PAGE 3 TUB CITIZEN, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 0, 1011. WHICH ! SEIZE, IS A Mas Been Under Turkish Domi nation Since' 1835 Sultan Uses It as His Siberia. THE Turkish vilayet of Tripoli, upon which Italy has designs, occupies the territory on the north coast of Africa, between Egypt and Tunisia on the east and west. To the north is the Mediterra nean, and to tho south an uncertain boundary line stretches approximately to tho tropic of Cancer, In tho district of Fezzan, and elsewhere ends Indefi nitely in the sandy wastes of the Libyan desert. There are five sepa rate regions, known as Tripoli proper, the Uarca plateau (Cyrenalca). the Aujlta oases, Fezzan and tho oases of Ghadamcs and Ghat, comprising to gether a territory of 400,000 square miles. Tho coast lino on the Mediter ranean extends 1,100 miles. The In habitants are estimated to number be tween 800,000 aud 1,300,000. Tripoli became a Turkish vilayet, or regency, in 1835. In the sixteenth century the land fell under Turkish domination, but this sovereignty was scarcely enforced. Civil and military authority is in the hands of the vail, or governor general, under whom are the cantonal or district officers. Arab tribes in the Interior recognize still the rule of their sheiks, and Berber as semblies raise taxes. The population Is chielly Berber, but there are many Jews in the country. Of the 0,000 Europeans in Tripoli, exclusivo of tho 10,000 Turkish troops, tho larger num ber nre Italians and Maltese. Sea carrying trade originating in Tripoli is for tho most part in tho hands of the Italians. Hcgular sail ings nre between Tripoli nnd Malta and Tripoli and Tunis. Tho products are mainly agricultural, nnd total ex ports, including those of Bcngazi, average $5,000,000 yearly. Barley, the staple food of the people, is exported in seasons of plenty, and sheep, goats, oxen and wool, hides and tropical fruits are shipped to nil parts of tho world. A considerable Industry is that of raising ostriches for plumes In the southernmost districts. Tripoli is one of the last strongholds of tho slave trade. Captives from central Africa are brought across tho desert to the trni'-rs in the Unrlinry cities. Of the cities of Tripoli, Barca, with 35,000 inhabitants. Is the largest. The town of Tripoli Is one of the oldest In the world und is tho Mediterranean gateway of the Sahara. Iiying on the African coast over against Sicily, It is the natural terminus of the caravan routes from tho interior. To Tripoli run tho three great historic caravan routes. One extends south to Lake Chad, through Kezzau and Bllma, crossing the Sahara at its narrowest IKilnt; another turns to tho southwest, through the halting places of Gha dnmc and Ghat, to Timbuktu and Kano, and the third to the southeast, through Sokua to Wadal and Darfur. The United States has been engaged in war with Tripoli twice. The pirates who had their refuge in Tripoli were the terror of tho Mediterranean, and other nations regularly paid tribute for the safety of vessels in those waters. A demand for an Increase in tho Unit ed States tribute of $S3,000 was made by the pasha In 1801, nnd three frig ates and a sloop of war were sent to blockade Tripoli. Tho memorable fea tures of the two wars were tho cap ture of the frigate Philadelphia by the Trlpolltans, the gallant exploit of Ste phen Decatur, who sailed Into the har bor in the little ketch Intrepid aud un der lire of the forts from the shore burned the Philadelphia, and the pic turesque expedition commanded by William Eaton across the desert from Alexandria In an effort to enthrono in Tripoli iin exiled pasha. In 1815 De catur compelled tho dey of Algiers to promise to United States ships freedom from molestation without payment of tribute. Italy's Long Dream. For the last thirty-five years in fact, over since tho various petty states of Italy were welded