THE HUMAN EYE. PECULIARITIES OF NATURE'S PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA. Dangcra in Obtaining a Spectacle Pre scription— All Persons Need Classes Lite in Life—Points About Nearsightedness. "It takes years of hard study for an ophthalmic surgeon to learn how to lit glasses," said an oculist to a Washington Star reporter. "No two persons' eyes are quite alike, and few patients have both eyes the same: in each case a dozen different possible defects have to be looked out for and remodled by glasses ground in special ways if they exist. It is apt to take an hour or more for a skilled oculist to find out just what glasses you require, but the confident optician will call your attention to a few rows of dif ferent sized letters at the other end of the shop, ask you what rows you can read and sell you a pair of spectacles accord ing, off hand. Of course it is always a ] more or less wild guess on the optician's ! part, infinitely more apt to be wrong than | light, and if you will consider that every j bit of error as to fit in the glasses means i just so much continual strain upon the eyes of the wearer, you will see what an i immense amount of harm must be done in this way. The thing to do, if you need | glasses, is togo to the ophthalmic surgeon > for the prescription, as you would goto j any other physician if you had a pain, | and then take the prescription to the op- i tieian, who is the eye-doctor's apothecary, as it were, to be filled. The glasses are 1 prepared for you—if need be, specially ground—and you have the satisfaction of knowing that they are precisely what they require. "Were people afflicted with near sight - edncss in ancient times?" Inquired the reporter. ' 'Oh, yes, was the reply, though pro- j bably not to the same extent. We read, write and study more than the ancients did, and for this reason near-sight is more common with us, for it is the ex cessive use of the eyes at the near point that propagates the troubles. In old times troubles with the eyes were re garded as afflictions sent by heaven, for which there no cure. Nero, who fiddled while Home was burning, was so near sighted that, although he had the very best seat in the amphitheater at the gladiator shows, he could not see what was going on. One day he discovered that a certain concave emerald in his col- : lection of jewels aided his vision material ly, and from time ho always carried the emerald about with him and, when he wanted to see anything at a distance, looked through it. He regarded the stone as a talisman and supposed that it properties were magical." "Is it true that every person needs spectacles at some period of life?" "Decidedly, if the person lives to be forty-five years of age. At that age, or at any rate before fifty is reached, the crystalline lens, which is of the consis tency of jelly in childhood, has gradually hardened to the consistency of wax, so that the muscles which change the focus of the eye for various distances, by al tering the shape of the lens, find it diffi cult to do their work. You will perceive that after looking at an object across the street, to examine your finger attentively requires a distinct effort of the eye. You have to exert the muscles that control the shape of the lens in order to make the focus right for the near point. If the lens has got hard, through jidvancing age, a continuous ef fort of this sort, as in reading, becomes tiresome, and thus it is that the middle aged man or woman rinds the first indi cation of what is ignorantly termed 'fail ing sight' in the blurring of the letters in the book or newspaper. Now, the fact is, of course, that the ocular organ is just as good as ever, save for the fact that it needs a little help in the way of a glass lens to make the focus right for reading and thus save the muscles work. The sight for distance, under such cir cumstances, still remains as good as ever, because the lens in its natural focus and shape is adapted to distant vision. But the middle-aged person, as a rule imag ines that the blurring of the letters signi fies impaired sight. lie or she is aware that glasses will make reading easy again, but hesitation is felt in adopting them on account of the widespread saying that, once taken up, spectacles can never be done without again. The truth at the bottom of this lies in the fact that, when one's sight has once been restored by ar tificial means, one is not disposed to throw the help away again. Not reali". ing the middle-aged person keeps on straining the eyes until they become some what damaged, for want of artificial aid in reading or sewing, and finally the glosses are adopted—bought, in nine cases out of ten, from the ignorant opti cians, to cause more