PRESIDENT LOUBET'S MOTHER AND WIFE.
gOGOoooooooooooooooooooooo
I "MOTHER_LOUBET." 8
O The Venerable Peasant Woman Q
O Whose Son Rulea Prance Still 5
Q Manages Her Farm. A
OOOOOOOOOQQOOOOOOO3OOOOOOO
Above is published a picture which
tells at a glance why the monarchical
press of England and the Continent
thinks and says and shouts that the
French people are crazy aud in the
last stages of political and social
chaos.
It is the picture of the mother of
the new President of the French Re
public.
What but the gloomiest view could
monarchists, aud especially title
hunting journalists, take of a nation
that would select as its leaders the
sons of such women as plain old
"Mother Loubet," when it might be
led by the sons of noble aud even
royal mothers?
But as Americans look into the face
of this woman of the people they be
gin to realize the truth about Frauce,
the real France, the France that is
filled with just such plain people as
our own, toiling and struggling
"that their children may inherit the
promise." We see that France has
shaken off the traditions of caste aud
aud privilege, that she has become a
land of, for aud by the plain people.
And we know that through such
homely virtues as shine from Mother
Loubet's face—the virtues of sim
plicity, shrewdness, frugality and in
dustry— Frauce is aud will remain
great.
Mme. Loubet is living in the South
ern country district which lias always
been her home—a typical peasant
si' lira
~ __ -JMfi M |H
Mi 11,1 RWl# I ill
2L-" J|
WHERE FRANCE'S PRESIDENT WAS BORN.
(The old farmhouse at Mnrsiinne, where his widowed mother still lives.)
woman of the most prosperous class.
In spite of her eighty-six years, she is
robust, active anrl still prepossessing
in appearance. Ever since her sou
was chosen to his high office his ven
erable mother has been fairly besieged
by roporterß from all parts of tho
country, anxious to talk with and
make known to the French peoplo a
woman who has suddenly becomo a
person of great public interest.
Her mnideu namo was Marie
Marguerite Nicolet. Hho is a typical
landlord-peasant of France—simple,
frugal, expert in husbandry, hard
headed, with a driving a
bargain.
The rise in her son's fortunes has
not altered her. She has refused to
live in Paris or to ohange her mode
of existence.
Her portrait, whioh the newspapers
have managed to obtain in her ordin
ary workday dress, is said to be an
excellent likeness. The short gown,
the blue linen npron. the auaiut white
cap and the clumsy, shapeless shoes
are the characteristic garb of the
country women of Southern France,
and Mme. Loubet seems to look over
her speotacles in mild wonder that
any one should think them worthy to
be photographed and published all
over the world.
The house in which Mme. Loubet
lives, and in which the President him
self was born, is near the little village
of Marsanne, a district of the town of
Montelimar. A narrow river-path,
bordered with poplar trees, leads
from Marsanne to the Loubet farm,
at the end of the valley. There are
two groups of square buildings, the
rustic arrangements of which include
stables, cattle sheds and barns on the
ground floor, while above are the
rooms of Mmo. Loubet. In the yards
surrounding the house pigs, sheep
and chickens wander about, enjoying
themselves in sociable fashion and
making the grounds of "LaTerrosse,"
as the farm is called, very lively at all
times with their various cacklings,
gruntings and bleatings. The bright,
warm sunshine of the South is re
flected dazzlingly from the red-tiled
roofs and white plastered walls of the
buildings. The whole farm has an
air of prosperity aud industry, and is
a conspicuous witness to the vigilance
and capabilities of its mistress.
Feudalism in Hungary*
Inconceivable as the anachronism
may seem to the Western mind, the
agrarian system of Hungary has not
yet issued from the feudal form. The
Hungarian farmer of to-day is virtually
a serf, bound to his master, the
hereditary owner of the soil which
the peasant tills, by the tangible tie
of personal liability. The Hungarian
feudal lord of the end-of-the-century
is entitled to fifty days' labor from
each male adult who dwells on his
land. The seignior is at liberty to
demand this feudal contribution at
whatever time may seem best to him,
with the frequent result that tho
tenant farmer is employed in gather
ing his master's harvests while his
own crops are rotting after a rainfall,
or are being consumed by an early
frost, or suffer damage from one on
more of the many possible causes
which render destructive the slightest
delay on the part of the harvester in
gathering the fruits of a year's labor.
