OOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOooooop I SOUTH AMERICAN CATTLE BROW- 8 ERS THREATEN OUR SUPREM- g AEY AS BEEF PURVEYOR o TO THE WORLD. | Sooooooooonoooocooooooocoo IS South America destined to super sede the United States as the great provider of beef for the world? Each year South America Increases in importance r.s rival to the United States as a producer of beef. 'There are now in the Argentine, Para guay and Uruguay fully 30,000,000 cat jtle. and in the United States 44,000,000. SWhile the cattle ranges of the United ROWING ■ tMFFCREWCi W Sllt OF , RE.%AI AND. SOUTH AMCSIOMI States are becoming more and more restricted each year, there are in the South American countries named vast regions suitable for cattle raising •which have not as yet been utilized. In Texas now the cattle no longer roam over vast ranges, but are practi cally kept in pastures, the grazing grounds being inclosed in miles upon miles of wire fences. The old-time cowboy, too, has become largely a "fence rider," patrolling the outside of the inclosures to see that the fences are not broken down, and that the cat tle are not lost, strayed or stolen. Many cowboys have emigrated to South 'America, where they hnve taken up their old free life alongside of the na tive gauchos on the wide-swept pam pas. In Paraguay a large region called the (.'haco has just been opened up to stock raising. It lies in the north west corner of Paraguay, between the 'Paraguay Biver, a navigable stream, the Pileomayo lUvcr and the Bolivian boundary. The climate is healthful, nnd though it is warm there in sum mer, it is never as hot as it was in New York last summer. The prairies are clothed with a va riety of good grasses .and the Chaco lands are acknowledged to be the best fattening grounds in all Paraguay. <>ood land can be bought in the Chaco for? 1000 a league, and one league will support 100 cattle, and two herds of 1000 each can be fattened on it In a year. All the expenses of raising cat tle there are ridiculously small com pared with the expense In the United States. A man can put steers on the range in Paraguay, all expenses paid, at a cost of $8.50 a head, and these he ■can sell when fattened for $12.50 a TEXAS COWBOT. THE CAOCHO'S htTHor> fjf bead. Experienced cattle men In the Chaeo have cleared as much as SBOOO the tirst year on an expenditure of $10,500. They putin SIOOO for land, SBSOO for cattle and? 1000 for labor and other expenses. Living and la bor in Paraguay cost about one-eighth ns much as they do in the United States. The gauchos are paid $3 a month in the Chaeo. In the United Stutes the cowboy's wages used to be |:t<» a month Th# gaufliu't food, whit-it la supplied to Ulni. iiwu üboui f:t it muiiiii. Cowboy* art* furnished with food ctifttiug 41" u lliolilh. I'm- cattle of Nonluru i'utaguujr are similar to the Texas cattle, being of fully as good stock and much tamer and more easily managed. Though there are now in Northern Paraguay only enough cattle for a small beef industry, their numbers are rapidly In creasing, and In three or four years this region bids fair to be the centre of a great beef industry. All that is needed to "boomi' the cat tle raising industry of this part of Paraguay Is an outlet for the beef. With the extension of railways and the increase of river navigation this can readily be obtained, and the cat tle of the little interior republic will .loin with the herds of the Argentine and of Uruguay in furnishing the "roast beef of old England" to the world in competition with the United States. Excellent "stocking cattle" can easily be brought onto the ranges of the Chaco from the Brazilian prov ince of Matto Grosso, which adjoins the Paraguay border. Cattle diseases in the favored land of Paraguay are seldom seen. In the uorth they are unknown. In the south one occasionally runs across cases of "black leg," but even then only among calves, and ine percen*age of such cases is nev— alarming. Loss of cat tle owing to the cold of winter or to a dry season is unknown. It will be seen that Northern Para- <2-0' THE TEXAS METHOD. guay is au ideal piaco for the raisins of cattle. As yet, of course, these South American regions have not the facilities for transportation which the cattle districts of the United States possess, but it is only a question of SOUTH AMERICAN GAUCHO. time when they Will have them, and theu can the United States hold its own in the export of beef? Just now a combination of capital is said to bavo acquired practical control of the Ti-xua cattle iudumrie*. If Oil* com bination attould put up the price of beef then- would In* au additional lu cent! v« (or the dcvelupmcut of Uie South American cattle Industries. Th« South American field is just now ap pealing to cattle men in a manner which promises the most Important re sults ultimately. Cheapness of production down there Is an especial Inducement to Investors. One