THE CITIZEN, KHIDAY, JULY 14, 1011.
PAGE 3
MUTATIONS IN
PRESIDENTS OF
Taft More Fortunate
Than Most of His
Predecessors
airnOUGH Mr. Tnft has made
m two changes in his cabinet,
jFtL Fisher succeeding Balllngcr
and Stimson taking the place
of DlcklnBon, this number Is not un
usual enough to nrouso the surprise
which Is expressed In some quarters.
The president, indeed. Is more fortu
nate than most of his predecessors
have been in retaining the services of
his political family. In his four years
of servlco it Is to bo presumed that he
did not expect to equal the record of
Herce, whoso council remained un
broken to the end of the term. In
fact, some presidents have had more
changes in the ranks of their official
advisers in a single year than the pres
ent executive has had In two years
and a quarter. On tills score Mr.
Tnft has fared well.
While the term cabinet is not men
tioned in the constitution, this has be
come a very important part of the ex
ecutive machinery. Although the fed
eral charter does not mention this
body by name, it assumes that such a
council will be created and refers to
it in article 2, section 2, which au
thorizes the president to "require the
opinion in writing of tho principal of
ficer fh each of the executive depart
ments upon any subject relating to the
duties of their respective offices."
More than once tho llrst president
called for such opinions. lie did this
In a historic exigency, that which was
created by the passago through con
gress of tho bill to create the first
United States bank, that which was
chartered in 1701. Hamilton, the sec
retary of the treasury, was the author
of that measure, which many of the
6tate rights ndvocates opposed as n
unconstitutional stretch of power by
congress. Washington asked the views
in writing of all his advisers. Jeffer
son, the secretary of state, opposed
the bank, but Hnmllton's argument
prevailed with Washington, and he
signed tho bill. In inter days the cus
tom for tho president has been to have
regular consultations with the cabinet,
beforo whom all matters of large Im
portance are laid. This has been the
practice within the recollection of
everybody now alive.
Cabinet Acquires Prestige.
But tho cabinet in recent times has
had a dignity and a prestige which It
did not possess at flrst. In certain
contingencies tho presidency may de
volve upon some of its members.
Along until 1880, if there were no pres
ident or vice president, the presidency
would bo obtained by the president pro
tempore of the senate or the speaker
of tho house, in this order, but tho as
sassination of Garfield in 1881, when
there was no president pro tempore
and no speaker of the house, for con
gress had not met at that time, Im
pelled house and senate to provide for
a crisis of this sort Thus n bill was
passed, which was signed by Cleve
land on Jnn. 10, 18S0, which placed
tho members of the cabinet in the line
of succession, the order being the sec
retary of state, the secretary of tho
treasury, and bo on. Of course the
cabinet officer ln order to bo eligible
would have to meet the requirements
of birth and age which are demanded
in presidents. The act of 1880 gives
tho cabinet a certain Importance which
it lacked up to that time. In the
accidents and mischances of the fu
ture it Is altogether possible that the
big office may descend to one of the
president's appointees.
Only four members were In tho cabi
net in Washington's time. These were
the heads of the stnte, the treasury and
tho war departments and the attorney
general. It was said that Washington
selected members from each party Im
partially In framing his cabinet In
the sense In which this assertion Is
commonly made it is not quite correct.
Hamilton and Jefferson, the two most
prominent members of tho flrst presi
dent's council, did indeed belong to
different schools of political thought.
It is probable, however, that this cir
cumstance did not have any influence
with Washington lu making the se
lections. When he entered office par
ty lines had not been drawn. Two
elements were In the convention which
framed tho constitution, and Washing
ton presided over that body. Tho ad
vocates of the constitution as framed
were called Federalists, and its oppo
nents were named Antlfederallsts.
This division appeared lu a much more
decisive form In tho state conventions
which were held to ratify or reject that
charter. Tho Federalists triumphed.