—S. Ivan Tonjoroff, in tho Aroua.
Maurile'ft Conjecture.
Maudie's papa is night editor on a
newspaper, a fact which Maudie appar
ently hasn't learned; for when some
one asked her a few days ago what
her father did for a living, Bhe re
plied:
"I div it np. I fink he's a burglar,
'tause he's out all night."—Tit-Bit».
A DIAGRAM OF EXPANSION.
Our Territorial Growth Compared Witt
That of Other Natloua.
Now that our treaty with Spain it
ratified 161,096 square miles of terri
tory are added to the United States,
making a grand total of 3,771,662
square miles. Nearly a century and a
quarter of time, the shedding of pa
triotic blood and the expenditure oi
much treasury have been necessary foi
this acquisition. But from the begin
ning of the first the ratifi
cation of the last treaty the buildingoi
our stable national territorial pyramid
has steadily continued.
First came the foundation stone in
the cession by Great Britain, under the
treaty of 1783, at the close of the Revo
lution, when we acquired 827,844
square miles of territory, being all we
own east of the Mississippi Biver and
north of the then Spanish Florida pos
sessions.
After twenty years—in 1803—we
more than doubled our broad acres by
the Louisiana purchase from Franoe,
adding 1,171,931 square miles to our
territory at a cost of $15,000,000, and
acquiring some of tho richest laud on
the Continent, embracing the expanse
between the Mississippi Biver and the
Pacific Oceau, and between the pos
sessions of Great Britain on the north
and those of the then Mexico on the
south. The second layer was added
to our territorial pyramid.
Sixteen more years passed, and in
1819, at a cost of $6,500,000, we pur
chased the Spanish Florida posses
sions, aud added tho third section of
59,268 square miles to our growing
pyramid.
Then came a rest for twenty-six
years, during which time the older
territory was being rapidly settled,
when another section of 376,133
square miles was acquired, at a cost
of $10,000,000, by the annexation oi
tho independent State of Texas, in
cluding the State now known by that
name, together with portions of Kan
sas, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma
and Indian Territory.
This last acquistion soon led to
trouble with Mexico, which brought
on war, ending in peace under the
treaty of 1848, by which we gained
545,783 square miles of territory, em
braced in California, Nevada and Utah,
with parts of Wyoming, Colorado,
Arizona and New Mexioo. For this
/won \ \
/spaih I \
/ IS9B I \
/RUSSIA \ \
J 1867 \ \
/ "mexICO l \
/ ,a * B I———-A
/ TEXAS 18+5
/ "france \ \
/ /ao3 \
fo*o/1 OKCAT BRHjQN V
we paid in money $18,000,000. There
was lett in dispute 45,535 square
miles of land south of the Gila River,
now included in Arizona and New
Mexico, and iu consideration of $lO,-
900,000 Mexico ceded it to us by tho
treaty of 1853. A thin layer was
idded to our territorial pyramid.
Then fourteen of the most important
peurs in the history of our country
passed, when, iu 1867, by purchase
from Russia, for $7,200,000 we added
to our territory the large Alaskan
block of 577,390 square miles.
Thirty-one years of non-expansion
rolled around, when, last year, Hawaii
came to us and we gained a thiu slice
6582 square miles. On the heels of
this cauio the last addition, by the ex
tension of our jurisdiction over the
161,096 square miles of land relin
quished to us by Spain under the late
treaty, that followed a very short and
most decisive war, and called for the
payment of $20,000,000 on our part.
When Uii Faith Kevlvcd.
"Whenever melancholy seizes me
And I despair of the human race," said
the philosophical young man who was
frequently out of employment, "I just
take the testimonials that my former
jmployers have given me and read
their glowing description of at least
Dno mau who is 'thoughtful, intrepid,
modest, energetic, scholarly and a
mau of action, honest and shrewd,'
etc., etc., etc., and immediately my
faith in mankind is revived."
Kangas City's Exploitation Methods.
Kansas City, Mo., has adopted a
trademark. Hereafter it will appear
on all manufactured goods sent out
from that city. The desigu was se
lected by the directors of the Manu
facturers' Association from seventy
eight which were submitted. It con
sists of a map of the United States,
KANSAS CITY'S TRADEMARK.
with Kansas City represented by a star
in tho exact centre. Above the star
hovers an eagle with outspread wines.
|FOR FARM AMD GARDEN^
The Weight of Hay.