Into one united kingdom It has been the dream of the people subject to King Hum bert's rule to possess n foothold on the Mediterranean shores of Africa. The wish is all the more natural see ing that by far tho greater portion of tho trade between southern Europe and the northern coast of Africa Is carried on under tho Italian flag and that tho commercial interests of Italy along the northern shore of Africa are superior to those of every other Eu ropean nation. Indeed, throughout the Levant Italian has been from time Immemorial tho European language most exclusively used In commercial, social nnd official intercourse. Tripoli Is in every senso of the word a land of mystery. It is out of the beaten track of tourists. In fact, thero are no hotels or Inns for the accommodation of whlto people in the city of Tripoli or in any of tho towns of the interior. It does not figure in any of the guidebooks of tho Levant and It Is difficult indeed to find even nny works, geographical or descrlp tivp, dealing with tho subject. Yet 11 Is barely a week'B Journey from Paris and actually within sight of Sicily and of Malta. Foreigners ore not welcome HnnU nnd vessels arriving at Tripoli i TRIPOLI i e o i o a ITALY WOULD LAND OF MYSTERY I Turkey's Army Is Greater Than Italy's by 1,000,000 Men, but Her Navy Is Inferior. are forced to laua nt a quay at the farther end of which a big and omi nous looking gate gives access to tho essentially oriental city and to the country beyond, nnd before the for eigner Is allowed to pass through this gate he himself and his papers nre subjected to a far from friendly and exceedingly strict examination, which as often as not ends in tho visitor be ing requested to betake himself at once back on board the ship which brought him. No Exiles Beturn. Tho mention of the name of Tripoli is sufficient to causo a shudder at Con stantinople, for whenever a prominent citizen or dignitary In Stamboul sud denly vanishes from sight without bid ding farewell to his friends and to his family it almost invariably be comes kndwn sooner or later that he has been shipped off by night to Trip oli, where on landing he has been compelled to trudge on foot the thirty days' journey to Murzuk, tho capital of the province of Fezznn, which Is an oasis In the burning desert of Sahara. None of the exiles has ever returned thence, and it is fortunate indeed' If ho In not done to death on the way thither. It is only rarely that one of them man ages to get letters to those whom ho lias left behind, letters thnt give the most appalling account of the tortures and of the hardships to which he Is subjected. Among those who have boon thus deported to Tripoli and to I'ezzan have been largo numbers of Armenian bankers and merchants of Constantinople, who owe their exile In many instances to anonymous accusa tions or else to mere suspicion. Tripoli was for many hundreds of years famous as tho principal lair of the so called Barbary pirates, or cor sairs, who constituted the scourge of tho Mediterranean. Lying midway be tween Tunis and Egypt, it was a flour ishing state in the day of the Phoeni cians, of the Itomans and of tho Greeks, under the name of Cyrenalca, until conquered by the Arabs twelve centuries ago. In tho sixteenth cen tury tho city of Tripoli was held for a few years first by Ferdinand the Cath olic of Spain and then by the Knights of St. John, who were expelled, how ovor. by the famous Turkish corsair ' , agut. Fierce Tuareg Tribes. Ills descendants governed the state of Tripoli until 1835, when the Turks took advantage of a civil war to seize possession of the country, which ever since has been ndmlnlstered ns a prov ince of tho Ottoman empire. The fron tiers east and west are ill defined, the desert In either direction being swept bv those fierce Tuareg tribes which are the most fanatic and bloodthirsty of all tho nomad races of the