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THE PULPIT.
A SCHOLARLY SUNDAY SERMON BY
DR, CHARLES EDWARD LOCKE,
fu
Subject The Universal King. -
-
Brooklyn, N. Y.—Dr. Charles Edward
Locke, pastor of the Hanson Place M.
HE. Church, preached Sunday in the
New York Avenue M. E. Church on
“Jesus Christ the Universal King.”
The sermon was the annual one be-
fore the New York East Conference.
The. text was from Revelation xi:15:
“The~kingdoms of this world are be-
come the kingdoms of our Lord and of
His Christ.” Among other things Dr.
Locke said:
With His own hand God wrote on the
foundations of history, ‘The seed of
the woman shall bruise the serpent’s
head.” On the radiant advent morning
the angel said to the bewildered shep-
herds, “Behold, I bring you good tid-
ings of great joy, which shall be to all
people;” and, later, the Great Teacher
Himself announced, “I, if I be lifted
up from the earth, will draw all men
unto Me!” Though Confucius died of
a broken heart, fearing he had spoken
no truths which would survive him,
and Socrates drank in despondency the
hemlock in his cave overlooking Ath-
ens, yet Jesus Christ, the world’s Great
Optimist, cried out in triumph in the
midst of the agonies of the cross—“It
Is finished!” and Paradise Lost became
Paradise Regained. John, the Revela-
tor, in the seraphic isolation of his
exile, saw in his vision the fulfillment
of all these prophecies, and exultantly
wrote, “The knigdoms of this world
are become the kingdoms of our Lord
and of His Christ.” EER Sr.
- It was a long looked for psyechologi-
cdl Toment when Bethlehem’s star
appeared above the dimpled hills of
Judea. Civilization had slipped down
from the hoary highlands of Bactria
to the lowlands of Hindustan; it then
moved westward, tarrying long enough
to build its towers in Persia, its tem-
ples in Greece, its tombs in Egypt and
its thrones in Rome. At its birth
Christianity encountered the fierce op:
position of emperors and armies. Rome
was mistress of lind and sea.” The
founder of Christianity was a Roman
subject, its chief apostle a Roman citi-
zen. The whole Roman empire was
hurled across the path of the progress
of Christ. His followers suffered, but
in the sign of the cross they conquered.
Our forefathers bravely followed the
guiding star to the summit of the Alle-
ghany Mountains and fixed the west-
ern boundary of the new republic; but
the years pushed the frontiers west-
ward, and when at last against the
prophecies of American statesmen the
plains were crossed by the intrepid
pioneer, then autocratic lawmakers
defiantly announced that the serrated
peaks of the Rocky Mountains would
outline the western boundary of the
nation, but steadily and gracefully
moved that point of light until at last
it mingled its silver beams with the
golden embroidery of the sunset coast.
Then even the wisest of modern magi
thought that the star of empire had
become a fixed star, but faithfully it.
has pursued its noiseless tread until
to-day it is brilliantly shining above
eastern archipelagoes and continents.
We are the creatures of that star and
must keep up with its aerial flight,
for wherever it lingers there is another
Bethlehem'’s cradle and another advent
hymn.
Within the lifetime of many here
present the star appeared in the
Asiatic heavens and the angel choir
‘again sang “Glory to God in the high-
est, on earth peace, good will to men.’
The year 1838 has been called the
Annus Mirabilis of modern missions,
and truly it was a “year wonderful,”
for the doors were opened to one thou-
sand million of the human race. In
that year India was transferred from
the clutches of the avaricious East
India Company to the British crown
and Queen Victoria became Empress
of India. By the Treaty of Tientsin
the ports and interior of China were
opened and the veople were permitted
to accept Chrisdanity without perse-
cution, and Japan, after 200 years of
exclusion, made its treaty with Great
Britain. Now, let us see how these
great kingdoms of the earth are becom-
ing the kingdoms of our Lord and of
His Christ.
India has a population of 250,000,000
and an area of 1,860000 square miles.
Suttee, infanticide and the voracious
juggernaut are gone forever. Because
of the huge reservoirs constructed by
English foresight famine is rapidly dis-
appearing, and the gradual elevation
of women is taking place. India will
be Christian from the Himalayas to
Ceylon, from Bombay to Calcutta.
China has had continuous authentic
history for forty centuries. The first
real character in Chinese history was
the Emperor Yu, who ruled 2204 B. C.