In the earlier congresses the same
political terms were used. In the
sense, however, of defending tbo
constitution Jefferson and Hamilton
were Federalists, but soon after It
went into operation tho term Feder
alists was restricted to the men who
wanted to give congress large powers,
led by Hamilton, while those who
would confine its powers to the rigid
letter of the instrument began under
Jefferson's lead to call themselves It
publicans. Most of tho Antlfederalists
were In tho Republican party, tho pro
genitor of tho present Democratic par
ty. Additions began to bo made to tbo
circle of members of tho president's
council In 170S, when tbo office of sec-
CABINETS OF
ONITEO STATES
Pierce's Council Remained
Unbroken During
His Term
tl
Adams was the president at that time
Previously the duties of that post were
in charge of tho socrotary of war. In
1820 Jackson called tho postmaster
general into his council. The odlce of
secretary of the interior dates from
1840, when Taylor entered the presi
dency. At that time and for forty
years afterward th cabinet consisted
of seven members. These comprised
Its number through the civil war pe
riod. The socrotary of agriculture ap
peared in the closing days of Cleve
land's flrst term, and Norman J. Col
man of Missouri was tho first person
who held that title. Early in Itoose
velt's service nnd largely through his
Influence the department of commerce
and labor was created, with its chief a
member of the cabinet. To that post
Roosevelt appointed his prlvnto secre
tary, Cortelyou.
Adams Hade Few Changes.
Next to Pierce, the president who
made tho fewest changes tn his cabi
net was John Qulncy Adams. He
mado only one. Near the end of the
term Peter B. Tortor of Now York suc
ceeded James Barbour of Virginia ns
secretary of war. And Adams, like
Pierce, was fairly well served by his
official advisers. All were men of high
standing In their day. Those who are
best known to readers of history arc
Henry Clay, who was secretary of
state; Richard Rush, secretary of the
treasury; John McLean, postmaster
general, nnd William Wirt, attorney
general. Pierce's cabinet's best known
members were William L. Marcy, sec
retary of state; James Guthrie, secre
tary of the treasury; Jefferson Davis,
secretary of war, and Caleb Cushlng,
attorney general. Mnrcy Is the man
who. as a senator from New York,
made use of the phnrso, "To the victor
belong the spoils of the enemy," mean
ing to the victor In politics. This was
during Jackson's administration and
was In Justification of Jackson's course
In turning his party enemies out of
tho federal appointive offices and put
ting his friends In. This was the
spoils system, so called, which raged
until mitigated by tho civil servlco
act of 1S83, signed by President Ar
thur. Guthrie was mentioned early In
1801 as being one of the southern ene
mies of his party whom Lincoln was
considering ns possible selections for
his cabinet. Lincoln found It neces
sary or expedient, however, to give all
the places to Republicans.
An upheaval occurred in Jackson's
cabinet In 1831, in the troubles In
which Jackson and Calhoun found
themselves in hostile camps In the
Democratic party. These were due to
two issues. One was the fight which
the wives nnd daughters of Vice Pres
ident Calhoun and somo of the mem
bers of tho cabinet mado against the
wife of Secretary of War Eaton, nnd
tho other came through tho nullifica
tion movement in South Carolina,
which was led by Calhoun and Ilayne.
Tho first was facetiously styled tho
"Peggy O'Neil war." Mrs. Eaton was
the daughter of a Washington tavern
keeper named O'Neil, who married a
naval officer named Tlmberlake. (Jos
sip, especially by women, made rather
free with the name of Tlmberlake's
wife, and ho committed suicide. Then
she married General John n. Eaton, u
neighbor and friend of Jackson, whom
Jackson, when entering office lu 18J0,
nppolnted secretary of war. The wo
men of the court circle refused to re
ceive Mrs. Eaton, while Jnckson, who
had long been acquainted with her and
who ndmlrcd her, took her side. As
the husbands of these women were ei
ther unwilling or unable to construln
their wives to teuder tho ordinary
courtesies to Mrs. Eaton tho matter
became an Issue In Democratic fac
tional politics. Tho result was the res
ignation of some of the members of
the cabinet, led by Jackson's friend,
Van Buren, who was a widower and
who was free to extend all the conven
tional courtesies to Mrs. Eaton. With
Van Buren aud Eaton out of tho cabi
net Jackson forced the friends of Cal
houn out, nnd a new council was the
result This cabinet squabble thrust
Calhoun out of the line for tho suc
cession to the presidency nnd put Vnn
Buren In his place. Nullification, how
ever, and the knowledge that Calhoun
as secretary of war under Monroe had
favored n court martial for Jacksou
for his too exuberant activity in tho
Crook war did more even than the
Eaton Imbroglio toward turning "Old
Hickory" against the South Carolinian.