Sahara. Tripoli hns become the headquarters uf all the great caravan trade of cen tral Africa. It has tho advantage of being several hundred miles, nearer the irrcat mart3 of the Interior of the dark continent than cither Tunis or Al giers, and almost dally there are cara vans leaving for tho south laden with cotton fabrics, cutlery, etc., and arriv ing with esparto grass, ivory and os trich feathers. Tripoli's most impor tant export, however, is that of black slave. They reach tho seacoast from the great negro empires of Wadal and Bornu, to the south of Fezzan, nnd are thereupon shipped from tho ports of Bengnzi, Tnbrouk and Tripoli Itself di rectly to Constantinople nnd to other parts of the Ottoman empire. Fighting Forces Compared. In the ovent of wnr between Italy and Turkey the Turkish government could put Into tho Held probably n million more men than Italy, but any advantage that might aecruo to the latter nation as n result of this nu merical supremacy on land would bo more than offset by the tremendous advantage that Italy would have on the sea. Italy hns a fine navy, against which tho Turks could send only a few obsolete battleships nnd somlar morcd cruisers, none of which is to be compared to tho big Italian battle ships of the San Giorgio, Pisa, Vitto rlo Emanuele nnd Benedetto Brin classes. The latest available data on the mil itary establishments of the world gives to Italy a standing army of 225,000 men in active servico and 300,000 in reserve. In addition to this armed force Italy has available for duty, but not organized, an additional l,20q,000 men. It would tnko several mouths to whip tho unorganized force Into shape. At the head of the Italian army Is Lieutenant General Poillo. Tho army is organized into twelvo corps name ly, tho corps of Turin, Alessandria, Milan, Genoa, Verona, Bologna, An cona, Florence, Rome, Naples, Bari and Palermo, each corps commanded by a lieutenant general. Each corps is subdivided into two divisions, each commanded by a lieutenant general. Tho snmo authority on which tho Itnllan milltnry strength is figured puts tho standing army of Turkey at 375,000 men with 850,000 In reserve and 2,000,000 men who are of arm bearing age, but unorganized. Tho Turks are great fighters, but the im pression prevails t'hn't'thclr equipment in no way compares with that of the Italian nrmlcs. Littlo Is known of the men who would assume command of tho Turkish armies in the event of wnr. In the naval establishments of the two countries all of the advantage is on the' side of Italy. Italy has ready for duty two battleships of the San Giorgio type, which displace about 10,000 tons (nbout tho same size as the United Stntes battleship Oregon), two of tho Pisa class of 10,118 tons, four of the Vlttorio Emanuele class of about 13,000 tons (same ns the United States battleship Idaho), two of tho Benedetto Brin typo of 13,500 ton3 nnd four of tho Gnribnldl typo of armored cruisers of 7,400 tons. In addition to these ships slio has building and some are nearly ready for service three Dreadnoughts of 21,500 tons and one of 10,000 tons. The Duke of Genoa is the, admiral of the Italian navy, his principal subordi nates being Vice Admiral Bettolo and Bear Admirals the Duke of the Abruzzl and Grenet. Against this fleet) Turkey would have to trust her fortunes at sea to the twenty-year-old battleships Hairredln Bnrlmrosse and Torgud Reis, of 10,000 tons, the thlrty-flvo year-old 10,000 ton Messudltch and the little 2,800 ton iron clnd Feth-I-Bulend, which was laid down forty years ago. Turkey nlso hns some cruisers, the Mnhldleh (for merly tho Abdul Ilnmid), the Medji dleh. the Pelk-I-Shevkct nnd the Berki Satvct. all of which nre now. The ma hldlch, the largest of the lot, displaces less than 4,000 tons. There nre still some other ships In the Turkish navy, but these ore the most powerful. It Is nnld that the