does not need to have a great deal of money to start with either. It is no piace for a poor man, on account of the low wages, but a man with a capital of $2500 has an excellent op portunity to lay the foundations of a fortune. Many people in Paraguay have good cattle lands, but not the money to stock them, and these lauds they will sell cheap. So great Is the demand for money to Invest in ranching in Para guay now that capitalists command their own prices, and sometimes get as high as thirty or forty per cent, for their loans. Carrying foreign cattle to South America to cross with the native breeds is already a big business. When the native breeds are crossed with a foreign one the cattle grow larger and attain their full develop ment sooner. That great land of cattle ranges, the Argentine Republic, is as large in area as Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Okla homa, Montana. Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Cali fornia together, and how much of the country still remains available for ex ploitation may be judged from the fact that only about six per cent, of its 240,000,000 acres of land available for agriculture—ls,ooo,ooo acres—is under cultivation. The value of animals and their products exported by the Argen tine increases at the rate of about $4,- 000,000 a year. Uruguay, though a comparatively small nation, has excel lent grazing grounds, and" four years ago was reported as having 5,551,402 head of cattle on its ranges, a number which has increased considerably since. Southern Brazil joins with the Ar gentine, Paraguay and Uruguay In competing with the United States for the cattle trade. In the State of liio Grande do Sui the cattle industry is already important, rnd is growing every year. The country is favorable for cattle raising, labor is cheap and living costs little compared with liv ing in the United States. Land for cattle raising purpose! can lie bought low and ports for shipping cattle abroad are easy of access.—Net York Press. The Development of ltailromiln From the earliest times until the sec ond quarter of the last century there was no change in the methods of arti- I ucial locomotion. The maximum speed per hour under the most favorable con ditions was ten or twelve miles. Then came the railroad and steam locomo tive,and in less than fifty years speed had been raised to fifty and sixty miles an hour. Not only that, but it was made possi ble to carry hundreds of passengers safely and promptly for enormous dis tances. Although the steam engines of to-day dates back to 1784, , when Jatnes Watt obtained his patent, yet all its principal improvements are of American origin. The total steam ' horse-power of the world is estimated at about 05,000,000, of which the Uni ted States can lay claim to almost onc ' third.—New York World. The Velocity of Light. The first attempt to measure the vel ocity of light was made in 1549. In ISfS'J n more careful and extremely elaborate experiment was made by the same scientist with tho co-opera tion of another, both being French men, whereby the velocity of light was found to be 185,157 miles per sec ond. This result seemed so startling that American scientists attempted similar experiments, which only served to confirm Professor Foucnult's re sults and to make his nccurary and care seem the more marvellous. This once determined, It was adopted as the only adequate means of meas uring the distance of the earth from the sun, and It is in its applicability to this that the chief importance of this very importaut discovery con sists.—New York World. War Too Eiprmlve to La»t. War ami conquest do not pay. The appreciation of the fact Is more vivid than ever It was before, and out of the turmoil of the close of the nine teenth century has couie a tlrui aud stable adjustment of Ideals which holds high promise for the twentieth. Itussla, lout; regarded as the meuaeu to European diplomacy, under tho young Cxar shows unmistakable as pirations for peace ami industrial de velopment. The (J*rman Kmperor has changed the role of war lord for that of the promoter of enterprise and the foster-father of commerce. What the preachers of |>eace could not Impress upnii the nations the precipitator* of war have wrltteu In hlood and tire, anil the lesson U leuruod.