The Chinese are supposed to be the
descendents of Shem, the oldest son
of Noah. They settled on the banks
of the Yellow River and established a
kingdom coeval with Babylonia and
Egypt, and before Abraham came out
of Chaldea.
Four hundred and six millions of peo-
ple and 4,225,000 square miles, and has
a coast line of 2500 miles. The climate
is very much like our own. There are
broad rivers, lofty mountains and val-
leys of extraordinary fertility. There
is vast mineral wealth. Beside iron,
gold, silver and copper there are im-
mense coal fields; all of which Tie al-
most undisturbed waiting for the com-
ing of the higher civilization which
will some day adorn this drowsy na-
tion. China lies partly in the temper-
ate zone, where the greatest nations
have developed and where the possi-
bilities of power and permanency are
assured.
They are an industrious people, al-
ways busy, quiet and peaceable. What-
ever lethargy characterizes the country
as a government, the typical Chinaman
js a shrewd, active, successful toiler.
The Chinese invented printing and
gunpowder; first used the magnetic
needle; made the finest porcelain and
to-day manufacture the finest silk and
the most exquisite embroidery
They are an educated people. All
pandidates for official position—which
ig said to be the universal ambition of
all citizens—must pass difficult exam-
inations. Of course I do not need to
remind you that their standards of edu-
cation are low; their astronomy is pic-
turesquely mingled with astrology and
all their science is pathetically behind
ithe studies of the West.
They are a reverential people. They
can hardly be said to be a very reli-
gious people. Their religion consists
in rites and ceremonies rather than in
doctrines and principles. The basis
of government and society is the fifth
commandment—filial ¢ devotion. Obedi-
ence to parents and respect for old age
are everywhere persistently inculcated
and practiced. Herein lies the secret
of whatever of virtue and permanency
may be found among Chinese. When
a man reaches eighty years of age his
name is reported to the Emperor, and a
yellow robe is presented .to him as a
mark of imperial respect on the pre-
sumption that his life must have been
virtuous or it would not have been
prolonged.
All that China needs to make it a
progressive and useful nation is Chris:
tianity, with its Christ and His insti
tutions, They are a more promising
people than were our ancestors in
Britain before their conversion te
Christianity through the preaching ot
Augustin and the graceful influence of
Queen Bertha, the wife of Ethelbert
They have won their way by venerable
age to everything which Occidental na-
tions can do.for them. Confucianism,
with its negative virtues, and Bud-
dhism, with its intangible mysteries,
have been tried and found wanting
May China not be a nation which is
to be born in a day? There is a tra
dition that the Apostle Thomas carried
the Gospel first to China. As early as
1288 Pope Nicholas sent missionaries
to China. There is a God in Heaven
who has not forgotten the Chinaman.
What shall I say of Japan, the land
of little people and of great deeds; of
culture and courtesy, with a population
of 45,000,000 living among 4000 islands
whose area is 162,000 square rmiles—
about three times the size of the State
of New York? A phenomenal nation
Only thirty years ago it was a crime
‘to acéept Christianity in Japan. It
1860 an English sailing ship just re
turning from the Orient reached the
Thames. On board were two Japanese
youths, who had worked their wags
before the mast. Disconsolate and
alone, they went to bed sapperless that
first night because all the crew had
gone ashore. A few months ago one
of those Japanese boys again returned
te Great Britain. This time he was
welcomed by the Lord Mayor and a
distinguished company of such men
as the Duke of Argyll and Lord Rose-
bery. He came as the guest of the
city qf London, and was lavishly en-
tertained at the Mansion House. He
was Marquis Ito, who has been four
times the Prime Minister of Japan.
This is a romantic epitome of the na-
tion of Japan. Many of its statesmen
are Christians. Admiral Togo has a
Christian wife, and is himself not a
pagan. In the recent war the bravest
generals were Christian men. Japan
was pagan yesterday, it is agnostic to-
day, to-morrow it will be Christian. =
Doubtless among the kingdoms of
this world which the ecstatic John saw
becoming the kingdoms of our Lord
and of His Christ was the great em-
pire of Russia. The Russians are a
mighty, mysterious, paradexical, prdvi-
dential people. Their ancestors are
found among the ancient Scythians in
Southern Europe five centuries before
Christ, worshiping a sword fixed in the
ground as an image of the god of war.
Under the reign of Vladimer, 1000 A.
D., the Russians became Christians,
getting their religion not from Rome,
but from Constantinople; hence they
are Greek Christians.