Turkish government is golntf to build three Dreadnoughts, but the construction of these hns not yet begun. CHINA NEARING CRISIS. Test of Government by Provincials Believed to Be Inevitable. In tho opinion of students of orien tal affairs, China Is rapidly approach ing a great crisis in her history. Tho uprising in Szechuan province la ex pected to extend to other neighboring provinces, nnd especially to the south ward, where tho Mongolian element hns for many years been opposed to the reigning Manchu dynast'. Evidently prepared for trouble, tho Chinese gov ernment has been quick to dispatch troops into the disaffected district. It is believed at Washington that the government will bo able to suppress the present disturbance, though tho unforeseen disastrous flooding of tho Yangtze valley Is expected to drive thousands of the unfortunate natives, whose means of support have been de stroyed, into the ranks of the revolu tionists. But it is believed that this Szechuan uprising Is only tho precursor of other outbreaks In different parts of tho Flower Kingdom, for the fact la that the struggle now going on is realty a gigantic test of the relativo strength nnd power of tho central government ns opposed to the provincial govern ments. In other words, the situation resembles the grent feudal wars of Europe In the middle ages. Japan also had to pass through a similar ordeal before the emperor was able to break tho power of his mutinous barons, and it is believed that the Chinese govern ment will now be put to the same test. While the sympathy of occidental nations must remain with the Chinese central government, there can be no Interference in this great internal strife, nnd the activities of other na tions, at least for the present, must be confined to the protection of their own citizens resident In China. GOLF CLUBS FOR TAFT. Andrew Carnegie Sends the President a Set Made In Scotland. Andrew Carnegie has sent Mr. Tnft n set of golf clubs. They are the handiwork of J. Dussle of Dornoch, Rcotlnnd, which is Carneglo's nntlve heath. Mr. Carnegie intrusted the clubs for delivery to J. G. Schmldlnpp of Cincinnati, an old friend of the president, who hns recently been visit ing Skibo nnd Europe. Mr, Schmld lapp presented them to Mr. Taft. With the clubUfRtno the well wishes of Mr. Carnegie, who says that ho fa vors golf for the president because it will give him henlth to continue his work for world peace, tho other great game besides golf in which the presi dent nnd Mr. Carnegie are interested. MAUSOLEUM TO HOLD 2,000, Fireproof Structure Costing $100,000 to Be Built In Cincinnati. A mausoleum fireproof In construc tion nnd gigantic in proportions is to be erected In Cincinnati. It will hold the bodies of 2,000 persons and will cost over $100,000. Tho Interior will bo of concrete nnd the exterior of stone, with granite trimmings. Tho crypts will bo largo enough to hold the biggest coffin yet made, nnd in enso of a family desir ing to bury a member in this manner nn opening will be choson. Tho cof fined body will be slid into tho open ing, nnd as soon ns the mourners leave workmen with mixed concrete will cov er tho opening, thereby hermetically anallnsr tho coffin and Its contents. Letter Writing. Letter writing began to be an art In 1035 B. C. "Nellie" Grant. Ellen Wrcnshall Grant, affectionate ly remembered by most American peo ple as "Nellie" Grant, was the first child of a president to be married at the White House. IN PATH OF FLOOD. 