trouble, very likely, later on. And all the distress might have been saved by simply going to the or ulist when the annoyance first began to be felt and procuring the proper glasses. This is what every person at forty-five vears of ane oueht to do. for there is one that arrives at the age of fifty, at th« utmost, who does not need assistance foi close vision." "Is it true that near-sighted eyes im prove as they grow older?" "Pah! That is another popular dc | lusion. Near-sightedness may grow worse with age, but not better. Likewise, it is nonsense to suppose, as is so commonly asserted, that the near-sighted eye is unusually strong. How should the ab normal egg-shaped eye be stronger than the spherical eye? The near-sighted eye is not necessarily weak, but it is a sick eye, in the sense that it usually belongs to a person who is imperfect constitution ally. The reverse of near-sight is over sight. which is occasioned by flatness of the erb of vision. It is the case of nearly all cases of 'weak eyes,' and of nine out of every ten cases of 'squint.' Any child afflicted with either of these troubles should betaken at once to the oculist and have glasses prescribed for it. Thou sands of people £?o through life without half the use of their eyes,when the whole trouble is simply due to a slight malform ation which proper convex glasses would remedy at once. In the case of a con firmed squint it may be necessary to cut the shortened muscle of the squinting eye, which removes the difficulty and sets the organ straight again. Let me add, while I think of it, that there is nothing against which the ignorant | should be warned more carefully than j the 'eye waters' sold at apothecaries' j shops, which almost invariably contain ! sugar of lead. This chemical applied to a sore eye makes an opague deposit on , the cornea, which may soon render tho unfortunate purchaser of quack eye reme dies permanently blind." Uses for Old Shoes. It may be a surprise to some people to learn that the old shoes cast into the ash barrel are liable to reappear in the i boudoir and parlor. An inquisitive re porter who saw a couple of rag pickers quarreling over a lot of worn out and 1 seemingly worthless footgear interviewed one of tho chiffoniers and found that they sold them to the manufacturers of wall paper. He followed up the clew, and on questioning the foreman of one of these establishments, elicited the follow ing bits of information: "We buy." said the foreman, "all the boots and shoes that the scavengers can bring us. "We pay different prices for the different qualities of leather. A pair of fine calfskin boots will bring as high as fifteen cents. Wo don't buy cow-hide boots. The boots and shoes are first soaked in several waters to get the dirt off from them. Then the nails and threads are removed, the leather is ground up into a fine pulp and is ready to use. "The embossed leather paperings which have come into fashion lately, and the stamped leather fire screens, are realiy nothing but thick paper cover with a layer of this pressed leather pulp. The tiner the quality of the leather the better it takes the bronze and old gold and other expensive colors in the designs painted on them. Fashionable people think they are going away back to the medieval times when they have the walls of their libraries and dining rooms covered with embossed leather. They don't know that the shoes and boots which their neighbors threw into the ash barrel a month before form the beautiful material on their walls and on the screens which protect their eyes from the fire. "We could buy the old shoes cheaper if it were not for the competition from carriage makers and bookbinders and picture frame makers. I don't know how many other trades use old shoes and boots, but the tops of carriages are large ly made of them, ground up and pressed into sheets. Bookbinders use them in the cheaper forms of leather bindings, and the new style of leather frames with leather mats in them are entirely made of the castoff covering of our feet."