sunshine and fresh air aro the
greatest enemies of tuberculosis," says
n medical authority. So sit on tho
sunny side of tho house, the car, the
office or tho fishing pool. Get out in
the field with tho birds nnd tho beasts.
Face tho breeze and don't bo nfrnid of
tho gale. Roll tho window shade over
up nnd never down. Make your sun
shade over into a cane. Remember
Dr. Sunshine is not only nn enemy to
tuberculosis, but to more diseases thnn
you can remember to namo, including
tho ingrowing grouch and many other
things. So let him shino in! Detroit
Freo Press.
A Curious Superstition.
Among tho superstitions of the Sene
ca Indians was tills most beautiful
one: When a young maiden died thoy
imprisoned ji young bird until it first
began to try Its powers of song, nnd
then, loading it with caresses and mes
sages, they loosed its - bonds over her
grave in tho belief thnt it would not
fold its wings nor closo its eyes until it
had flown to tho spirit land nnd dellv
ered its precious burden of affection to
he loved nnd lost ono.
FROG ARMY INVADES OHIO.
Women Terrified at Hordes of Migrat
ing "Hoppers."
Port Clinton (O.) women have been
put in a stato bordering on panic by
tho migration of thousands of frogs,
which aro marching or hopping over
land from tho marshes of Lake Erio
and tho Portage river to Sandusky
bay. Houses aro kept locked nil the
time, and tho women aro afraid to
venturo out.
Tho frogs crowd tho streets nnd side
walks, swarm upon doorsteps nnd try
to hop into houses.- In tho eveuing
thoy lift up their voices in chorus.
Tho migration is expected to continue
until tho cold weather.
To Probe Receivership.
A formal order for tho investigation
tt tho St. Louis and San Francisco
railroad receivership has been Issued
by tho interstate commerco commis
sion at Washington. No date is set
for hearings, which aro to bo held nt
various cities.
FRATRICIDAL IR liTj
BLOODIEST IH WORLD'S HISTORY
Upward of 50,000 Men Killed
Since Beginning of '
Hostilities.
ULGARIA and its former allies,
Greece, Servla nnd Montenegro,
aro now engnged in a- death
grapple over tho spoils wrested
from Turkey, after one of tho blood
1st wars in history. Dispatches, which
aro undoubtedly authentic, state that
upward of GO.00O men have lost their
lives since the beginning of hostilities,
which commenced at least ten days before-
a formal declaration of war was
made". This is a greater slaughter
than any recorded In the war against
Turkey.
Roumanin, having swiftly mobilized
GOO.OOO troops, is already embroiled in
the struggle and Austria, Russia and,
iu fact, all Europe Is waiting fearful
ly on the result So terrible has been
the slaughter that it Is reported Czar
Ferdinand, King Peter and King Con
stantino nro already anxious to agree
upon an armistice, if satisfactory
terms can be arranged by tho powers.
Meanwhile horrible atrocities and
wholesale massacres are reported from
various towns and villages in the Bal
kans. Some of tho worst of these oc
curred at Kilklsch, Planltza and Ray
novo, where men, women and children
were burned alive by Bulgarians. At
Klrkut tho Bulgarian irregular troops,
who are little moro than brigands,
burned to death 700 men by imprison
ing them in a mosque, under which
they exploded bombs, which set tho
building on fire.
No Quarter Given.
These outrages against the usages of
civilized warfare resulted In reprisals
by tho Greeks and Serbs, when
brought in contact with tho Bulgars.
Practically no quarter Is given or de
manded. A correspondent in Macedo
nia cables that tho battles havo been
tho most sanguinary in history, tho at
tacks frequently being made at night,
CZAR FERDINAND Or BULaAItlA.
tho soldiers fighting corps-a-corps,
shooting at each other at a distance of
thirty yards and then resorting to the
bayonet.
In some instances both sides havo
advanced so densely that they had no
room to uso their bayonets, but tak
ing them off, utilized them like sabers.
When even these weapons failed them
they seized each other's throats and
fought like wild beasts, strangling and
biting each other ferociously.
At Kotchana and Istip, in Macedo
nia, a terrible battlo was fought. It
was practically a drawn battle, al
though tho Bulgarian general, Kovnt
cheff, was forced to withdraw owing to
tho failure of his reinforcements to
arrive. Closo to 40,000 men were kill
ed or wounded in tho three days' en
gagements, tho Bulgarians losing up
ward of 20,000 men and tho Servians
nearly as many.
Cholera Breaks Out.
To add to tho other horrors of the
war, cholera has broken out among the
Servian wounded at Belgrado and Is
now raging fiercely, tho death rate ris
ing dally. It Is also decimatiug the
Red Cross camps for tho wounded on
tho field.
A terriblo picture of tho extent and
effect of tho war fever in tho Balkans
is given by Francis McCuIlaugh, the
London Daily News correspondent, In
Bplgrade. McCuIlaugh states that the
mutual hostility of tho allies is intense
and that tho hatred which thoy now
havo for each other Is far worso than
that which they had for tho Turk.