3 Parts of a House and Wreck ? ) age In Austin's Main Street. V Photo by American Press Association. YOUNGEST AVIATOR KILLED. Cromwell Dixon, Who Flew Over the Rockies, Falls to Death. Spokane, Wash.. Oct. 3. Aviator Cromwell Dixon was fatally Injured In n fall at the Interstate Fair grounds hero nnd died at the City hospital Nearly 12,000 people saw the accident. Dixon nnd It. C. ("Lucky Bob") St. Henry were under contract to make throe flights daily nt the fair. The boy's accident resulted from trouble with bis engine. Cromwell Dixon was eighteen yenrs old aud the first aviator to fly over the Itocky mountains, besides being the youngest aviator In this country. He received his license from tho Aoro Club of America on Aug. 31 of this year. lie was born In Columbus, O. lie saw Captain Baldwin fly In a di rigible balloon at the world's fair In St. Louis. The boy went homo and built a balloon for himself, which was thirty feet long and eleven feet in diam eter. Lacking nn engine, young Dixon put In a bicycle pedal arrangement at tached to a chain, by which he rnn the propeller. With this machine he made many remarkable flights. On one occa sion ho flew from St. Louis across the state border Into Illinois and back again, a distance of thirteen miles. He became very proficient in running di rigible balloons. Who Cares? Those haughty dames whoso stately nameu In print we often see llavo said the coatless man Is barred From good sassletee. Now, Isn't It an awful shamo Our longing to deflato? For coatless wo would rather bo Than swelter with tho creak Cleveland Plain Dealer. LADIES CAN WEAR SHOES ono size smaller after using Allen's Foot-Ease, tho antiseptic powder for tho feet. It makes tight or new shoes feel easy; gives instant relief to corns and bunions. It's tho greatest comfort discovery of the age. Relieves swollen feet, blisters, callous and sore spots, it is a cer tain relief for sweating, tired, ten der, aching feet. Always use It to Break in now shoes. Don't go on your vacation without a package of Allen's Foot-Ease. Sold everywhere, 25c. Don't accept any substitute. For FREE trial package, address Allen S. Olmstead, Le Roy, N. Y. THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF MILWAUKEE, WIS.! Agency at Honesdale, Wayne Co., Pa. FROM THE EM ANNUAL REPORT. Total admitted assets $ 273,813,063.55 Total Insurance in force 1,080,239,708.00 Total number policy-holders 425.481.00 New Insurance Reported and paid for In 1910 118,789,033.00 Increase In Insurance In force over 1909 67,240,613.00 Total Incomo for 1910 61,979,892.25 Total payment to policy-holders 32,869,899.00 Ratio of expense and taxes to Income 12.73 per cent. I'OU WILL MAKE NO MISTAKE IF YOU INSURE WITH II. A. TINGLEV, Agent. HONESDALE, PA. IT GIVESTHE.BEST RESULTS. LIGHT, . .trade1 STTfie SMITHSONIAN NtVMIIIhaV!' FOR Cx ffl & ZK' HOLDS N POSITION. j C 0 J A TO JAIL FOB 0BUELTY. Ohio Farmer Hitched Wife to Plow, Then Beat Her. Lisbon, O., Oct 8. For hitching UN wife to n plow nnd boating hor be cause she coukln't pull it Jacob Zlui merman, a farmer, of Wellsvllle was sent to the workhouse for ninety days. Zimmerman, who Is accounted by his neighbors ns well to do. often qtnir reled with his wife. After a qunrrol he seized her and dragged her to a field where n plow was lying. With pieces of rope he hitched her to tho implement nnd then stood back of her with a whip and ordered her to pull tho plow. The frightened woman was unable to budgo it, and ho lashed her unmerci fully. Neighbors heard her screams and went to her rescue. Zimmerman was taken to court and quickly sen tenced. A Threat. "Will they miss me when I'm sons Where tho skies are sunny? Mot If I can help It. They Will not mlsa me while away, For most .every other day I'll write homo for money. Detroit Free Press. ONE MILLION DOLLARS FOR A GOOD STOMACH. This Offer Should Be a Warning to Every Man and Woman. Tho nowspnpers nnd medical Jour nals recently have had much to say relative to a famous millionaire's offer of n million 'dollars for a now stomach. This great multi-mlllionairo was too busy to worry- nbout the condition of ids stomach. Ho allowed his dyspep sia to run from bad to worso until in tho end it became Incurable. His misfortune serves as a warning to others. Every one who suffers