f eMorli |it qntor anii Ctaimirt*. BY DAVID OVER. REPORT CN THE SURVEYS AND LOCATION OF THE Siicrraaas Vallrjr and Broad Top Railroad, BY L. I). L t-MPWAN, Civil Engineer. (Concluded from laA week.) There appears to be an opinion prevail ing in many parts of tbe East, that the greatest and most important roads are those which reach the basin of the Lakes. This is undoubtedly a mistake. It probably arises from the fact, that the longer routes by the Lakes were first completed, and as a long Railroad is better than a short Turn pike road, trade aud travel sought tbe long er roads, until many believe they are the great natural outlets. But where ought a road to terminate?— la the Lake buaiu or in the Ohio basin ? Let facts answer. By an examination of tbe map, it will be scon that tho Ohio Ba sin is verv extensive, compared with the Lake Bisin, and has an area, according to Prof. Darby, of 200,000 sq. miles; the valley of the Mississippi proper 180,000 sq. miles; the valley of the Missouri 500,- 000 sq. miles; and the valley of the lower Mississippi, 330,000 sq. miles. Let us now examine the commerce. la 1851 the commerce of Lake Erie, Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan amounted to §141,593,507. — Aggregate tonnage 137,466. In 1810 the nett valua tion of the western riv ers was, Value of vessels, 18,661,600 Nniubor of hands on craft, 35,047 The gross valuation of all the Lakes, 283,187,134 The gross valuation of the ..western rivers, 512,467,640 On the Lakes, above Niagara, there are 126 steamers, with crews of about 2000 men: on the Mississippi 241 steamers, with crews of about 6414 men; aud on the Ohio. 317 steamers, with crews of 8338 men. This shows the steam marine of the Ohio basiD to be nearly equal to that of the up" per Lakes and the Mississippi together. In the year 1851, the domestic produce received at tidewater by the three routes, the St. L twieuce, tho Uadson, and the Mis" sis-ippi, were By St. Lawreuee, $9,153,630 By Hudson, 53,927,503 By Mississippi, 108,051,70S Number of miles of Steam Navigation on the Ohio and Missouri Rivers: Ohio and branches, 15295 Miles- Missouri and branches, 2355 Miles- These figures clearly indicate the valley of the Ohio, 3 the great producer, the great fountain of trade. Here commerce is centralizing; especially at Cincinnati.— st. Louie, which from its position and nat ural advantages must ever be the great Western mart, is ID the same latitude due West, and they are connected by the Ohio aad Mississippi Railroad, which is nearly an air line. Hence, the object of first iru portance, in building great trunk lines from the Atlantic seaboard to the West, is to make the most direct connections with Cin cinnati, and through her, with St. Lonis, and the 500,000 sq. miles of the fertile valley of the Missouri. The Lake ports will naturally do, what ever trade may arise front the basin of the lakes, but beyond that they can never ex tend, when the lines projected, and in pro gress further South, shall be completed. Look at the population of Cincinnati, in 1800 1810 1820 750 2.540 0,044 1830 1840 1850 24.831 46,338 116,108 Here is an increase almost without a par allel; if the ratio of increase ecntinae? for . the next ten years the same as the last ten she will have a population of nearly 300,- 000. In the last five years she has dou bled her commerce, and at the present time the increase is going on as rapidly as ever. THE POPULATION* OF LOUISVILLE. 1800 1810 1820 600 1,300 4,000 1830 1840 1850 10,080 21,210 42,000 Louisville is the largest and most enter prising place on the southern shore of the Ohio; and wbvte Cincinnati is spreading her commercial arms abroad in every direction North and West, she, by her lines to Lex ington and Nashville, is centralising the trade of the great Southwest, and pouring it into the seine CdifiuKfn reservoir. E ustern capitalists arc beginning to real* this fact, an.i projects fire dread; on f > i to tap this groat granary. Tpta nuw to the aci&rapanyiag i.wp, and A Weekly Paper, Devoted to Literature, Politics, the Arts, Sciences, Agriculture, &c., &c—Terms: Two Dollars per annum. J trace the mute from New York in Cincin- I nati, via Dunkiik, Albany an.l Buffalo. It I requires but a glance to show any one, tba' J tiiis vast trade cannot long be forced over ( such circumferential lines to market. Also trace tLe route from Philadelphia to Cin cinnati by the Pennsylvania Railroad to Pittsburg, Gail ion and Columbus. An air lue from (. inciuuati tu Philadelphia, passes 64 miles south of Pittsburg; and trade will do so too, when the proper channels are opened. It will be seen that Wheeiiug the western termiuus of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail read is *2O miles North of an air line from Cincinnati to New York, and 40 miles North of one to Philadelphia. Com mencing now at Cincinnati', traee a line through Chiiicothe, Marietta,Grafton,Cum berland, and