Along until Jackson's day, except In
the enso of Hamilton aud Jefferson In
Washington's cabinet and a few of the
members of tho council of John Ad
ams, fairly harmonious relations exist
ed among the official advisers of tho
presidents, broken In tho case of Mon
roe and Crawford, the secretary of the
treasury. It was said that for a time
there were strained relations between
these two, although In tbo campaign
ol 1824 tho gossip of tho day Bald that
Monroo would have preferred Craw
ford for president to any of the other
competitors John Qulncy Adams, An
drew Jackson and Henry Clay.
In Tyler's case thero was almost a
complete reorganization of, the cabinet
verr oarlv. At Harrison' daah a
month after the Inauguration Tyler
"t ok over" i; II the men-beis of bl
cabinet, lu the ostni ses-lmi which
was called by Hrr'oii, but wlik-U
narrlson did t: 't l.e to se rn t -
came up which split the Will, part;.,
which had elected II.inlKun and Ty
ler. This was the I'r.licd Ktates bank.
Clay attempted to run ire the bank,
which had been kill- il by Jnckson long
before that time. Tyler vetoed thn
bank bill. Another bill with the snnx
purpose in view, but modified with tVj
hope of meeting Tyler's objections,
was alno vetoed. Then all of his cub!
net as a rebuke resigned all except
Webster, the secretary of state, who
was engaged In nn Important negotia
tion with England nnd who retained
office until thnt measure was consum
mated. This was tho Webster-Asli
burton treaty of 1842. Afterward he.
too, stepped down. The Whigs went
through the form of reading Tyler out
of their pnrty, and for the latter part
of his service ho was a president with
out any recognized political support
ers of nny consequence. He drifted
back to tho Democratic party and was
a member tn good standing In that or'
panlzatlon 'during the latter years of
his life.
Lincoln held similar relations to his
cabinet that Jefferson did to his offi
cial advisers. Ho was one of them
and submitted most of his propositions
to tbem freely and fully. According
to Jefferson's own testimony, there
was a fraternal feeling between him
and every meniber of hla council. All
had his confidence, and all were loyal
to him. One of his cabinet, Madison,
the secretary of state, became his po
litical heir and was ,hla successor in
the White House. Chase, the secre
tary of the treasury, was a rival of
Lincoln for the presidential nomina
tion In 1804, but when the Republican
members of the legislature of his own
state, Ohio, early In that year declared
in favor of Lincoln's renominntton
Chase directed his boomers to desist.
Lincoln retained his regard to the end
for his finance minister, nnd after
Chase's resignation Lincoln appointed
him chief Justice of the supreme court.
Several changes, some through death
and others through resignation, took
place In the cabinet during Lincoln's
four years and six weeks in the presi
dency, but considering the importance
of the issues and tho laborious char
acter of the work which president aud
cabinet were compelled to do the har
mony In the war executive's political
family was remarkable.
Attacks on Johnson and Tyler.