—AVir York Herald. Tenement vs. War Life. According to statistics recently made public, 1,113,254 privates and .'53.101 officers crossed the German frontier into France in 1870-71: of these 113,521 were wounded and 475,000 were taken sick. There were killed in battle 17,255. or only one and one-half per cent., and 11,023 died subsequently of their wounds, making 28,278, or about two and one-quarter per cent., who died by the arms of the French, while .14,048 died from diseases. "Considering that the war lasted nearly two years," ob serves the Amcritmi Architect, in refer ence to these figures, "the total mortality of about forty in a thousand docs not seem very frightful, since many a civilized city keeps tip a yearly average of twenty two or twenty-three di aths to each thou sand inhabitants. It is, at first sight, rather startling to discover that the mor tality incident to the most important wa which perhaps ever took place in Europi was apparently no greater than wouh have resulted from putting the troops to live during the same space of time in Xew York tenement houses or in the ■ret uuarleri; of Paris," The Madern Sea Revere. A correspondent of the New York Herald, writing of the people of the Faroe Islands, says:"l imagined I could see a resemblance to the early vik ing boats in their buoyant, high-bowed, cedar crafts of to-day. The dress of the boatmen was primitive but picturesque; homespun knee trousers and long home knit stockings; coats also of homespun, with button holes worked in red worsted; caps of native manufactuie, consisting of a deep band of cloth gathered at the top after the fashion of the masculine night cap of former days or the toboggan cap of the present. Under this simple head tire were features unmistakably Norse; flaxen hair, light blue eves, florid, sun burned skin, and reddish, frizzled beard. This was my first sight of sea king progeny on their sea girt isles. Jiv them 1 was soon landed among their dwellings ou a ragged beach, slippery with the putrid refuse of fish and redolent of dry ing cod. The whole shore was a panorama of the codfish industry. Men do the fishing at night and the women, girls and boys cure the 'catch* during the day. At the edge of the water on boards and stones they are busy at the different processes of curing. Some behead and eviscerate, while others are engaged in washing the split and flattened bodies. After being thus cleaned they are spread over the stones which line the shore, and huu. l . upon poles and lines until the entire beach is occupied with their savorv stock in trade in the various stages of drying. The boys arc attired like their fathers, and the irirls and women in short woolen gowns, with scant red shawls about their shoulders and handkerchiefs in lieu of lints. Formerly the drying of fish wa dependent altogether on air and snn now artificial means are adopted; woodci; buildings heated l>y steam have been erected and are now used fortius purpose, especially in the winter season. Let epicures who gloat over a many coursed menu think of a family group in the Faroes, under a turf roof, around a turf fire, partaking of a meal of barley bread and milk, whale steak and fat, or maybe a single dish of boiled sea fowl, and learn the secrets of eupepsia, con tentment and longevity! After their evening meal, which is usually a pot of sea birds, the long winter evenings are occupied in spinning, weaving, knittinir and teachino- Held by Feudal Tenure. Byron Island, one of the, Magdalen group 011 the Canadian coast, is still lid by a feudal tenure. The ancestor of oiv Captain Coffin received by royal favor in early times, when little value attached to the gift, a title to the whole domain. The landlord lives abroad and manages his estate by a resident agent. The rents are small and often uncollectable. Evic tions are not common, and there is no se rious quarrel over the land question, but the fact that the occupants of the soil ' cannot own their own homes is a serious ; hindrance to enterprise and improvement J in developing the resources of the island. ! SOME of the inconveniences of having j two wives are exemplified in the case ! of William Williams, late of Osage I County, Kansas, now no more. Even | if a man can manage to keep the ladies quiet during his life, directly he is dead they begin to light over his will. Would Yon Believe The Proprietor of Kemp's Balaam gives Thou sands of bottles away yearly? This mode of ; advertising would prove ruinous if the Balsam was not a perfect cure of Coughs and all Throat and Lung troubles. You will seethe excellent effeo*. after taking the first dose. Don't hesitate! Procure a bottle to-day to j keep in your home or room for immediate or ; future use. Trial bottle free at all druggists. I Large size 50c. ami sl. ! FRANCE has 81,130 'public schools and 5,000, • | 000 pupils. Don't \VuMtt> Your Time ! And money experimenting with doubtful ; remedies, when Dr. Pierce's Golden Medical j Discovery is so positively certain in itscuia • tive action as to warrant :ts manufacturers in ! supplying it to the public, as they are doing through druggists, under a duly executed cer tificate of guarantee, that .'twill accomplish all it is recommended todo, or money paid for it will be promptly returned. It cures torpid liver, or biliousness, indigestion, or dyspepsia, all humors, or blood taint}, from wnatever < ause arising, skin and scalp diseases, scroful ous