The Russian has clear religious con-
victions and is devoted to the rites of
his church. Senator Beveridge says:
“The religious side of a Russian is all
sides of him.” His faith is serene
and steady; the holy icons are rever-
ently protected, and the devotion of the
soldier is marked. Like Cromwell's
army they often rush inte battle with
sacred songs on their lips.
Russia is in process of evolution.
She is not “a bear that walks like a
man,” as Kipling said, but she is a
man who has been acting like a bear.
But it will be remembered that another
nation in its developing history Dbe-
haved so much like a quadruped that it
will probably always be referred to as
“Johnny Bull.” Russia's medievalism
is being rebuked, and her virility, and
integrity, and faith, and enterprise
will yet bring her forth into a full-
orbed Christian nation.
By their men ye shall know them!
If there have been cruel and heartless
rulers, there have also been epoch-
making leaders. A nation must have
permanent qualities of greatness which
can claim among its master minds such
men as Prince Kuropatkin, De Witte,
Verestchagin and Leo Tolstoy.
The Angle-Saxon and the Slav are to
be the two great regenerating influ-
ences of Asia—the former moving
westward, the latter moving eastward.
The future of the world must recken
with the Russian. Other races have
had their chance and failed. The two
great peoples who could emancipate
their own slaves are destined to teach
the liberty of Christ to the nations at
the ends of the earth. It is true of the
Russian as it is irue of the Anglo-
Saxon that he not only conquers, but
he assimilates.
At the end of the first century there
were in the world 5,000,000 Christians;
at the end of the tenth century 10,000,
000; at the end of the fifteenth century
100,000,000; at the endof the eighteenth
century 200,000,000, and at the end of
the ninteenth century 500,000.000 Chris-
tians. In 1600 the inhabited surface
of the earth was 43,798,600 square
miles, of which only 3,480,000 was
Christian. In 1906 the inhabited sur-
face of the globe is 53,401,400 square
miles, of which 44,619,100 is Christian
and only 8,782,300 non-Christian. Truly,
“the kingdoms of this world are be-
coming the kingdoms of our Lord and
His Christ!”
Expect Blessings.
Begin to-day with the determination
to find blessing. His tender mercies
are about us on every side. Be on the
lookout for them and you will find
them. “The more we look for them,
the more of them we will see. Bless-
ings brighten when we count them.
Out of the determination of the heart
the eyes see.
“If you want to be gloomy, there’s
gloom enough to keep you glum; if
you want to be glad, there's gleam
enough to keep you glad. Say, ‘Bless
the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all
His benefits.” Better lose count in
enumerating your blessings, than lose
your blessings in telling over your
troubles. ‘Be thankful unto Him and
bless His name! ”"—Rev. G. R. Lunn,
in Christian Intelligencer.
SABBATH SCHOOL LESSON
INTERNATIONAL AL LESSON COMMENTS
FOR JUNE 0.
; Finegan
Subject: Peter's Cent Contension. Matte
© xvi, 13.28=Golden Text: Matt. xvi, 16
==Memory Verses, 24, 25=Topic: Come
fessing Christ—Cemmentary. .
I. Different opinions concerning
Jesus (vs. 13, 14). 13. “Caesarea Phi-
lippi.” It seems that Jesus did not en-
ter this city, but taught in its vicinity.
“Whom do men say?’ Christ did not
ask this question (1) for information,
or (2) because He desired the applause
of men, or:(3) because He intended to
form His course according to the reply,
but (4) because “He desired to ground
His disciples in the deepest faith.”
“Son of man.” This was a title He fre-
quently applied to:Himself.
14. “Some say,’ etc. People held
different opinions concerning Christ.
Some said John the Baptist had re-
turned to life. Some thought that He
was Elias (the Greek form for Elijah),
who was to be the forerunner of the
Messiah; others believed Him to be
Jeremias, in accordance with the tras
dition that Jeremiah was to come and
reveal the place where the sacred vesd
sels were concealed, and others said
He was one of the prophets.
II. The great confession (vs. 15-17).
15. “Whom say ye?’ Notice the pro-
noun “ye,” plural; Jesus speaks to all
His disciples. 16. “Peter answered.”