Johnson Inherited all of Lincoln's
cabinet and some of tho members
Seward, secretary of state; McCulloch,
secretary of the treasury, and Welles,
secretary of tho navy remained with
him to the end. With one of the mem
bers Stanton, secretary of war John
son had a serious breach, and this had
somo influence toward precipitating
tho feud with the Republican con
gress In which tho house Impeached
Johnson nnd In which, by a narrow
margin, he escaped conviction by the
senate as the trial Jury and conse
quent removal from office. Tho at
tacks on Johnson by tho party which
elected him were fiercer than were
made on Tyler a quarter of a century
earlier by tho Whigs. There was an
important difference, however, In the
two cases. While Tyler was a Whig
at the time of his election as vice
president on the Harrison ticket,
Johuson when he was selected as run
ning mate with Lincoln was not a Re
publican. Ho was a war Democrat.
Nobody who voted for Johnson In
the national convention supposed that
ho was n Republican. Tho convention
Itself was a Union convention aud not
a Republican gathering. While most
of his delegates had voted tho Repub
llcan ticket in 1SC0 nnd voted it In
1S08, some of the delegates to the con
vention of 1S04 were Democrats in
those yours. The Issue in 1804 was
the preservation of tho Union by vig
orous and unrelenting war. The par
tisan status of Johnson needs to be
kept in mind In Judging him because
of the rupture between him and the
Republican congress.
Grant, who had no political experl
enco when first elected, chose the
members of his cnblnet by personal
preference. As a consequence he made
many mistakes, although he had made
very few In his selections and recom
mendations of generals In the civil wnr
era. Many changes took place in the
cabinet during Grant's eight years In
office. More nlterings of the cnblnet
roll took plai p in Roosevelt's seven and
a half yean In the White House, how
ever, than had ever been made previ
ously. He did mere shifting from one
post to another In his political family
than nny other president had done.
The persons who wanted to familiarize
themselves w:th the cabinet roster dur
ing the career of tho twenty-fifth pres
ldent needed to maintain eternal vigi
lance. Every post except that of secre
tary of agriculture had Its Incumbent
changed more than once, and somo of
them were altered many times. Roose
velt Inherited James Wilson, the head
of the department of agriculture, from
MeKlnley and banded him over to
Taft, and thus Wilson's service in the
cabinet Is longer than that of any oth
tr man who ever sat down to the coun
cil table of a president of the United
States.
Interesting Expedition.
One of the most interesting scientific
expeditions to be undertaken during
tho present summer Is that of Dr. L.
Slegert, tbo German geologist, who will
shortly undertake to cross the Liby
an desert in an airship. He expects,
with the old of the prevafllngwinds,
to make tho Journey from tho Mediter
ranean to tho Nile in about thirty
hours, passing over u region that is at
present almost entirely unknown to
geographers, ,
CHARLES K. HAMILTON.
Veteran Who Is Making
Flights With H. N. Atwood.
Baltimore, July 11. Harry Atwood.
tho Boston aviator, accompanied by
Charles K. Hamilton, made a record
flight in the letter's biplane from At
tantlc City to Stcmmers Run, a point
on the Philadelphia, Baltimore aud
Washington railroad about nine miles
east of this city.
It established a new record for a
distance with passenger flight and
broke all records for endurance against
intense heat and humidity. When
forced down by the humidity and
heavy atmosphere the men were ex
hausted. They expect to resume their flight to
the national capital at the earliest pos
sible moment.
Legs That Hear.
One of the strangest and most un
expected of the uses to which wo could
lmnglnc n leg as being put is that of
an organ of hearing. Yet such seems
to bo one at least of the functions of
the fore legs In the cricket. On the
outer side of tho tibia a small oval
space may be seen, lu which the strong
armature which covers the rest of the
body Is reduced to a thin and mem
branous condition, making thus a sort
of window or drumhead. Communi
cating with this, Inside the leg, are
tho ends of a nerve, aud it can hardly
be doubted, therefore, that ho whole
apparatus constitutes an auditory or
gan. A Curious Boat.