"Tho natural consequence," ho says,
"is that manners havo greatly degenerated-,
and tho peoples have become
brutalized. Even tho higher officials
ro boorish and unshaven. Their treat
ment of foreign diplomats and nowspa
per correspondents has never been
equaled slnco tho days of that drunk
en grand seigneur who used to hit am
bassadors between tho eyes.
"In tho light of recent revelations
tho great common crusado against the
Turk, which so moved tho heart of
Christendom nine months ago, sinks
to tho level of a robber confederacy for
the purposes of loot. Tho territorial
greed which now displays itself naked
Horrible Atrocities and Whole
sale Massacres by Bulga
rian Army, Reported.
and uushamcd is not only disconcert
ing; it is hideous and awful."
Success of the Bulgars.
The ultimate success of Bulgarian
arms depends upon quick action. Un
less she can speedily bring Servla und
Greece to subjection she Is lost, for tho
Roumanian army, now on tho move,
KINO PETER OF SERVIA.
TYPICAL SERVIAN SOLDIERS.
KINO CONSTANTINE OP CREECH.
which has already engaged in several
minor skirmishes, will be thrown in
tho balance against her.
In tho beginning tho strategic aim
of tho Bulgarian movements was to
cut off tho Servian army operating iu
northern Macedonia from Belgrado
and Salonlki. To do this seven bridges
on tho Servian railway north of Vran
Jo wero destroyed by tho Bulgars, thus
Isolating tho Scrvinus on tho north,
while the recapture of BJovgels by tho
Bulgarian nrms, which is forty-flvo
miles northwest of Salonlki, cut thorn
off from tho Greeks on the south.
Thcso advantages, however, were min.
lmlzcd by tho Greek successes in
southern Macedonia and by tho sturdy
defense of tho Servian armies at
Kotchana nnd Istip.
At present a great part of the Bui
garian army Is cut off from supplies,
oxcept such as It can obtain on the
enemies' land and by road, a Greek
force under Jing Constantino nt Doi
ran having severed their railroad con
nections with Demlrhlssar and Serres.
Late dispatches indlcnto that the
Greeks now hold tho latter city. A
large amount of tho Bulgarian army's
provisions has also been captured by
tho Greeks, and this rany cause a com
plete change in tho 13 ul gar plan of
campaign, even necessitating making
tcrmstof peace.
Beginning of Hostilities.
The steps that led to this bitter war
fare between the aforetimo allies, even
after tho congress of the powers at
London had definitely settled tho ap
portionment of the territory of tho de
feated Turks nmoug them, are curious.
Summed up briolly they aro as fol
lows: N
Servla demanded the revision of the
Serbo-Uulguriau treaty, which defined
their respective spheres In tho con
quered territory. Bulgaria absolutely
refused to agree to such revision.
Overtures were made by Servla that
Itoth nations should partially demo
bilize their forces pending a settlement,
but in view of tho military dispositions
uf Servla und Greece Bulgaria could
not agree.
The czar warned both Servla and
IJulgarln as to the course that Russia
would take toward the side which first
started war und invited the allies to
send their premiers to St. Petersburg
to arrange a settlement
Servia accepted, believing that the
treaty would be modified. Bulgaria,
however, refused to accept, requiring
first an assurance that tho treaty
should bo respected.
Not receiving this assurance, Bul
garia refused to enter into any agree
ment with the other "allies." Instead,
she actively prepared for war.
In the meantime her armies In the
field and those of the other Balkan
states came Into conflict, tho com
manding generals of all acting with
out authority fnjrn their respective
governments. Naturally this extraor
dinary situation could not long exist
without a formal declaration of hostili
ties being made, nnd thoso were finally
issued, but only after flghting had
been going on1 for nearly a fortnight.
Feeling at Vienna.
The czar's invitation to tho allies
to send their premiers to St. Peters
burg to arrange a settlement aroused
much feeling in Vienna, the Austrian
capital, where it was regarded as
leading forward to a Russian protccto
rate over the Balkans, an event which
might embroil Russia and Austro-Hun-
KINO CHARLES OP ROUiLUUA.
gary in war also. But with the for
mal declaration of war,, between the
states, this danger was averted.
A dramatic feature of tho interne
cine wnr fever, which has boon sweep
ing over southeastern Europe slnco
tho disagreement over tho division of
spoils arose, was the ultimatum forced
upon King Charles of Roumanin, giv
ing him tho cholco of signing an order
for tho mobilization of tho great Rou
manian army of 500,000 men or abdi
cating. Ho had determined that Rou
manin should remnln neutral In the
fratricidal struggle that Is now going
on, but tho head of tho var party,
Prlmo Minister Titus Mnjoresco, at tho
head of a mob of wildly shouting sup
porters, coerced him into signing the
order.
According to tho latest dispatches.