About a month ago a hay barn was
destroyed by fire, together with con
tents. There seems a difference of
opinion between underwriters aud sur
veyors as to number of cubic feet in a
ton of baled and well pressed hay.
Can you enlighten me on this point?
G. B. G. New York. (A prominent
dealer iu Albauy informs us that hay
in loft loose is figured at 500 cubic
feet to the ton. Sometimes grain is
placed on hay which weights it down
aud 480 cubic feet to the ton is then
allowed. It is impossible to tell
accurately the number of cubic feet in
a ton of baled hay. It all depends on
the kind of bales, aud how hard they
are pressed. Sometimes 8 tons of
light pressed can be placed in a car,
while other times 13 tons of hard
pressed can be putin the same space.
If hay in question was pressed, the
best way to figure is to get tbe num
ber of bales and the average weights
when putin the barn. You may then
figure it out approximately.)— Country
Gentleman.
Coal A*heg an Absorbent*.
Coal ashes have in themselves very
little manurial value. This does not,
however, deny the many aud true re
ports of extraordinary growth ob
tained from seeds that have been ac
cidentally or intentionally planted iu
coal ash heaps. It will always be
found on investigation that such heaps
received various kinds of slops from
the house that contained fertilizing
material or were found by the cats or
dogs around the place the most con
venient means of disposing of their
excrement. Coal ashes are one of the
best of absorbents. A surface cover
ing of manure heaps with them will
prevent loss of atnmouin, which will
be retained in the ashes. Not more
than needed for this purpose should
be used, and it is better to use Ger
man potash salts, which effect the
same purpose, and have fertilizing
properties besides. Still an old coal
ash heap is worth saving. It makes
an excellent mulch under trees, e-spe
cially if it is desired to kill the grass
under aud around them. Covering
the entire surface under plum trees
with coal ashes has sometimes been
known to stop the curculio, probably
when the little Turk could find plenty
of other plum trees near by not thus
orotected.
Commercial Culture* UnnecKsnary.
The discovery of the important part
played by various bacteria iu produc
ing the flavor and aroma of butter has
led to the introduction of what are
known as commercial butter cultures,
aud dairymen have been led to hope
that by the use of such cultures and
of the process of pasteurizing, the
quality of their butter might be ma
terially improved. Becent trials at
the Pennsylvania experiment station
seem to indicate that cleanliness, the
careful selection of milk, and close at
tention to details promise to effect
more in improving the flavor of our
butter than pasteurizing aud the use
of commercial cultures.
With pasteurized cream, the aeid
forming cultures were found to give
slightly but distinctly better results
than were obtained from unpasteur
ized cream i ipened spontaneously,
while non-acid forming cultures gave
results, if anything slightly inferior to
those obtained by spontaneous ripen
ing. With unpasteurized cream, as
might have been expected, the results
were less marked. A homemale
starter, however carefully prepared
from skim miik, was found to give as
good, if not betteresults th in the
more expensive commercial cultnrts
and this •vas true both with pasteur
ized and raw cream; no distinctly
beuet'.cial results weie observed from
pasteurizing,although the experiments
were not specially planned to te<t this
point.
These result* are similar to those
recently published by the Wisconsin
experiment station, and the two taken
together do not seem to indicate that,
under present conditions, marked ad
vantages are to be anticipated from the
use of the commercial cultures. Trials
were also made of heating milk to a
temperature of about 165 degrees
Fahrenheit before sej aratiug,but with
out any marked effect ou the flavoring
of the resulting butter. —New England
Homestead.
Summer ISutter Making.
Making butter in summer without
ice, aud good butter at that, is by no
means an impossibility,as some writers
claim, but it lias its penalties. To
make a good article the milk and cream
must not be allowed t,» get old, very
Bour or musty. When tho milk is set
shallow iu the old fashion, delay is
necessary to allow the cream to rise.
This delay is dangerous, especially if
pro.racte I until the milk turns to
solid clabber, because tiie cream has
then become too ripe to be hold longer
for churning. If the skimming is
done just at the time the milk lias be
gun to clabber at the bottom, the ci earn
can be held for a day or two if kept
cold enough and no harm will be done
nnd with slight loss of butter fat.
