PAGE 0
TIIE CITIZEN, AVEDNESDAY, DEO. 20, 1011.
Woman's Movement
In Celestial Empire.
Their Splendid Energy After Cen
turies of llcpresslon Girls Now
Attending Schools.
The position, of Chinese women
was the same 3,000 years ago that it
is to-day, says a writer In the
Queen. But there is a woman's
movement In the Celestial Empire
now Just as thero Is in every other
country, and it has clever and cap
able leaders.
Instead of remaining home with
crippled feet the modern Chinese
clrl attends one of the schools that
aro being started everywhere for her
instruction and which are crowded
with young women, in fact they have
been found too small to accommo
date all the applicants.
The course of study generally In
cludes mathematics, English, various
sciences, music, calisthenics, Chinese
writing and reading. The teachers
are almost entirely women, though
occasionally an old man teaches
Chinese classics. A Japanese woman
usually takes mathematics, calisthen
ics and music.
The ladies of the royal family
have been among the first to en
courage the new learning. Imperial
princesses established schools at Pe
Uin and took the lead In Mongolia,
while it is through their influence
that schools have been opened In
most of the provinces throughout
the empire.
Chinese ladles are also leaving
their own country to finish their
education In Europe, America and
Japan. Three years ago the Berlin
University received as student the
daughter of a Shanghai gentleman,
while in America the Chinese wom
en students are taking their place by
the side of their male compatriots In
any movement or meeting dealing
with Chinese questions which takes
place In the country on terms of per
fect equality.
Women's medical schools are
springing up in China staffed by Eng
lish and America ladies, and the
good they are doing' Is Incalculable.
The Margaret Williamson Hospital
at Shanghai Is an entirely American
institution, where no men are em
ployed except coolies for the rough
est work. The doctors and head
nurses are white women, and many
of the assistants are Chinese who
have been trained In the hospital.
The. Government Hospital and
Medical School for Women at Tient
sin is also doing splendid work for
women In the country. The Gov
ernment does not raise difficulties
with regard to the higher education
of women, and many men are anxi
ous for their daughters to be trained
on Western lines, and are encourag
ing them in every possible way.
Modern literature and journalism
are also largely responsible for the
awakening of Chinese women. Two
books published within the last few
years In the "Germs of Feminism"
and "The Right of the Chinese Wom
an In tne Choice of a 'Husband" voice
the modern Ideas which are taking
root In the country.
Several papers edited by Chinese
women with women as contributors,
have -lately been started. Mrs.
Chang, the widow of a Chinese offi
cial, has edited the Pekln Woman's
Paper, devoted entirely to women's
Interests, the suffrage movement in
England being a favorite topic.
This gifted lady was trained and edu
cated by her father as if she had
been a boy, and she thus obtained a
power of observing the conditions
of women's life which would have
'been Impossible for any ordinary
Chinese lady. It has been stated
that In Pekin there are nine journals
edited, composed, printed and sold
by women; Canton produces four,
Shanghai six and Poochow three.
The Government has recently laid
down rules regarding the manage
ment of native papers. Publishers,
printers and editors must be over 21
years of age, "sound of brain," and
have never been in prison. They
must also deposit security to the
amount of 15 per paper, unless it is
devoted to education, art or statis
tics, and a copy of each Issue must
be sent to the local magistrate and
to the Board of Civil Affairs in Pe
kin. The legal position of the Chinese
.woman is deplorable, and Is one of
the reasons why the movement for
her greater freedom Is making such
rapid growth. She is subject to the
"three obediences" to her father In
her childhood, to her huBband after
marriage and to her son in her wid
owhood, and this position naturally
cripples her powers and has a disas
trous effect upon her character.
When a Chinaman has only daugh
ters ho says ho has no children, In
fact, a girl ought to consider herself
lucky to be alive at all, for In many
parts of the country it is the custom
to drown female babies. Her parents
dispose of her In marriage as they
please It Is the only career open to
her and she then becomes the prop
erty of her husband.