thence by the Shermans Valley and Broadfop Railroad to a point abont six miles west of Harrisburg. This is tb e great central route from New York and Phil adelphia to the valley of the Ohio. It ap proaches so near an air line, that it has | nothing to fear from the competition of j roads now in use, nor from rival lines which may be constructed : o the future. Capitalists in Pkiladeipuia liavo foreseen that trade would leave the circuitous route by Pittsburg, and have commenced building ' a cut-oft' from Greenshurg to Wheeling. ' This makes their route some shorter, hut it does not cure the evil, it only helps it; for j when they get to Wheeling they hare no connections with Cincinnati, except by riv- j cr, aud if they had, it would be much far- i ther, over steeper grades, and through a section of country which during winter, is subject to heavy blockading snows, which ours is comparatively free from. Our connections at both ends of the route are all that cau be desired. On the j eastern we shall connect directly with Bal- 1 timore, by the N. C. R. It., and directly with Philadelphia by tbe Penna Cential Harrisburg, Lancaster and State Railroads. ' With New York, by P. C. to Harrisburg, | the Lebanon Valley, and proposed Reading j and Lehigh, and New Jersey Central Rail- j road: or by the N. C. R. R. to Dauphin; Dauphin and Susquehanna to Pott Clinton: Port Clinton and Allentowu Railroad (pro posed) to Allentown, and New Jersey Rail road to New York There cau be ua doubt 1 but the Reading and Lehigh Railroads, or tbe Alleatowu and Port Cliutou, will one of them be built right away, and perhaps both of them; as they are the last short link to connect New York with Ceutral Penusyl. vania and her Western trade. On the west, by lines finish ed, or nearly so, we have the bust possible connection with Cincinnati, and ber vast trade, and al so with the southwest. By a reference to the map, it will be seen an air line from Lexington to Now York passes directly through Cumberland,—the point where we connect with the B. &O.K. R. Ltxiug ton U she moat important point south of the Ohio river, and is already the focus of seven Railroads. All the produce of the Regions South and West, for eastern mar kcts, will be gathered by the cmvergiug Railroads at this point, and seek an outlet on the main lino at some point between Hamdcn and Grafton. No part of the trade of this large region can ever be en joyed by more northern routes; their loca tion forbids such an idea. TABLE OF DISTANCES. New York to Cincinnati via S. V. l'arkersb'g Marietta, N. W. V. R. R. 103 Nearly eorop. Marietta to Cin'oati, 180 will be fin. in a few mo. Total 721 Miles -1 Prom New York to Cin- - cinuati, via Albany, dist. saved by Buffalo, Cieavelard, S.V.&T.R.R. and Columbus, 922 —— 201 Miles. From New York to Cin cinnati, via New York and Erie 11. R., Cleve land and Columbus, 872 From Now York to Cin oinnatti, via Ailea town, Iteadiii-', Wr rinburg, Put-burg, Woa-ter,Gillio"n, and Columbus, 788 I From New York to C'm ,*. cinualt, via B.nti tnofc, UnfloH, Park ! ersburg, Marietta, I and Chiiioothe, 747 _ ! DISTANCE FROM PHILADEL PHIA BY DIFFERENT ROUTES TO CINCINNATI. I Miles. ! To west end of Susque hanna river bridge, 112 la use. 9. V. &B. T. R. R. to Bridgeport, 141 To onnctruct. Bridgeport to Cincinnati as above, 396 Total 649 To Pittsburgh, 353 To Cincinnati, via G : >l- Dist, saved by lion and Columbus, 363 S. V. &B. T. Total 716 67 Miles. From Philadelphia to Lexington, viuS. V. & B. T. K. R. and proposed routes, 677 From Philadelphia to Lexington, via Pitts- 794 burgh andCinoinnati, 117 Miles. Philadelphia to Balti more, 93 Baltimore to Grafton, B & O. It. 11. *279 Grafton to Marietta. N. w. y. R. R. 103 Marietta toCincinnati,! 80 Total 660 11 Miles. Here it will be seen that your route pass, esses a clear advantage in distance, over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad, which arc the only Hues in operation that can by any possibility ever become rivals for the trade of the Ohio ba sir,. The Raitimore and Ohio Railroad approaches nearer than any other in dis tance, beiug but 11 Miles longer, but the grades and curvature are so much heavier, that were they of equal length, your riue would possess a very decided advantage.