-KiglutH-rlitf Mugaxiue. OCEAN TELEPHONING. Great Future Predicted For the Invention of a University Professor. Ocean telephoning Is not only feasi ble, according to electrical engineers who have studied the discovery of Professor M. I. Pupln, of Columbia University, but the prediction is made that within the lifetime of the present generation the sound of the human voice may be made to encircle the FORM OF THE COILS. (Attachment used by Professor Pupln to his telephono.) globe. Officials of the American Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company maintain profound secrecy as to tho invention and the experiments which they have been conducting, but admit the purchase of Dr. Pupln's patents. The price paid Is said to be between $400,000 and $500,000 In cash, and an annual royalty of $15,000 during the life of the patents, which is seventeen years. This would aggregate nearly three-quarters of a million dollars, and is probably the largest sum ever paid for any invention. "In my estimation the invention of Dr. Pupin is the grentest since that of the telephone," said Stephen L. Coles, managing editor o' the Electri cs.! Review, who has been watching tlie development of Professor Pupin's work for five years and is familiar with the theory and its application to commercial uses. Dr. Pupin is one of the foremost scientists in the United States," Mr. Coles said. "His experiments have been thorough, and he has demonstrat ed beyond a shadow of a doubt that telephoning any distanc- over land or under water is practicable. At pres ent we can talk, say, one thousand miles over specially constructed land lines and short distances under water. "It was considered a great achieve ment when we first talked with Chi cago, but with Professor Pupin's sys tem of induction colls at regular in tervals along the line it will be possi ble to talk under the Hudson River, but telephone cable messages are limit ed to short distances. By using Dr. Pupin's system a telephone cable to Kurope or any distance becomes prac ticable. "It is difficult to summarize his in vention so that it can be grasped by the lay mind, but it consists in taking the elements of Impedance In an ordin ary telephone or telegraph line and balancing them against each other so that their effect is neutralized and a clear passage is left for the transmis sion of electrical waves "In all probability the first use of the new system will be on long dis tance land wires." Accoruing to the Electrical Review "the essential feature of the invention, following the elaborate mathematical analysis of the subject by Dr. Fupin, consists of the application of induc tance and capacity to such a circuit In a way that is, to all intents and pur poses, equivalent to a continuous dis tribution of these qualities, but which is, at the same time, practically pos sible and commercial." Professor Pupin's experiments were conducted at Columbia University. He constructed an artificial line two hun dred and fifty miles Icag and tested It with various forms of induction or "choke" colls. A Cruel Plutocrat. "Mister," said the large, strong man | who inherited his pride from a long line of noble ancestors, "I hate to ask j you for' it, because I never done a \ thing like this before. I've been around lookln' for work all day. I wouldn't lie to you about a thing like this, mis ter. But If you ever tried to find a job iu a bank, or some place like that, aud nobody would offer to you any kind ol work except drivin' a team or shovel- In* coal, you know how It is yourself. I ain't no common beggaar, mister. I've been used to better things. I wa9 brought up refilled. I know I ain't got no right to ask you for help, but I'm ashamed togo home lookin' this way, and if I can only get a little as- I slstance now I'll show you some day I tiiat you done right when you let your I heart be touched. If you can let me have twenty-live cents to get a clean collar and a " "Well." the man who was about to step into his carriage, interrupted. "I'm like the German Emperor to-day." "How's that, inlstor?" "I've decided to give no quarter. ■ Drive ulicud, Johu."—Chicago Times llerald. An Ararrlrnn Clrl'. Sang-Frold, A remarkable iwitunee of sang-froid occurred In Paris a few days ago, says the Paris Messenger. A fire broke out it bout :t a. m. iu a house of the Square de I'Opera. Long before the arrival of the lire brigade the lady who occu pied the room had saved herself. Hho was aroused by a smell of smoke; she perceived the curtains In the room In a blaze, and she Immediately opened her bedroom window, nud. without the slightest ceremony, pitched Into the street her clothes. She then, simply dad Iu her chemise, descended Into the street by means of a ro|»e she at- Inched to the balcony of her bedroom. I'.y the time the tire brigade urrlvcd the lady had dressed herself aud was noun the worse for her descent, except sore hiinds, from which the skin hail l» «'n removed In her Uarlug descent. The lady In question was an Ameri can. who had only arrive J Iu l'ari» • t«w day* before. ISIS Kales for Feeding Stock. Each farmer must make his own rules for feeding, as the amount of food required by animals, even when of the same breed, and of nearly the same age and weight, differs widely. Some animals are very dainty, while others will accept any kind of food of fered. The standard rules for feeding according to live weight are valuablo to a certain extent, but in all flocks or herds some animals will eat much more than others, hence the wants of