He answered as spokesman for all, as
he did in many other cases. “Thou art
the Christ.” The expected Messiah,
the “anointed One.” “Son of the living
God.” God is here styled the living
God, because He is the author of all
life and existence; hence, self-existent,
eternal. 17. “Blessed art thou.” . Pe-
ter and the apostles were blessed be-
cause they had broken away from Jew-
ish prejudices and nad really accepted
Jesus as the Christ. “Bar-jona.” The
son of Jonah. Bar means son. “Flesh
and blood.” No human being hath re-
vealed it unto thee. Such knowledge
does not originate in the human mind.
III. The sure foundation (v. 18). 18.
“Thou art Peter.” Petros, the Greek
word for stone, or a piece of rock.
Jesus gave him this name when He,
first met him (John 1:42). “Upon this
rock.” In the Greek this petra or rock
in mass. This verse has elicited much
discussion. Regarding
four principal views, all of them sup-
ported by good authorities. 1. That
Peter was the rock on which Christ
was to build His churen. 2. That
Peter and all true believers are the
rock. 8. That the confession Peter
had just made was the rock. 4. That
Christ hal reference to Himself when
He said “upon this rock.” “My church.”
The word for church properly denoted
a congregation or assemblage of people.
1V. Divine authority given (vs. 19,
20). 19. “Will give—keys.” Keys are
a symbol of power and authority. The
apostles had knowledge and authority
which no one after them needs or can
rightly claim. ‘Shalt bind.” This is
an explanation of the gift of the keys.
20. “Tell no man.” Galilean enthu-
siasm might now endeavor to make
Him king if this announcement were
made openly.
V. Christ foretells His death (vs.
21-23). 21. “Began Jesus to shew.”
Heretofore He had spoken obscurely,
but: now for the first time He speaks
plainly of His coming sufferings and
death. “Of the elders,” ete. The San-
hedrin. This detailed enumeration
proves that there was a general con-
spiracy.
22. “Peter took Him.” Aside; apart
from the rest. ‘To rebuke Him.” The
idea of a suffering Messiah was abhor-
rent to Peter and to all the apostles.
23. “Said unto Peter.” Christ per-
ceived that He was but boldly uttering
what the others felt, and this rebuke
was before them all. “Get thee behind
Me, Satan.” Satan means adversary.
Jesus did not call His apostle a devil.
“Thou mindest not” (R. V.) Thou dost
not understand or discern the things
of God; thou art wholly taken up with
the thought that My kingdom is of this
world.
VI. Conditions of discipleship (vs.
24-28). 24. “Will come after Me.”
Will follow My directions and be My
disciple. “Deny Himself.” Christ
shows the apostles the nature of His
kingdom. They must “abstain from
all indulgences which stand in the way
of duty.” “Take up His cross.” Who-
soever would follow Christ must be
ready to endure affliction and even
death for His sake. 25. ‘Whosoever
will save.” etc. Whosoever succeeds
in obtaining the life of worldly comfort
and pleasure by avoiding the life of
self-denial and at the expense of right-
eousness shall lose even the earthly re-
wards he seeks and also the eternal life
of spiritual joy and blessedness. “Tor
My sake.” The loss of life for Christ’s
sake brings the promised blessing.
26. “What—profited.”” The question
implies that there is no profit. “The
whole world.” Even though it were
possibie for a man to gain all the
wealth, honor and happiness the world
had to give, and then lose his soul, his
loss would be infinitely greater than
any earthly pleasure he may have had.
“Lose.” “Be cast away.” “His own
soul.” The Greek word for soul has
the double meaning “life’”” and “soul.”
The soul 1s the man himself. The only
thing we really and absolutely possess
is our “soul.” “In exchange.” The
price the worldling pays for carnal de-
lights is his soul. 27. “For.” Rea-
sons are now given why the soul is of
such priceless value. “Shall come.”
From heaven, at the end of the world,
at the judgment day. 28. “There pe
some,” ete. This verse has elicited
much discussion, and concerning it
there is a wide difference of opinion.
This verse is parallel with Matt, 10:25;
both are fulfilled at Christ's resurrec-
tion. The coming of the kingdom of
God with power (Mark 9:1) was the
consequent miraculous establishment
of Christianity on earth.
rresident Eliot, of Harvard, con-
demns the paying of large saleries to
the heads of great corporations.
That’s a good idea, declares the At-
lanta Journal. : Save the money and
pass it to the man down the line who
needs it.
Advancing prices of crude petrol
eum would seem to indicate to the
Indianapolis News, that the Standard
had come to the conclusion that it
was time a little more drilling were
done.
it there are.
| Christ that people will not see us,
be overlooked.