According to a Chinese legend, tliero
lived in Cnnton 200 yenrs before Christ
nn artist named Llm Kao Poung, who
won nn Immortal reputation owing to
tho fact that he was able to fashion
out of a bean pod a boat, complete
with rudder, sails, mast and nil other
necessary appurtenances. Moreover,
on the exterior of the boat were en
graved various maxims by Confucius.
For this masterpiece, It Is said, tho
Emperor Tsl Fou paid him 1.000 tnnls.
BEWARE OF OINTMENTS FOU CA
TARRH THAT CONTAIN MER
CURY, as mercury will surely destroy the
sense of smell and completely de
range tho whole system when enter
ing it through the mucous surfaces,
except on prescriptions from reput
able physicians, as the damage they
will do is ten fold to the good you
can possibly derive from them. Hall's
Catarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J.
Cheney & Co., Toledo, O., contains no
mercury, and is taken Internally,
acting directly upon the blood aud
mucous surfaces of the system. In
buying Hall's Catarrh Cure be sure
you get tho genuine. It is taken in
ternally and made In Toledo, Ohio,
by F. J. Cheney & Co. Testimonials
free.
Sold by Druggists. Price 75c. per
bottle.
Take Hall's Family Pills for con
stipation. H. F. Weaver
Plans & Estimates
Furnished
Residence, 1302 East St.
FOR COUNTY COMMISSIONER.
I, Ferdinand Kroll, a Republican
of the borough of Honesdale, and a
supporter of tho party, hereby give
notice to the voters of Wayne coun
ty that I announce myself a candi
date for tho office of County Com
missioner. If elected I will faith
fully perform the duties of the of
fice and endeavor to reduce the tax
ation of the county.
Youra truly,
F. KROLL, Blacksmith,
52wl4 Honesdale, Pa.
ArnhitGct an Builder
CASTOR I A
For Infants and Children.
The Kind You Have Always Bought
Signature of
WAYNE COUNTY DAY
-
LUNA
SCRANTON, PA.
WEDNESDAY.
I
RED MEN'S
GRAND REUNION OF
Wayne and Lackawanna Counties
HEAP QIG
- BIG FREE
The Only Excursion
TICKSTS
ADULTS $1
LEAVE HONESDALE 8:45 A.M.
DON'T IVIISS THE GREAT AUTOMOBILE PARADE
Tuesday Eve., July IS.
W. 15. HOLMES, President. H. S. SALMON, Cashier
A. T. SEARLE, Vice Pres. W. J. WARD, Ass't Cashier
We want you to understand the reasons for the ABSOLUTE SECURITY
ol this Bank.
WAYNE COUNTY SAVINGS BANK
HONESDALE, PA.,
HAS A CAPITAL OF - - - $100,000.00
AND SUEPLUS AND PROFITS OF . 427,342.00
MAKING ALTOGETHER - - 527,342.00
EVERY DOLLAR ot which must be lost before any depositor can lose a PENNY.
It has conducted a growing and successful business for over JJ5 years, serving
an increasing number of customers with fldeelity and satisfaction.
Its cash funds are protected by MODERN STEEL VAULTS.
All of these things, coupled with conservative management, insured
by the CAREFUL PERSONAL ATTENTION constantly gWen the
Bank's affairs by a notably able Hoard of Directors assures the patrons
of that SUPKEME SAFETY which Is the prime essential of a good
Hank.
DECEMBER I, 1910
Total Assets,
8ST DEPOSITS MAY
-D1RECTORS-
!V. 15. HOLMES
A. T. SKARI.E
T. B. CLAKK
CHAS.J. SMITH,
H.J. CONGKK.
W F. SUYDAM.
IKfi"eSMITHSONIAN
FOR
O- C- J" .A.
AT -
PARK
V
pOWOW
ATTRACTIONS - -
To Scranton This Year
CHILDREN 60c
LEAVE SCRANTON 11 P.M.
60 Decorated Cars in Line.
$2,951,048.26
BE MADE BY MAIL. m
K P. KIMBLK
II, S. SALMON
J. W. PAULEY
SALE BY
ID "W" 1 2ST.