each individual must be observed and the animals fed accordingly. An Important Crop. Grass is always an important crop and also an evidence of good farm ing, as no soil will produce a large crop of grass every year unless the land is well manured or treated with fertilizers. Grass is the foundation for all other crops, as it not only pro duces pasturage and hay, but furnishes sod for the assistance of the crops that follow. When the land is in grass It is really mulched and humus accu mulates. The shading of the soil by the grass is beneficial and the roots go down deep into the subsoil for plant food which is brought to the surface, deposited in the plants and thus ren dered available for another season. Menu for tlie Hens. Laying hens like a variety of food, and with sufficient exercise and good, comfortable quarters will be much bet ter on a varied diet than on one made up of the same kind of food each meal. Here is a bill of fare for one week for 25 hens: Sunday, breakfast, mash; dinner, one pound given cut bone: sup per, one quart wheat: Monday, break fast, mash; dinner, a little wheat scattered in litter abcut 10 a. m.; sup per, one pound green cut bone; Tues day. breakfast, mash; dinner, one quart oats scattered in litter at 10 a. m.; supper, one quart cracked corn; Wednesday, breakfast, green cut bone; dinner, one pint barley scattered in litter; supper, one quart wheat; Thursday, breakfast, mash; dinner, i buckwheat scattered in litter; supper, j one pint cracked corn; Friday, break- j fast, mash; dinner, green cut bone; supper, mixed grain; Saturday, break fast, mash; dinner, chopped vegeta bles; supper, one quart cracked corn. To prepare the mash, take equal parts of bran, ground oats and corn meal, with one-third as much clover, one large spoonful of pulverized char coal and a little salt. Pour boiling water over it, cover and let it steam over night. Mix the vegetables in it j before feeding. Chop potato parings, j cabbage, beets or other vegetables, any i one of which will do for feeding. Lse j onions sparingly. Do not mix the i mash too soft, but have it crumbly, j Feed while warm and give warm wa ter to drink in cold weather.—New England Homestead. Worthless I.anil Made Valuable. A large swamp near Lima, N. Y., which a few years ago was not consid ered worth $5 per acre, has been drained at considerable expense and is now considered worth from SIOO to S2OO per acre. It has been mostly de voted to growing the two crops of cel ery and onions. These swamps may be used for many years without applying fertilizer, as the muck is a deposit of decayed vegetable matter further en riched by the washing of fertilizing j matter from the surrounding higher lands. Celery and onions both like this kind of soil, and the onions can j lend their fibrous feedingroots down as deep as they please. There Is another advantage in growing these two crops together. There can be scarcely too much moisture for the celery short of absolutely flooding the ground for days at a time, which Is prevented by tlie drainage, and consequently if there Is too much water for the onions the cel ery will make a good growth, while in a hot and dry season like the past, the celery crop may be small, but the onions will make all the better growth and yield a tremendous crop, 1000 bushels to the acre having been grown on gome plots there. It is said. Thus, If one crop falls to yield a profit, more may be expected from the other, while in an ordinary season both may do well, the celery finding water enough at the surface, and the deeper rooting onions plenty lower down. Proper I.oration of I'arm l'.ulltltngs. When stables run east and west and the animals are arranged In two rows facing a central passageway, those an imals upon the south side get the benefits of all the sunlight, while thoso upon the north side get none at all. In combination barus used for storage and stable, where the cattle are kept under the scaffolds, It is better to give them the southern exposure rather than the northern, for the objections to the wide range of temperature do not offset the stimulating effect de rived from direct sunlight upon the animals or the disinfecting action 't has In the stable. In the storage of excrement about stanlcs every precau tion should be taken to guard against contamination of the air of tne stable or the air Introduced Into It to take the place of the foul air removed. To secure effective ventilation In sny i building, two *et:» of openings Hre nec essary, namely, Inlets for tin admis sion of pure air and outb t* for there- Imovat of Impure air. When the artl flclal sytitem Is employed, especially where heated air Is the motive farce. the Inlets should be located In th» walls near the ceilings, the outlets in the floor on the same side of the room as the inlet. In natural ventilation, where cold air is brought in, the inlet* should be in the walls near the