Though the women of the better
classes rarely meet men outside their
own Immediate circle, they still ox
e'rclse a great influence, and In one of
the Chinese encyclopedias 376 books
out of 1,628 are devoted to famous
women, and eleven chapters deal
with their knowledge and literary
works. When we consider how re
stricted are their lives and how few
opportunities they have for enlarg
ing their minds we can 'but admire
the use they have made of their op
portunities. The women of the lower classes
work hard. They spin, make clothes,
shoes and most articles for homo
needs. They serve in almost every
department of Industry, and are to be
met with on their way to the fac
tories, the markets, or the fields,
with their babies strapped onto their
backs. In Canton the women work
on the boats, on the streets and In
other ways which they seldom do in
north China, One of the most no
ticeable sights in the ports ls-tho
crowd of strong and active women
coolies, only distinguished from their
menfolk by their headdress. They
swarm about the streets and do every
kind of work. In the Interior they
are to be met with In every depart
ment of agriculture and Industry, No
work is too rough or too heavy for
them to undertake, and It Is difficult
to realize that they are supposed to
represent " the weaker sex."
ScientificJWiscellany.
Magnetic Strengtli-Tcsting Ediblo
Earth Mining Itclnforccd I'avlng
Feed In Ilorso Evolution Milk
That Keeps.
A novel electromagnetic tensile
test apparatus is an engineering de
vice for showing the effect upon mi
torlals of repeatedly loading and un
loading. It consists of a frame of
four fixed uarallel side bars, a fixed
top head In which one end of the
test piece Is fastened, a fixed bottom
head carrying two upward projecting
pole pieces surrounded by two excit
ing colls, and a movable head sliding
between the side bars and gripping
the lower end of the test piece. In
normal position, the movable head
is close to the end faces of the polp
pieces, serving as an armature to the
magnet. When an alternating cur
rent is sent through the magnet
wlndlne. the armature and test piece
are subjected to a rapid succession of
pulls and the pulling rorce can De
determined from the supply voltage
and the air gap between pole pieces
and armature. In a machine already
built a pull of 220 pounds Is obtain
ed with a current of 100 volts. The
load may be applied many times In a
short period, a 50-cyclo current giv
ing 100 pulls a second, making 8,
540,000 loadings In 24 hours.
Geophagy, or earth-eatlng, Is com
mon in many places, but it seems to
have reached a unique development
In the French Sudan, as described by
Henry Hubert, a French author.
Though food Is abundant, the dirt
a kind of clay Is obtained by reg
ular mining. The clay beds are of
Varying thickness, and, as the deep
er layers are preferred, galleries are
dug to reach the choicest material.
A single native often eats 7 pounds
or more In a day.
The influence of soft bread on chil
dren's teeth has been investigated In
Germany. At Kotzling, Bavaria, 6.9
per cent, of those eating hard bread
had diseased teeth; 8.2 per cent, of
those eating both hard and soft; and
10.5 of those eating only soft bread.
At Ihrlngen, Baden, the percentage
rose from 12.4 In 1894, when only
hard bread was used, to 20.9 In
1901, when the bread was mostly
soft.
The reinforced macadam of Guiet,
a French engineer, is a now road ma
terial that is claimed to have given
superior results In his tests of the
last year or tiro, It Is made in
plates of various size's, and consists
of a hottom layer of cement enclos
ing the strengthening pieces of flat
and circular Iron, and a top layer of
broken stone pressed into the ce
ment. Formed into plates of moder
ate thickness 28 inches long and 19
wide, the pavement readily support
ed an evenly distributed load of 30
tons or a load of 8 tons concentrat
ed at one point. The surface has
been found very resistant to the wear
of heavy traffic, and Its smoothness
giving a striking contrast to stone
pavement Is a special advantage.
In places where the plates are too
expensive to use over the entire
width of the roadway, it is recom
mended that a narrow track be laid
to receive the wheels of vehlales.
A kind of wild clover called "zul
la," found only In the Province of
Cadiz, has been proclaimed by a
Spanish horse dealer as the finest
feed known for horses. The plant
grows luxuriantly In chalky or clayey
soil, seems to thrive best wild and Is
never cultivated, reaches a height of
three or four feet, and sometimes
yields 15 tons or more to the acre.