Any further delay is sure to result
in greater loss, .lust why this loss
occurs Ido not know, but it seems
to couie from a want of churnability iu
the cream. The loss of butter fat by
the average farmer when setting the
milk shallow is fa" more serious than
ho is aware, and amounts to many
dollars in the course of the year, and
is caused more from lack of skill iu
handling the milk than to any fault of
the system. By using a separator this
loss of butter fat is almost entirely
avoided, aud as the experiment stations
lava proved that in comparison with
the separator the shallow pans los«
about $lO a cow during the year, it
will be seen how serious this differ
ence is.
The reason of it is this: The separ
ator takes tbe cream from the milk
immediately after it comes from the
the cow, and the cream can be putin
a cool place at ouce. Here we have
saved at least thirty hours' time that
the milk would have to be exposed to
the weather, thus saving its sweetness
and purity if the cream is properly
taken care of. The saving of labor in
handling and cleaning a number of
crocks or cans, and also the important
matter of thereby being able to make
a better article that brings a higher
price, goes to make up the $lO a cow
claimed for the separator.—Farm anil
Home.
Preparing tl»e Soil for the Garden.
Soil that will produce a good crop
of corn will make a good garden spot
if properly fertilized and thoroughly
cultivated. If the ground was heavily
manured last fall and plowed it will be
ready for planting this spring as soon
as it cun be plowed. It may bo plowed
at one time and that portion that is
not used for early crops may be gone
over with the harrow often enough till
needed for later crops to keep weeds
down and have the soil in good tilth
when needed. If the garden was not
plowed last fall plow as early as possi
ble, then cover heavily with well rotted
manure and harrow well. The better
the plowing is done aud the more
thorough the harrowing the less work
will be needed with the hand rake to
get the soil in proper condition to re
ceive the small seeds. A little care
taken in the plowing will tell mightily
in the saving of future work to pro
duce tho same seed bed. No "cut aud
cover" plowing should be allowed on
the farm much less on the garden plat.
Do your best, most careful work in
preparing the soil for garden seeds.
The after work will be much less aud
the future crop much more if the soil
is iu the right shape for the seed when
plauted. This is true in all farm crops.
It does not pay to slight the prepara
tion of corn land for the sake of gaining
a day or two iu the planting time,
iietter by far get live or ten acres
ready at a time and plant, then get
another piece ready and so on till all
is done, than to get all half ready and
rush in all the seed. This is a digres
sion from the subject under considera
tion but thorough preparation of the
soil before planting pays in ail crops—
garden vegetables and fruit plants in
cluded. Make up your mind that you
will have a garden when spring opens,
select your seed now and prepare the
soil thoroughly as early as you can
and plant the seeds carefully iu long
rows of easy cultivation with the horse
and you will thank us for calling your
atteution to this too long and too
much neglected work of farm home
making.—Farm,Field and Fireside.
Stimulative Hoc Kcodlnc.
The main-spring of profitable bee
keeping in the way of money crops is
strong colonies. This is the principal
object the apiarist keeps in view from
the time he begins work iu the early
spring until the honey harvest opens.
With strong colonies ho is sure of
good returns if the honey season is a
good one, and it must be of very short
duration if he does not get fair re
turns. Colonies of beos that are thus
brought up to a high state of perfec
tion will, in two weeks time during
which there is a good honey How,store
quite a largo amount of honey.
Stimulative fee ling is the means by
which colonies are made excessively
strong, and almost every colony that
is in fair condition and healthy in
early spring can readily and rapidly be
brought up by thus feeding. In the
first place colonies must have a good
reserve store of honey in the hives,
and at no time should they run short.
They should be f.'d regularly, and
must be to get the best results. Feed
ing should begin as soon as warm
weather begins, and every day each
colony is fed a small amount of syrup
made from the best quality of sugar,
the amount depending upon what they
consume and convert in brood. If fed
too heavily the combs wi 1 be tilled up,
and thus shut out the queen's egg
depo iting space. They will cousume
on mi average for this purpose about
half of a pint of syrup daily.
Colonies,that are thus fed will in
crease to more than double tli.? num
bers of those not fed. When feeding
is thus liegtiu it must be kept up oi
the colony is iu danger of starving if
feeding is stopped, from the fact that
the large amount of bees and brood
already in the combs will soon con
sume all the reserve stores in the hive,
and starvation must follow. Frequent
ly in spring time bees are able to
gather some honey from blossoms
sometime before the principal honey
How begius, so that feeding may not
be kept up during any time they can
gather tioney from flowers, but as soon
as the natural flow ceases the feeding
must commence, and thus continued
up to the honey harvest. In using
the common frame hives, it is neces
sary to use two stories with two full
soiS of brood combs to attain the best
results i i strength of colonies, and at
tho beginning of the honey harvest re
mo e the upper one and in its place
add the surplus honey l>oxe<.—A. H.