floor line, the outlets in the ceilings, roofs or walls above. The inlet and outlet most commonly met with is the shaft or duct. In it9 construction there are certain general rules that should always be observed. A round shaft is preferable to a square one, as It has greater carry ing capacity, there being no dead cor ners. A smooth one is better than one that is rough, the velocity of the cur rent, all other conditions the same, be ing greater in the former than in the latter. To insure action a duct should be as short and straight as it is possi ble to have it. Those of too great length are usually useless unless ar tificial heat be used in them to create a circulation of air. Those placed on the south side of a building, where they are exposed to the heat of the sun are more efficient that those placed on the north side. The introduction of angles should be avoided as much as possible. Each right angle putin re duces tne velocity of the current one half. When it becomes necessary, aa it frequently is, to change the direc tion, a rounded elbow may be us< good advantage, it being claimed that it will not lessen the velocity as much, there being no square angle for the air to strike against.—J. B. Paige, in American Agriculturist. Death from Handling Fertilizers. In view of the general use of bone dust as a fertilizer by farmers and gardeners, the following case of an thrax is of interest. Anthrax is a very fatal disease due to a special bacte rium. It usually occurs in animals, chiefly cattle; but sometimes the germ gains entrance into the human body, and almost invariably causes death. Owing to the trades in which it usually occurs, it is commonly known as wool sorters' or rag pickers' disease. This man was a farmer, who had soma slight itching eruption on the chest, which he frequently scratched. For two weeks before his death he had been engaged in sowing different kinds of grain along with artificial manure in the shape of bone dust, his hands, of course, were covered with the latter, and he frequently used them for scratching. In a few days he noticed a small pimple. This gradually grew larger and became swollen and in flamed. The skin grew darker, being almost black in patches; his face was dusky and livid; he suffered greatly from difficulty of breathing and died four days after the onset of the dis ease. The physician who had charge of the case, after a careful examination of the possible sources of infection, concluded that the man had infected himself by scratching some of the bono dust into the skin on his chest. The obvious moral to be drawn is that great i care should be used in handling arti | ficial manures, and tjiat especial pre cautions should be taken when there j is an open sore or cut on any portion i of the body likely to be brought in contact with the fertilizer. Winter l>alrylng. Duriug the winter months a wise dairyman will always give his cows winter care. I mean by this that his attention to | his dairy will not be governed by the ; vagaries of the weather. Some men let their milch animals run promiscuously over the fields ev ery bright or warm day during the cold season, but even if they own and I control cows it would be a misnomer to call such persons dairymen. I wish to place a great emphasis on the importance of warm housing, and 1 regular feeding and watering of cowq | from now until grrss grows again. On account of the possibility of in viting tuberculosis, do not tolerate a damp or poorly ventilated stable. I think that bovine tuberculosis is propagated more extensively through the mediums of unsanitary stablea ! than any other cause. Of course the winter months when the cows are closely confined gives rise to the most danger in this direction. Pure, healthy milk must be obtained in order to make flrst-class butter, ro you see the hygiene of the stable is all i important. Healthy cows cannot long remain so In unhealthy surroundings, nor when fed or watered irregularly. Never trust the care of your cowa to a cheap or Inexperienced hand; that is, If you are In the dairy business for Improvement In milk products and for personal profit. The dairies throughout the land that are paying the best profits today aro those that are minutely supervised in every detail by their owners. The dairyman who assists in his own milking, and personally does or as sists in all of the care and feeding of his cows, is, If he is truly In earnest, seldom forced to declare that dairying is a failure. Mix plenty of energy Into your dairy * ark this winter, and never go to bed at night without feeling absolutely cer tain that every cow in your stable in not hungry or thirsty, or forced to He upon a damp, filthy floor and breathe vitiated air. In your laudable efforts to maintain tlable warmth do not sacrifice ventila tion. but happily combine the two. to the end that pure, healthy and profita ble milk may result. George K. New