— The ruling grades against trade ou tho two routes are as 52 8-10 to 117. You reach Cincinnati sixty-sevoa miles shorter than the Pennsylvania Road. This difference is decisive, and will settle the question as to the route that will be taken by the current of trcdo flowiug eastward. But you have other important advantages in your location auu grades. Your maxi mum grade going East is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per nnle, while the Peuu sylvauia Road has grades in the neighbor hood of ouc hundred feet per mile. But ] need not elaborate this point, for every one musi sec that your Road will possess very superior business facilities, as compared with any other runniug in the same direc tion. As I said once before, you need not fear competition, the only limit to your business will be measured by the capacity of your road. The Ohio River bears upon its bosom hundreds of Steamers, and thous ands of smaller craft, ascending and de scending, laden with the rich products of the valley, and representing a capital of many millions of dollars; which at certain seasons of the year canuot reach Pittsburg, on account of thc'iow stage of the water. — This is a very serious loss and inconveni ence, which is so severely felt that t Char ter was granted a year ago last winter to a Comnany to improve the navigation by build ing Pains aud Locks. Your road will reach the River two hun dred and fifry miles below Pittsburgh, and below most, if uot all, the difficulties from low water, which is a matter of the utmost importance. Instead of low water cutting off your freight, and leaving your trains to run empty, it would pour upon your route a double quantity. For tbc freight for upper ports being unable to reach its destination, must perforce stop at Parkersburg. There are no less than ten lines of rail way on the south side of the great trunk, from Parkersburg to St. Louis, which will become feeders; and by their connections opeu to you the trade of the entire south west. From Cincinnati you will have a direct line to Chicago, by the Cincinnati, Lcigans port and Chicago Railroad, which will al low you to compete for the northwest trade, on equal terms with any other Cauipany. 1 am, with respect, your obedient ser vant, L. D. LAMPMAN, Engineer. ItF—Grandmother, said a child on return ing from Sunday Sobooi one fine inorniug, is the Bible true? Certainly, replied the old lady,'but wby do yon ask? Because, replied the juvenile, it says that every hair of our head is numbered, and so I pulled out a handful to-day, and there wasn'- a number on any of them. What heresy! exclaimed the old lady, and fainted sleati stiff stone dead on the door. • {jyi don't care so much about tbe bugs, said Mr. Woriuly to the head of the gen teel private family in which ho resided, but ibo fact is, 1 hayu't got the biood to spare, you see that yourself. BEDFORD. PA.. FRIDAY. DECEMBER 5,1856. THE- GREATEST WORK OCT.—By per mission of the Publisher, T. 13. I'ETF.RSOSJ Esq., of Philadelphia, we take the liberty to insert tbe following sketch taken from that excellent work "The Humors of Fal conridge," written by the late Jonathan F. Kelley and published for the bcuifit of bis widow and cbddreo. It is a most beautiful work, with syleudcd steel engravings of tbe characters, aun we hope to see it very extensively circulated. This wovk can be had by addressing, T. B. Peterson Phila delphia, or at any of tho Bookstores in the United States. It will be a golden harvest to any lover r£ reading. Read the fol lowing extract taken from the work: DO G DAY. I used to hkt dogs—a pappy love that I got bravely over, since ouce upon a time, when a Dutch bottler, iu the city of Charles ton, S. C., put an end to my poor Sue—the prettiest and aiost devoted female bull ter rier specimen tf the canine race you ever did ace, 1 gores. My Sue got into the wrong pew, ottit morning, the crout eating cordwuiner and she bad a dispute—he, the bullet-headed ball of was, ups with his re volver, and—l was dogless I don't think dogs a very profitable investment, aud eve ty man weak enough to keep a dog in a city ought to pay (or the luxury hansoinely—to the city authorities. Some people have a great weakness for dogs. Some fancy gen tlemen seem to think it the very apex of highcockalonimdum to have the skeleton o a greyhouud and highly polished collar following them through crowed thorough fares. Some young Indies, especially thos of doubtful ages, delight in caressiug lumps of white, cotton-looking durupy dogs and testing them around, to the disgust of the lookers-on—with ail the fondness tnd blind infatuation of a mam tun with her first born, bran new baby. Wherever you sec a: y quantity of white and bluck loafers—Phila delphia, for instance, you'll see rafts of ug ly and wretched iovjciiig cuts. l*cx sua poverty and oysters Lave a great adiittt; in this country, fur oysters read dogs. b<> bus not, that evit travelled over this re markable country, bad occasion to be down on dogs! Woo that has ever lain awake, for hours at a strut.h, listening to a blast ad cur, uot worth to any body the powder that would blow lii.u up —hut be has l'elt a desire to advocate the dogiaw, so judicious ly practiced iu all well-regulated cities? — Who that ever had a sneaking villainous cur siip up behind and uip out a patch of your trowsers, boot top and calf—the size of au oyster, but has felt for tbe pistol, knife or club, and sworn eternal enmity to the whole canine race? Wno that ever had a big dog jump upon your Russia-ducks ana patent-leathers—just as be had coine out of a mud-puddle, but