It is cut and dried like hay. A re
cent tendency in Spain has been to
use the Spanish-English hackney as
draft animals, but the Spanish saddle-horse
is asserted to have retain
ed its supremacy for speed, endur
ance and tenacity of life. These
high qualities are attributed to the
feed. It Is declared, moreover, that
any class of animals may be Improv
ed by Introduction to the favored
region, and that in the zulla locality
they will in two generations acquire
the extraordinary toughness and en
durance. The success, of powdered milk may
be of far-reaching Importance, as It
connects all sources of milk supply
with the world's markots. It Is de
veloping a great industry in New
Zealand, which provided a large
amount for Shackleton's expedition
and is to supply two tons for the ex
pedition of Dr. Mawson. Advantag
es are claimed over condensed milk.
It excels In keeping qualities and nu
tritive value, and is specially adapt
ed for Infants' food by Its thorough
sterilization and close resemblance
to human milk.
Photographing throiigh colored
screens is the new method of study
ing Mars that has been undertaken
by Tlqhoff at the Pulkova observa
tory. Four different screens were
used transmitting respectively Ted,
red and orange, orange and yellow,
and green and In tho 30-lnch equa
torial telescope they produced good
photographs of very small size. The
red and the green filters gave strik
ingly different results. On the
plates that were exposed under the
red, tho continents are much brighter
than the south polar cap, while the
seas are very dark and the canals are
best seen; and tho pictures that were
taken under the green show the
south polar cap as the brightest ob
ject, and the seas are grayish. A
study of the polar cap has made it
appear greenish Instead of white. I
The Interesting conclusion has been ,
reached that at the time tne pnoto
graphs were made the cap was Ice
Instead of snow, and this View has
been confirmed by experiments on the
absorption spectrum of ice and in
photographing sand, snow and Ice.
Aniline poisoning In a curious
manner has been reported by a Ger
man physician. A boy applied com
mercial aniline liberally to his hands
for ulcerated chilblains, and, while
there was no inflammation of the tls-,
sue, and healing progressed under the
treatment, general symptoms of se
vere poisoning appeared, and were
acquired by tho boy's room-mate
from simply sleeping In the close
room, 'in the morning both boys
were found unconscious. The one
who had hoen poisoned by inhala
tion recovered the next day, but the'
other could not stand for nine
days, after which ho gradually re
covered.
Bacteria, which may endure cold
and drouth unharmed, ihave Dosslbil
ltles of surprising longevity. From
earth attached to moss that had been
kept In a cabinet since 1852 a Ger
man biologist has obtained 89.200
living spores per gramme A search
for sial older dried moss revealed
a specimen that had been kept In a
paper envelope since 1824. and even
this yielded 19,000 bacteria per
gramme, it is Known that some dls
ease germs retains their vitality a
long time.
ELECT GULLING
A Chinese Salute.
No one who has studied the military
methods of China will be surprised to
learn that "shells" of painted wood
have been picked up In the German
concession at Hunkow. This is truly
Chinese. Not so very long ago each
soldier was supplied with an oilcloth
parasol and a fan, which he tucked up
his sleeve. During the battle of Plng
yang, when tho rain came on, the para
sols were opened, and the enemy found
tho men easy targets, especially ns
each one wore n large white disk bear
ing the number of his regiment on his
breast and back. At the . arsenal at
Nanking it was once decided to shorten
a Krupp cannon which had arrived
there because it was too long and to
make "solid shells" which would not
burst. Green sprouts were also seen
on the logs from which gunstocks were
to be made. But the "limit," as one
may say, was reached at Hankow
when an Austrian warship entered tho
port and saluted the fort. The Chinese
attempted to return the courtesy, but
stopped short after five of" six dis
charges. As tho Chinese commander
afterward explained, "When the third
artilleryman had been killed wo de
cided to stop firing." Pall Mall Ga
zette. Alaska as a Gams Preserve.