CHASTIAN ENDEAVOR NOTES
JUNE TENTH.
Christ's Life, VI. His Relations to
His Desciples, and What He Ex-
pects of Us —Matt. 10: 16-33.
3 Whomever Christ sends ‘forth is as
safe in the’ midst of wolves ‘as of
lambs.’ ’
Our ‘testimony wiil
without our preparing only when we
have had no chance for preparing.
We “hated of all men of His name's
sake,” when for His sake we do not
flare face the sneer of one man?
' Our confession of Christ means
our life for Him; His confession of us
means’ His life for us—a gift infinite-
ly greater.
Suggestions.
Christ does not promise His dis-
ciples peace, but better than peace:
victory!
Christ has promised to be with His
disciples always; that promise in-
cludes all others.
If Christ should appear to you in
human form and bid you follow Him,
would your discipleship take on new
reality? Then how real is it now?
The most holy life is none the
worse .for shrewdness, nor the
shrewdest life for holiness.
Hlustrations.
A loving child is ashamed to have
a comfort or luxury that father or
mother cannot have; do we want our
lives, to be more fortunate than our
Lord's?
A soldier readily follpws his gen-
eral "who" has worked his way up
from the ranks. There is no service
or trial in ‘which Christ has not pre-
ceded us.
The true Christian is an image of
Christ, projected by the Light of the
world,—a new and marvelous stere-
opticon.
Wireless telegraphy is giving us
a -hint of how: subtle and direct is
Christ’s communication with His dis-
ciples.
. . .. Questions.
Am I recognized as standing for
Christ?
Would Christ gladly own all my
acts aad words?
Do I. rely upon any guide but
Christ?
Quotations.
There is no way of being deliver-
ed from this life of self but one: we
must follow Christ, set our heart
upon Him.—Andrew Murray.
We must walk so close behind
but Christ.—Bishop Thoburn.
Few can take part helpingly in a
prayer meeting without planning for
it, and those few cannot do it often.
Even they could be more helpful with
preparation.
Leaders of meetings should have
their assignment at least a month in
advance, and put into their meetings
the prayerful planning of all those
four weeks.
EPWORTH LEAGUE LESSONS
SUNDAY, JUNE 10.
Christian Education a National Safe-
guard.—2 Chron. 17. 7-9; Deut.
31. 11-13.
Education, to be complete, must be
of the whole man—physical, intellec-
tual, spiritual. An educational
scheme that neglects any of these
elements 'is imperfect and may easily
become dangerous.
In this country there is small reas-
on to fear that education of the physi-
cal. and the intellectual faculties will
The danger is that
we shall forget the culture of the
spiritual nature. el :
To avert this danger Christian
schools and colleges are established.
They are not rivals to the state
schools, but supplement these at the
point of religious culture, while
equaling ‘them in the attention paid
to the other element of education.
But Christian education is not, first
of all, a matter of schools. It is a
matter of homes and churches, which
shall see to it that always in the
study of past events, of present nat-
ural phenomena, of processes neut-
ral, mathematical, mechanical, bio-
logical, there shall always be the
background of deity. Education
which ignores God is one of the
strongest allies of the devil.
Education is development. It may
become either a blessing or a curse.
The things Paul condemns, in one of
the Scripture passages given for ref-
erence, are things which develop the
power of evil in the life. Shun these
things, he says. But he does not stop
with mere prohibitions. He provides
positive instructions. He recom-
mends the doctrine which is according
to godliness. He urges the student’s
attitude toward the Word. He in-
sists on spiritual education.
There is abundant opportunity for
wrong education. Life calls to us in
so many alluring ways, and promises
short cuts to so many desirable
places, that -it is easy to be deceived.
“Foolish and unlearned’ is the apt
description of these short cuts. They
promise learning, but have only the
show of it. They look wise, but their
wisdom is mere veneered folly. There
is many a short cut to the making of
a living, but none to the making of a
life.
When one becomes a Christian he
has a new ambition to make the most
of himself.
Education that is not Christian is
one-sided, and of doubtful value in the
end, both to the individual and to the
nation.
The daily life of the nation needs
to be moved by Christian ideals and
purposes.
The highest patriotism is found in
an intelligent Christian citizenship.
Christian education puts emphasis
on character.
San Francisco is one. of the few
large cities of America which have
be given’ us
no debt.
A CURIOUS COUNTRY.