has nearly forfeited his title to Christianity, by cursmg aloud iu Lis grief—like a trooper? Well, 1 have, for one of a thousand. The fact of the business t3 with precious few exceptions, dogs are a nuisance, what ever 001. Bill I'orter of the "Spirit," and his thousand and one dog-fan eying and in qniting friends, may think to the contrary, and the man that will invest, fifty-real dol lars in a dog-skin, has got a tender placo in his bead, not healed up as it ought to be. While "putting up," t'other day, at the Irving House, New Yoik, I heard a good dog story that will bear repeating, I thiuk. A sporting gent from the country, stopping at the living, wuuted a dog,a good dog, not particular whether it was a spaniel, hound, pointer, English terrier or Butcher's bull. So a friend advised him to put an advertise ment in the Sun uud Spirit of the Times, which he did, requesting, the "faucy" to bring along the right sort of a dog to the Irving House, room nuher— The advertisement appeared simultane ously in the two papers on Saturday. — There wtro but few calls that day, but ou Monday, the "Spitit" httviug been freely imbibed by its numerous readers over Sun day, the dog mcu were awake, and then be gan the scene. 'The occupant of roomnum horT-r-had scarcely got up, before a serv ant appeared with a utaa and a dog. 'Believe, sir, you advertised for a dog?' quoth he with iho animal. "Yes," was the response of the country fancy man, who, by the way it must be pre mised, was rather grceu as to the quality and prices of fancy dogs. 'What kiud of a dog do you call that?' he added. 'A greyhound, full blooded, air.' •Full blooded?' Jys tbe c< untry sports man. 'Weil, be don't look as thougii he had much blood in him. iieM look better, 1 wonldu'4 he, mister, if he was full bellied, looks as hollow as a date!' This reunrk, far a noiu i Ht, rather stse ! gcred the dog mac, who first looked at his dog and then at the eritic. Choking down t his dander, or disgust, says he: 'That's the best greyhound you ever saw sir.' 'Well what do you ask for him?' 'Seventy-five dollars.' 'What? Seventy-five dollars for that dog frame?* '1 guess you're a fool any way,' says the dog man: 'you don't know a bound from a tau yard cur, you jackass! Pbe-c-wt! come along, Jerry!' and the man and dog disap peared. The man with the hollow dog had not stepped out two minutes, before the servant appeared with two more dog merchants; both had their specimens along and were in vited to 'step in.' 'Ah! that's a dogt' ejaculated the country sportsman, the moment his eyes lit upon the masive proportions of a thundering edition of Mt. St. Bernard. 'That is a dog, sir,' was the emphatic re sponse of the dog merchant. 'How much do you ask for that dog?' quoth the sportsman. 'Wei!,' says tbe trader, patting his dog, •1 thought of getting about fifty-five dollars for him, but I—' 'Stop,' interrupted tbe country sports man, 'that's enough—he won't suit, no how; I can't go them figures on dogs.' The man and dog left growling, and the next man and dog were brought up. 'Why, that's a queer dog, mister, ain't it? 'Taiu't got no hair on it; why, where in blazes did you raise such a dog as that: been scalded hain't it?* says the rural sports man, examining tbe criiter.' 'Scalded?' echoed the dog man, looking no ways amiable at tbe speaker, 'why did n't von never see a Chinese terrier afore?' 'No, and if that's one 1 don't care about seeing another. Why, be looks like a sing ed possum?' "Well, you're a pooty looking country juke, you are, to advertise for a dog, and dod't know a Chioey terrier from a singed poatum ?*' Another tap at the door anuounced more dog", and as the man opened it to get out with his sirred possum, a genus who evi dently '-killed fof Keyser," rushed in with a pair of the ugliest-looking —savage —snub- nosed, slaughter-house pups, "the fancy" might ever hope to look upon ! As the meet, axish canines made a rush at the very boct tuops of the country sportsman, be "shied off," pretty perceptibly. "Are you de man advertised for de dog, sa-a-ay ? You needn't be afraid o' dem; ;om? a'here lay da-own, Baity—day's de dogs, misttr, vot you read of!" "Ain't they rather fierce?" asked the ru ral sportman, ey i.ig iue ugly brutes. "Fierce? Betterbeiieve dey are—chow 'cm a f-f-igbt, if you want to jee'etu go in for de chances! You want to see der teeth?" "No, 1 fu.o. 1. —-Bove par a very great way" "Would you believe him on oath!" "Yes sir ee, on or off or any way." What, in jcuf opinion a e his qualifica tions to good character!" "He's the be3t shot on the prairies, or in the woods; he can shave an eve wicker off a wolf us far as shooting iron will carry a ball he can drink a quart of grog any day, and chaw tobackor like a boss.' ?. . . "The British hn/pire, air," exclaimed A John Bull to Jonathan, "ia oue ou whiob the sun never sets ' . i v "And one," ieplied Jonathan, on. which tuo tax gatherer never goes to be