Quietly, but surely, Alaska has become
one vast game preserve. A new divi
sion of tho fisheries bureau in the de
partment of commerce nnd labor Is
called the Alaska fisheries survey. The
function of this survey is to look after
all the Alaska fur seals, the lesser fur
bearing animals, tho beaver nnd the
sea otter and almost all the varieties
of bear. By a strange arrangement,
however, tho Kadlak bear, the largest
of tho tribe, is placed under the juris
diction of the biological survey.
From now on, so far as game Is con
cerned, the territory will be controlled
Hko a huge zoological park. No fur
bearing animals may be killed except
under tho rules laid down by the fish
eries survey. Tho sea otter is not to
be hunted for nine years and the bea
ver not for four years. The movement;
is going to take the greatest care of fur
seals. Five game wardens are to be
maintained for the territory, and they
are to guard and study the animals.
On the south coast and where the
Eadiak bear abounds those animals
are becoming so numerous as to be
come a positive nuisance and an actual
menace. Chicago News.
Story of a Portrait,
A story comes from Vienna of Frau
Sclma Kurz, the opera singer, and Pro
fessor Leopold Harvurtz, tho court
painter. The prima donna, it is said,
had long been anxious to have her por
trait painted by tho professor. A
friend introduced her, and the artist
agreed to execute the commission. The
portrait was finished in thirty sittings,
and tho singer, enthusiastic in its
praise, handed the painter a small
package and asked him to send the
picture to her borne. Tho professor
opened the package on the spot and
found that it contained $400. With a
smile he told the lady she could keep
the $400 and he would keep the por
trait. Frau Kurz thereupon reminded
him that she had given him thirty sit
tings, "and I am not an nrtist's mod
el," she added. The painter smiled
again and said, "I pay my models n
dollar for every sitting. You may,
therefore, claim $30. I shall not fail
to discharge my obligation."
His Football Record.
Luke Lea, the senate's "baby," tells
this on himself: "I have seen it print
ed in several newspapers that I was a
great football player when I was at
college. As a matter of fact, I never
played but one game of football in my
life. That was a terrific but bloodless
encounter between my boarding house
team and .another aggregation at tho
University of the South. In the first
part of the game I got hold of tho
ball and started as fast as I could go
toward my goal, not realizing that the
point wns to take It across the oppo
site side's goal line. The thing that
saved the day was that tho quarter
back on my team overtook me, tackled
me, threw mo down nnd wrested tho
ball from my grasp. That is my foot
ball record, and I'm not very proud of
it." Washington Star.
Teachers' Wages Long Ago.
The scale of teachers' wages preva
lent fifty-eight years ago in Vermont,
as shown by a communication to the
Morrlsville Messenger, Is interesting
as compared with tho present pay,
which is admittedly too low. Eleven
dollars to a female teacher for a whole
term and $18 to a male teacher for the
same period Is something nonunder
Btandablo now. Those teachers taught
tho "three It's" and kept order, their
ability In the latter respect being the
chief consideration when they were
engaged, all for 25 cents a day and
board in the case of a man and about
15 cents a day nnd board in the case ol
m woman. Rutland News.
Daily Christmas F)int
An Artistic Gilt For the Flower
Loving Woman
BAMBOO FLOWER HOLDE1L
This charming receptacle for flowers
makes just the gift for tho average
woman, for .the average woman is a
flower lover and will appreciate the'
fact that you credit her with so re
fined n taste.
If you happen to know her favorite
flower and she is member of your
family It would be a charming Idea
to place the gift beside her plate on
Christmas morning filled with her fa
vorite blossoms and with a pretty
Christmas card bearing a holiday
greeting. The flower holder illustrated
bere Is of green ware, covered with
woven brown bamboo.
If tho recipient Is not a member of
your household the vase should be
carefully packed for mailing or ex
prcssago. A Christmas tragedy Is to
receive a souvenir of this sort in
pieces.
Daily Christmas Rint
Something For the Housewife or
Prospective Bride
EMBROIDERED TOWEL.
This gift will be prized by the bouse
keeper or by the prospective bride.