affections (not excepting consumption, or lung-scrofula), if taken in tune and given a fair trial. Thousands of cures follow the use of Dr. Sage's Catarrh Reined v. oO cents. THE production of soap in Kngland is about 4f>,000 tons per week. There is nothing (unless it be the sewing ma chine) that ha- lightened woman's Jal>or a? much a Dobbins's Electric Soap, constantly sold since 1804. All grocers have it. llavej/ou made its acquaintance? Try it, \YORK on the new building for the library of Congress at Washington is mating rapid pro gress. Oregon, the Paradise of Favmero. Mild, enable climat .certain and abundant crops. Best, fruit, grain, grass and stock coun try in the world, t'uil information Ad dress Oregon Im'igrat'n Board, Portland, Ore. Many imitate "Tansill's Punch" 6c. C'gar. Scrofula Humor "My little daughter's life was saved, as we i>e- Heve, by Hood's Sarsapat ilia. Before she was six mouths old scrofula t«> appear ami In a short time she had 7 running sores. On© physician ad vised the amputation of one of her lingers, to which we refused assent. We began giving her Hood's Sarsaparllla. A marked improvement was noticed after she had tuken only one bottle, and by j a continued use of it ber recovery was complete, j And she is now, being seven years old, strong and j healthy. The other members of my family have j been greatly benefited by Hood's .sarsaparllla."— 1 U. C. JONKS, Alaa, Lincoln Co., .Me. 1 Hood's Sarsaparilla .Sold by all druggists. $1; fix for s">. Prepared only I l>y C. I. HOOD Ac CO., Apothecaries, Lowell, Maw. IOO Doses One Dollar PMllDta Hkonld ba Laftii, Ymmg pullpta ought all to be laying this month. Later hatched onea If not laying by December, will probably, if left to them- Folvm, not lay before spring when eggs are down to IB cents per dozen. Therefore get the pullet* to laying early when price* are hlglnwt. Hev. S. W. Squires, of Franklin, Man*., snysi "Last winter for twelve hen# I used four large cans of Sheridan's Con dition I'owder. I believe it is the best pre paration known to Increase egg production. 1 saved part of the eggs for hatching after forcing the hens four months for sill they were worth with the Sheridan's Powder, and I never had a greater per cent, of fertile eggs or more vigorous chickens. Ido not believe 1 can afford to be without the Powder to give health and vigor to young hens." Six cans of Sheridan's Powder will pay a good dividend in eggs. I. S. Johnson & Co., 22 Custom House Street, Boston. Mass. (the only iuakersof Sheridan's Condition Powder), will send for 50 cents, two packs of Powder; for SI.OO five packs- for $1.20 a large 2% can, postpaid; six cans for 10.00, express prepaid. A copy of the best Poultry paper for 5 cents. Send stamps or cash. Fish have been caught in the Gulf of California at a depth of 1400 feet. rmnfi Y n. t ..CATARRH CREAM Cleanses the Na«al Passages,■ 1 Allays Pain and mJK&ojSfLy,^fADi Hea fl .:rrs^;WFEVEßf|^ Restores tlio A Senses of TasteV / and Sincll. TRY THE CURE, fi A particle Is Into each nostril anil IsU agreeable. Price 50 eta. ™ at Druggists; by mall, registered, 60 cents. ELY BROTHERS, Druggists, 56 Warren St., New York. 112 F YOU WISH A r» , , ■ -^ ..K*V»"vk» purchase one of the cele bruted SMITH & WESSON »_i* i arms. The finest small arms ever manufactured and the )/ Wju) first cholco of all experts. VB| Manufactured in calibres*B And 44-100. Sin- MHf/ gle or double action. Safety Hammerless and Target models. Constructed entirely of bent qual ity wrought *teel. carefully inspected for work manshlp and stock, they are unrivaled for flntiili, du nihility and accuracy. Do not be deceived by cheap innllenble rant-Iron Imitations which are often sold for the genuine article and are not only unreliable, but dangeroua. The SMITH A WESSON Revolvers are all stamped upon the bar rel with firm's name, address and date of patents and are sua ran teed perfect In every detail. In sist uppn having the genuine article, and if your dealer cannot supply you an order sent to address below will receive prompt and careful attention. Descriptive catalogue and prices furnished upon ap pik-atiou. SMITH & WESSON, fyMention this pafter. Springfield, Mass. a INDIAN mmtsssat jfwi ■ Oregon Small Qem I'oints Mgk of Semi-Precious stone, Sioux and Apache Jgflfe Trappings, 100 varieties of Minerals, l'ol ished Agates and Agate Jewelry, Fossil 1 ecth. Fishes. Shells nnd Leaves of the Kjl Cretaceous and Tertiary. Large Illus tratad l'rice List for stamp. \V. STILWKLIq Dead wood, S. Dak. II HIT. Only ('ertniu and |IM||INH enny ( I RK In the World. I>r. w I I W 111 J. 1,. STKPHKNS. I.H,annn.w IBAUr STI'DY. ltook-keeplug, Uuslness Forms ■GUmC Penmanship, Arithmetic, Short-hand,etc. ■ ■ thoroughly taught by MAIL. Circulars free. Ilr'jiiiiiC ollege, 4.17 Main St., Buffalo, N. V I ThEYfaCTftitMfftifinN I A National Family Paper—Two Millions of Readers. 