The we are all sere and the gags are all
o
n knock-about land.
They he bl same jokes the Assyrians
In knock-about land.
They cover their faces with carmine and
chalk
And fluently jabber 'n Weber-Fields’ talk,
The while on their faces and elbows they
walk
In knock-about land.
Oh, horse play and bluster do duty as wit
In knock-about land.
You have to be loud-mouthed to make a
big hit
In knock-about land.
You shoot at your mate with a pistol or
gun,
Or else with a cheese knife you after him
run,
For this is what constitutes humor and fun
In knock-abecut land.
—Louisville Courier-Journal.
A DISTINCTION.
Mistress—“Have you had any exper:
fence with children?”
Bridget—‘“Nope, but they have had
some wid me.”
UNCOMPLIMENTARY.
Gerald— ‘My dog knows as much as
Ido.”
Geraldine — “Your
deal to learn.’
dog has a good
'—New York Press.
THE TOY TRAIN.
Cook—“Now, Master
mustn't bring your
kitchen.”
Reggie—" ‘Oh, yes,
where we stop five
freshments.”—Punch.
train into the
cook; this ig
minutes for re-
REFLECTION ON THE MOTHER.
Getald—“I asked your father to-day
if I could mary you.”
Geraldine— What did he say?’
Gerald—‘“He told me to go to the
devil. Is your mother in?’—New York
Press.
HUMAN NATURE
“Remember, Bill Jiggins?”’
“Yes. Always kiew he wouldn't
amount to nuthin'.”
“But he’s been elected governor of a
Western State.”
“Gosh! 1 uster predict it.”—Louis-
ville Courier Journal.
NOT CONSISTENT.
Grumbell—“Ding bat that weather
man! He said it would rain to-day.”
Ascum—*“Well, what do you call this |
but rain?”
Grumbell—“That's just it. Some-
times he guesses right and fools you.”
—Philadelphia Press.
mere.
WILLING TO OBLIGE.
Mistress—“I am sorry to trouble you,
Bridget, but my husband wants hid
breakfast to-morrow at 5.30.”
Cook—*‘‘Oh, it won't be no trouble at
all, mum, if he don't knock nothing]
over while cooking it and wake me
20p."—New York Press.
HIS TENURE.
“That office holder never makes a
move that is not dictated by his politi-
cal boss.”
“No,” answered Senator Sorghum,
“he has given me to understand that
he can hold. his situation only during
bad behavior.”—Washington Star.
FACTS IN THE CASE.
Little Johnny—“Paw, did you kill
any men in the war with Spain?”
Paw—“I'm afraid I did, my son.”
Little Johnny—‘“What kind of a gun
did you use, paw?”
Paw—*I didn't use a gun at all, my
boy. I was one of the army cooks.”—
Chicago News.
MISUNDERSTOOD.
by my troth,
Str’ Launcelot—“Now,
fair meid—"
Guinevere—‘“No!
Go away, my gocd
man. We don't want io buy any-
thing.”—New York Journal
A SERIOUS FAULY.
Miss Ascum—‘1 always thought
you'd marry Mr. Goodley some day.”
Miss Yerner—‘ ‘Oh, no, he has an im-
pediment in his speech.”
Miss Ascum—‘‘The idea!
noticed it—"
Miss Yerner—‘“Oh, yes;
positively unable to say:
marry me? ’—Philadelphia Press.
I never
he . seems
COSTLY ERROR OF JUDGMENT.
“Lariat Lem has turned up his toes?|
How did that happen?”
‘He made the mistake of orderin’ a!
feller to dance that wasn’t exactly aj
Reggie,’ you!
‘Will you!
|
|
turbine plant,
|
|
|
|
tenderfoot, an’ when Lem begun f shoots]
in’ holes
ler got busy with his own gun about;
two yards higler up.”
une,
+hrough his cork feet the fel |
—Chicago Trib- |
i world. It will
HABITS OF THE HOUSE FLY,
Harold Somers, M. A,, Tells Whence He
Comes, Whither He Goes.
, The common house fly (Musca Do-
mestica) 13 a creature of such secretive
habits, that although from the very
earliest times he has been with us, and
the most ancient writers have men-
tioned and described him, still very
little was known of his origin and
history.
It remained for the eminent Boston
biologist, Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1873,
to make known his origin, habits and
transformations from the egg through
the larva state with its two changes
to the pupa state, then to the perfect
fly.