The towel is of linen huck and may
be bought stamped. If the maker is
an artist she may sketch her own de
sign upon the fabric and then work
It In with mercerized cotton. The
towel should bear the initials of the
one for whom it is intended.
Daily Christmas F)int
A Jolly Gift For the Fun Loving
Girl
GOOD XiUCK CALENDAR.
Hero Is exactly the gift for the girl
who loves "fool things." Make her a
good luck calendar, and she'll have a
fine laugh when she opens the pres
ent All that is needed Is a rather large
square of heavy cardboard. The Illus
tration shows you how the good luck
emblems are arranged with tho little
calendar at the top. Nothing is miss
ing from the list of lucky signs. The
four leaved clover, the swastika, the
black cat, are all represented.
A loop of ribbon may be pasted on
at tho top to hang the calendar In a
convenient position on the wall. Wa
ter color board cut out in the form of
four leaved clovers or cats may after
ward be tinted In suitable colors, and
thei designs thus made aro attractive
mounts for the little paper calendars.
A
Jim' ; IE
I The Boy Who Has
I No Santa Claus
By R.OBERTUS LOVE I
&
0.6..e "$0. O-
(From "Poems All the Way Prom Pike,"
copyright, 1901. by Pan-American Press.l
CR6 boy who hae no Santa
Claus,
So wistful, on, eo wan be loolta
through wondroua windows,
mahtng pause
Co gloat upon the picture booto
"Che Giant Killer," "pother Goooe."
Hlao, poor urchin, what's the use?
I oaw htm standing yesternight,
1Mb nose against the frosty pane,
enamored of the fairy sight,
So fond, so friendless, oh, so fain
Co grasp and beat the painted druml
Be dreamed of seeing Santa come.
So long he stood and loohed within
X thought bio yearning gaze must
charm
Cbe stalwart soldier made of tin
Co rise and follow through the storm
Hnd, standing guard above blm, malie
Bis dream come true ere be awahe.
Che Jumping Jach, the candy cane,
Cbe bugle and the hobbyhorse
I'd tblnh they would be slch with pain
Hnd sorrowful with dccD remorse
Because they did not steal away
una tn ms squalid garret stay.
Che boy who has no Santa Claus,
Ob, sadder far his sorrow is
Chan all our grownup woes, because
CQ"e bave no wishes such as bis.
Cbe useless yearn of childhood, oh,
OTe cannot feel, we cannot hnowl
Ob, Little 'Johnny Loney Boy,
I'm sad and sorry for you oo!
You shouldn't miss the perfect Joy
Of Christmas, for the years are slow.
Xf I'd the mailing of the laws
I'd give each boy a Santa Clauo.
Letter of a Bad Boy
By GOODLOE THOMAS
Copyrltfht, 1911, by American Press Association
ELL, Santa Claus, I guess
About a thing or two
Fergit to come or put a
A uu ii.il luai 13 mag vviiuii jruu uuilic, lu luui iity uiuiiid Ike
First tiling, I'll tell about that day I didn't go to school,
But went away to hunt for rabbits 'long with Andy Kool.
Well, that was Andy's fault. He said if I'd go 'long he'd see
That no one knowed, then went an' told an blamed it all on me.
I s'pose you've got it in. for me because the other day
I had that fight with Stringy Keys an' licked him so. Well, say,
I guess if one o' them air Eskymaux up round the pole
Would pull your reindeers' tails like Stringy did my dog's an tol
The other boys he yelped that way because he had the fleas
You'd want to hit him on the nose, like I did Stringy Keys.
So please excuse, an' if you know of any other fight
That I was in I'll fix it up with you next time I write.
I guess I'd better mention 'bout that pie that disappeared
So Strang-' a night or two ago, an mother said she feared
A burglar'd been around. You know, dear Santa, that was me
Or else I wouldn't bring it up right now. But then, you see,
I'm telling everything, so if my pa or ma should write
An' mention things you'll understand I've told them, honor bright!
I guess that's all. I hope you'll bring the watch an skates an' gun,
A boy that's spected to be good has got to have some fun.
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Fire
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