Duff.
OU»«MI Victoria'* Tomb.
The touib of (.i'Ueeii Victoria and the
English royal family is open to the
public but one day a year, after the
queen visits it. Within a short time
of the departure of the queen and the
other visitors the mausoleum is thrown
open. It is one of the most beauti
ful memorial chapels in the world.
The interior is ornamented with ex
ceedingly fine frescoes, aud, iu addi
tion to the noblo monument to Prince
Albert's memory, there are statues
and busts of various of her majesty's
departed relations.
FAMOUS EDITOR-SENATOR DEAD.
Patrick Wklih, a Notable Figure la
Southern Political Life, Passes Ana;.
H. Patrick Walsh, ex-United Stated
Senator, Mayor of Augusta, Ga., and
editor of the Augusta Chronicle, died
in'thatoity a few days ago after a
prolonged attack of nervous prostra
tion.
Patrick Walsh was one of the best
known politicians and journalists in
the South, and attained a high posi
tion in national politics. He was ap
pointed by Governor Northern to fill
the unexpired term of Senator Alfred
Colquitt in the United States Senate.
PATBICK WALSH.
He had been sick since December
1. Born in Ballingary, Ireland, in
1840, he came to Charleston, S. C.,
at an early age and begun newspaper
work as an apprentice boy. He rose
rapidly, and educated himself by
working at night and going to school
in the day time. He moved to Au
gusta in 1862, and after working in
different places became the owner and
editor of the Augusta Chronicle, a
leading paper of the region. He was
always prominent in the State
Democracy, serving in the Legisla
ture during the seventies. He was a
delegate from his county to State
Democratic conventions for many
years, served on many important com
mittees, aud was a delegate to the Na
tional Democratic Convention in 1880,
which nominated General Hancock
for President. He wa3 delegate-at
large in 1884 to the Chicago Conven
tion nominating Cleveland. For four
years he was a Georgia member of
the National Executive Committee.
Mr. Walsh was appointed in 1894 to
fill tho unexpired term of the lato
United States Senator Colquitt. He
was eleated Mayor of Augusta in No
vember, 1897, for three years.
Mr. Walsh was always foremost in
any movement for the advancement of
the South. He was a prime mover in the
big expositions given at Augusta in the
past. He was prominent in the work
of the Catholic Church. Of his im
mediate family, only his wife, former
ly Miss McDonald, of Edgefield, S.
C., survives him.
Novel Way of Fishing.
This picture gives a very good idea
of the ingenious fish-traps in use
among the natives of the South Sea
Islands. These fish-traps are of vari
ous designs and sizes, but are all on
the same principle, containing an in
closed passage for the entrance of the
fish, gradually narrowing toward the
centre of the trap, and terminating in
a number of loose strands of the vine
from which the apparatus is construct-
IJtL
IfisfSE
A FI3H-TKAP IX THE SOUTH SKA ISLANDS,
ed, so that once having entered the
trap the fish are unable to discover any
means of exit. The sea frontage of a
South Sea Island village is usually ap
portioned out in allotments among the
natives, each man being expected to
keep his fish-trap within tho space al
lotted to him. It is sometimes very
dangerous work visiting these traps;
sudden squalls arise, and the hapless
fisher, on his little catamaran, is
blown out to sea and never more
heard of.
Where Jesse James Was Killed.
The sensational trial and acquittal
of Jesse James, Jr., at Kansas City,
on the charge of train robbery, lias
awakened an interest iu his famous
HERE 808 FORD SHOT THE BANDIT.
baudit father. The house in which
Jesse James was killed iu ISSI still
stands on the brow of Lafayette street
hill in St. Joseph, Mo. It is au un
failing source of interest to many [per
sons who visit the city.
An Author's Fitting End.
An inscription on tho tomb of a local
author in a Georgia cemetery reads—
with some truth and no poetry:
"Here he lies, nt thlrtv-flve:
Ktru#ffled hard to keep alive.
Of his books he printed seven;
Starved to dentil aDd went to heaven.*
—Atlanta Constitution.