. Near the first of August the female
lays about 120 eggs of a dull gray
color, selecting fresh horse manure ia
which to deposit her eggs, and so se.
eretes them that they are rarely seen;
it takes only twenty-four hours for
them to hatch into the first form of
larva, a white worm one-quarter of
an inch in length and one-tenth in di-
ameter. They feed on the decaying
matter of their environment, and two
changes or casting of skins occur be-
fore they turn into the pupa state; this
change comes very suddenly. The en-
tire period from the egg to the pupa
state is from three to four days. If
moist food is wanting when in this
condition they will eat each other and
thus decrease their number. Heat and
humidity greatly assist their develop-
ment, as upon careful computation
each pound of manure around stables
and outhouses develops under favora-
ble conditions over one thousand flies,
It is no wonder that where these-con-
ditions exist, we have such a veritable.
harvest of the fly pest.
In the pupa state when the fiy is:
aboud to emerge, the end of the.pupa
case splits off, making a hole through
which the fly pushes a portion of its
head; but here it seems to encounter a
difficulty; the pupa case is too stiff and
hard to pass through, but nature comes
to its assistance, and a sort of bladder
like substance forms behind the head,
which swells out apparently filled with
air; it acts as a means of pushing away;
the pupa case and releases the fly.
When the fly first emerges it runs
around with its wings soft, small and
baggy; it is pale and the colors are
not set; its head rapidly expands and
the bladder formation passes away—
within a few hours the wings grow and
harden, it is now a perfect fly.
The whole time from the depositing
of the egg to the perfect fly is not over
ten days in duration. Many persons
who observe small flies in midsummer
suppose they are the young, but such
is not the case, they are flies that are
imperfectly nourished in the larvae
and pupae states, and do not attain
full size, in fact, they are the dwarfs
of their race. The male fly differs
from the female in the front of the
head between the eyes, being at least
one-third narrower, though in size the
female is rather smaller.
In the pupa state they are often fed
upon by the larvae of some of the
beetles, notably .that of the carpet
beetle, whose pupa, the dreaded buf-
falo “moth,” will attack the young
fly in the pupa case and eating it pose
sess the case for itself.
Adult flies, like most other creatures,
have parasites of minute size that prey, |
upon them; these can often be seen ag
presenting small red specks over tha
body of the fly.
Another enemy in the form of a fun«
gus often attacks the fly in the early
autumn. This makes its appearance
as a white swelling and the white
spores of the disease can be seen pene-
trating the body of the fly, which it
finally distends and ruptures.
The fly hibernates in winter, but with
his usual secretive habit, it is very dif-
ficult to find him in his winter quar-
ters. With the first chill of - autumn
the flies feeling the cold, seek tems
porary warmth in houses, and cluster-
ing together form bunches in the cor-
ners of walls and other places. They,
are then sluggish and not so active as
fo the warm weather. However, they,
do not make a permanent stay indoors,
but on the first mild, sunny day, seek
the windows to get out and find their
permanent winter hiding place; many,
prefer to make thejr homes in the roots
of grass on lawns where they hide
themselves so effectually that the ice
and snow of winter does not destroy
them in their hibernating state. If in
the first warm days of spring when the
snow is gone and the grass on the
lawns becomes dry and warm, long be-
fore the yellow dandelion shows its
head, a close observer may see nums-
bers of flies crawling up on the grass
to get the welcome sunshine, their
wings standing. eut .stiff and useless;
but they soon fcquire the power of
flight in the warm rays of the sun. A
great many days, however, elapse be-
fore they appear in the homes of men,
where they are such unwelcome vise
itors.
In recent years, the medical profes-
sion have demonstrated that while the,
fly itself does not propagate disease, it
is one of the most industrious carriers
of disease germs which by contact ad-
here to his feet, hairy legs and body,
distributing them to innocent victims.
If every house-keeper couid know all
these interesting facts which have
never before beea brought to their ate
tention, they would realize the ime
portance of securing the very best fly
exterminator.
Largest Electric Plant.
Chicago is to have the largest elec-
tric light and power station in the
consist of a steam
and all the boilers are
i to be equipped with automatic stok
ers, so that no manual handling of
the coal will be necessary. There
will be an electrical kitchen, where
nial meals will be Tor by
{ the employ a There
will be a refrige ing ap Ss, an
ice plant, a m mber of be dLoGOMmS, as
well as locker rooms, baths and other
convenience
"i
RRA
STARR
STNG
TT