Europe will now mbko no move to Interfere-
in the struggle between thr
Balkan states. The problem which the
powers now faco Is to localize hostili
ties and keep tho Turk from entering
tho arena also, as the porto seems in
clined to do.
OCEAN CANAL FOR CANADA.
Will Connect Canadian Great Lakes
With St. Lawrence River,
Arrangements for tho construction
of a new canal between tho Canadian
great lakes and St Lawrenco river
havo advanced rapidly during tho past
few weeks, and having obtained offi
cial support .to tho extent that tho Ca
nadian government will guarantee any
Issue of bonds necessary in connection
with this matter, It is proposed to com
menco construction work practically at
once.
Tho canal Is Intended to assist tho
Canadian wheat growers who nt pres
ent havo to break bulk as soon as tho
groat lakes havo been traversed, be
fore tho crop can bo loaded Into ocean
going vessels. If this difficulty could
bo overcome, a vast amount of time,
labor and money would bo saved. It
is, therefore, anticipated that tho en
terprise will pay for Itself without
much difficulty.
It is stated that the entlro financing
of the scheme will bq carried out in
Canada.
NOTICE OF UNIFORM PRIMARIES.
In compliance with the Act of the Gen
eral Assembly approved July 12th, 1913,
notice Is hereby given that nominations
will be made for tho offices hereinafter
set forth, and elections will bo held for
tho party offices named below, by tho
electors of Wayne County nt Primaries
to bo held In the several election districts
of Wayne County between tho hours of
seven a. m. and seven p. m. on
Tiicsdny, September 10, 1013.
ELECTIONS.
STATE COMMITTEE.
Otlft nfverM DV.nl! da ntnn.n.l n 1.
of tho State Committee by each of tho
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN;
PROHIBITION.
COUNTY COMMITTEE.
Ono tifironn eVtnlt Vin MaiIa.1 i i.
election district within the county a mem-
ukv ui me v-onniy committee ny each
of the following named parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN;
PROHIBITION.
NOMINATIONS.
JURV COMMISSIONER.
Ono person shall bo nominated for the
omce of Jury Commissioner by each of
the following named parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT ; PROHIBITION.
OVrcilKlTircns ni? tutti trwvr
Two persons shall be nominated for tho
omce of Overseer of tho Poor In each
Poor District within tho County whosa
overseers aro chosen by tho electors of
said district by each of tho following
named parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
JUDGE OP ELECTION AND
INSPECTOR.
One person shall bo nominated for tho
omce of Judge of election in each election
district within tho county; and one per
son shall be nominated for the office of
Inspector In each election district within
the county by the electors of said dis
trict by each of tho following named
parties, viz:
"WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
REGISTRATION ASSESSOR.
One person shall be nominated for tho
office of Registration Assessor In each of
the following election districts: Berlin,
Buckingham, Clinton, Damascus, Man
chester, Preston, Scott, and Texas; by tho
electors of each of tho following named
parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
SCHOOL DIRECTORS.
There will be two persons nominated
for bchool Director In each school dis
trict for tho term of six years. There
will also be nominated ono person for the
term of four years in Damascus Town
ship; and ono person for the term of two
years In Sterling Township by each of
tho following parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
SUPERVISORS.
Thei'p will be two persons nominated
lor the office of Supervisor within each
township In the said County for the term
of four years by the following parties,
viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
COUXCILMEX AND BURGESS.
The boroughs of Bethany, Honesdale,
Prompton, Starrucca, and Waymart will
nominate four persons for council and
one person for Chief Burgess Tho bor
ough of Hawley will nominato six persons
for Councilmen and ono person for Chief
Burgess, by each of tho following parties,
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
TAX COLLECTOR.
Ono person Bhall be nominated for the
office of Tax Collector for each township
and borough by each of tho following
named parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
AUDITOR.
Two persons shall be nominated for tho
office of Auditor for each township and
borough by each of the following named
parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
CONSTABLE.
Ono person shall be nominated for tho
office of Constable for each township
and borough by each of tho following
named parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE.
One person shall be nominated for Jus
tice of the Peace in each of the following
townships and boroughs: Bethany Boro.,
Canaan, Cherry Ridge, Clinton, Damas
cus, Dyberry, Lake, Mount Pleasant, Ore
gon, Palmyra, Paupack, Salem, Scott,
South Canaan, and Waymart Borough.
And two persons shall bo nominated for
Justice of tho Peace in each of the fol
lowing townships and boroughs: Berlin,
Lebanon, Manchester, Prompton Bor
ough, Salem, Starrucca Borough, by tho
electors of each of tho following named
parties, viz:
WASHINGTON; REPUBLICAN; DEMO
CRAT; PROHIBITION.
Petitions may be obtained at the Com
missioners' office.
All petitions must be filed at the Com
missioners' office on or before Tues
day, August 2C, 1913.
JOHN MALE.
EARL ROCKWELL.
NEVILLE HOLGATE,
Commissioners.
Attest: 'Thomas Y. Boyd, Clerk.
Commissioners' Office, Honesdale, Pa
C0eol3 w.
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