with dyspep filt for a few- years will give every thing he owns for a now stomach. Dyspepsia Is commonly caused by an abnormal state of the gastric juices, or by lack of tone in tho walls of the stomach. The result is that the atom nch loses Its power to digest food. Wo nro now able to supply certain missing elements to help to rcstoro to the gastric juices their dlgestivo power, and to nid in making tho stom ach strong nnd well. We know that Rexall Dyspepsia Tablets are a most dependable rem edy for disordered stomachs, Indiges tion, and dyspepsia. Wo want you to try them and will return your money It you nre not more than satisfied with tho result. Three sizes, 25 cents, 50 cents and 51.00. Remember, you can obtain Boxall Remedies In this community only nt our store The Rexall Store. A. M. LEIXE A O BLAKE AUCTIONEER & CATTLE DEALER YOU WILL MAKE MONEY BY HAVING ME Bell Phone 9-U BETHANY, PA. H. F. Weaver Plans & Estimates Furnished Residence, 1302 EastSt. SALE BY Architect and Builder BPPJEfeU n TO iCT If. ID "W" I UST PKOFEBSIONAI, CARDS. Attorncvs-ot-Lnw. H WILSON, . ATTORNEY A COUNSELOIl-AT-LAW. Offlce adjacent to Post Office in Dimnilck office, Honesdale, Pa. a WM. H. LEE, ATTORNEY A COUNBELOR-AT-LAW. Office ovor post office. All leeal buslnes promptly attended to. Honesdale, Pa. 7,1 O. MUMFORD, J2i. ATTORNEY A COUNBELOR-AT-LAW, Office-Liberty Hall bulldine. opposite th Post Offlce. Honesdale. Pa. EOMER GREENE. ATTORNEY A COUNSELOR-AT-LAW Office over Relf's store. Honesdale Pa. CHARLES A. McOARTY, ATTORNEY A COUNSELOR-IT-LAW. Special and prompt attention given to tup store Honesdale. Pa. T71 P. KIMBLE, JJ . ATTORNEY A TT1 Tf V T." V X nnnuarTnti.iw., . ... Office over the cost offlce Honesdale. Pa. ME. SIMONS, . ATTORNEY A COUNSELOR-AT-LAW, Ofllco in the Court House, Honesdale Pa. pETER H. ILOPF, jl. ahuiibi,! UUUHBEI.UK-AT-LAW, Office-Second floor old Savlnes Brni bulldine. Honesdale. Pa. SEARLE & SALMON, ATTORNEYS A COUNSELORS-AT-LAW Offices lately occupied by Judge Searle CHESTER A. GARRATTX ATTORNEY A COUNSELOR-AT-LAW Office adjacent to Post Offlce, Honesdale. Pa Dentists. DR. E. T. BROWN, DENTIST. Office-First floor, old Savings Bank bulld ine. Honesdale, Pa. D ,R. C. R. BRADY, DENTI8T, HONESDALE, PA. 1011 MAIN ST. Any evening by appointment. Citizens' Phone. Physicians. PB. PETERSON, M. D. . 1120MAIN STREET. HONEsnil.E. Vk Eye and Ear a specialty. The fitting of glass es given careful uttentfon. Livery. LIVERY.--l;red. G. Rickard has re moved ilis liverv PRtahlfalimnnf frnm corner Church street to Whitney's Stone Bam9 ALL CALLS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. FIRST CLASS OUTFITS. 75y SPENCER I The Jeweler would like to see you if 1 t you are in the market for 4- JEWELRY, SILVER-! t WARE, WATCHES.i CLOCKS, 1 DIAMONDS, AND NOVELTIES "Guaranteed articles only sold." J MM MM 1HH4 WHEN THERE IS ILLNESS in your family you of course call a reliable physician. Don't Btop at that; have his prescriptions put up at a reliable pharmacy, even if it is a little farther from your home than some other store. You can find no more reliable Btore than ours. It would be im possible for more caro to be taken in the selection of drugs, etc., or in tho compounding. Prescrip tions brought here, either night or day, will be promptly and accurately compounded by a competent registered pharmacist and the prices will bo most rea sonable, O. T. CHAMBERS, PHARMACIST. Opp. D. A H. Station. Honesdale. Pa, German-American Home Treatment, t":" The GERMAN AMERICAN TREATMENT. I OOOO D I .r..l Dr.,., lo ..It ,k M . I.d,d r...,l.po.ltI,.l, . u. Onlr Oure. K.ll.r b.to"."r HOTEL T0 DERIS' ' OAOVYAY cini 11th ST. HON YOh cry t-ry point of m- I Wl bltx-V fr. SCQl.1 LI.Q3 nar ii.v airf . i-'i.SO per day end up r.UROPCA?4 PLAN Tibia d'lloie BreaMatt . GOa -WIH.TATLOR & SON, Ino.
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