792 The volume of The Companion for 1890 will be unsurpassed by any previous year in the variety of entertaining anil Feet j instructive articles. The full Announcement of Authors and Articles will be sent on application. ' « i Ten Serial Stories ; | fully illustrated, and among the most attractive ever published. ISO Short Stories —Thrilling Adventures —Sketches of Travel Health and Hygiene » Biographical Sketches l,OOO Short Articles—Popular Science * ~ Natural History —Outdoor Sports —Anecdotes £ Etiquette—Wit and Humor-Poetry. ; «. ——— ! s- Oi Illustrated Weekly Supplements : || Were given with nearly every Issue during the last year, and will be continued. They give an increase of ! "g .§ nearlv one-half in the matter and illustrations, without any increase in the price of the paper. » 2 v 5 Eminent Contributors. ■ j| Articles of great value and interest will be given in the volume for 1800 by 5 .. < Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Hon. James C. Blaine, Justin McCarthy, M. P., .§>B General Lord Wolseley, Senator Ceo. F. Hoar, Hon. John C. Carlisle, g Sir Morell Mackenzie, Prof. John Tyndall, Dr. Wm. A. Hammond, r S® Eugene Schuyler, C.A.Stephens, Lt. Fred Schwatka, tj* £•* And One Hundred other well-known and favorite writers. Four Double Holiday Numbers r J Are in preparation, and will be exceedingly attractive, filled with the special work of our favorite fl* » writers, and profusely illustrated. They are published at S| g Thanksgiving—Christmas—New Year's Easter. & These Souvenir Numbers are sent to Kaeli Subscriber. B ___——_—————— —————.—i———i— Hp 221 IF- Feet $5,000 Prize Stories. A ( | Nearly Six Thousand Stories have been examined. The titles and authors of those which will IS B a receive Prizes cannot yet be announced, but the successful Stories will be published during the coming year. Evj ijv i The Girl That's Wanted, i The Backward Boy, i't] 112 | Practical pnpers full of suggestions to girls, as to new And How to Develop Ills Powers. A series of.'arti- H "?| ( B, 4 occupations, and what is best to do in life, by Marion clcs by the Presidents of three leading L'niversi- _ llarland aud other well-known writers. | ties which will interest boys and their parents. '"ufejFF "7 ~ The Kditorials give comprehensive views of Important current events at homo and abroad. jjffA The Children's Page contains charming Stories, Pictures, Anecdotes, Rhymes and «rdj| \ Tuzzles, adapted to the youngest readers. iSfSßS**® ' Household Articles will be published frequently, giving useful Information In Art Work, Fancy Work, Embroidery, Decoration of liooms, Cooking, and Hints on Housekeeping. i " " —» ® " TIIIC FREE TO JAN. 1 9 1890* WITH I ill V To any New Subscriber who will rut out ami send u§ this slip, with name anil WW II H Pout Office address and 51.75 for a year's subscription, w© will send "The Youth's £| | 111 Companion" FREE to .lan. I, 1890, and for a full year from that date. This offer In- H eludes the FOIJK DOHRLR HOLIDAY NUMBERS, the ILLUSTRATED WKKKLt Sfc I /£% W "" BB SIPPLKMENTS, and the ANNUAL PREMIUM LIST, with 500 Illustrations. W ■ ■ » W | Send money by I*ost-Ofllee Money Order, Check, or Registered Letter. 45 THE YOUTH'S COMPANION, Boston, Mass. r?jAcoßsR. KOEIII.ER A CO., ll.tlilekrni, I'n. \ J vie Dr. Koehler's "Favorite Cotii■ We cheerfully recommend Or. Koehters Mixture" right alono with suerrnK. It is "favorite Colic J/iXurr." It on Id not be \ >IL ? 'WKSW/ the best colic medicine J have ever seen. without it as long as ue have hones. \ ■ TI. ISAAC MOOQ, Horse Dealer, ISAAC MOShS liHO., ' Brooklyn, Sew York. Sale and Fyhangr Stable *, haston, la ■ "DISO'S REMEDY FOR CATARRH.—Best. Easiest ■■ 1 to use. Cheapest. Kelief is immediate. A cure is MB certain. Kor Cold in the. Head it has no cquaL B8 ■ It is an Ointment, of which a small particle is applied HRh to the nostrils. Price, 30c. Sold by drujcjnsts or sent HMM by mail. Address, K. T. Uazelxixk, Warren, Pa. WBM Walcrtrssl S>wwtnrtsrf Ff*. A> J-Towtr. Hcxtttn. S3O PWtTRAIT FREE while introducing our fine work, If you send us a photograph of yourself or one member of your fam ily, we will make you a full life-size I'rnyon I'ur irait Free ol Charge. The only consideration Imposed upon you will be that you exhibit it to your friends as a sample of our work, and assist u* in securing orders; also, that you promise to have it framed suitably, so that the work will show to ad vantage. Write your full name and address on back of photo to secure its safety. We guarantee Its return. Our offer Is good for a few days only, and the sample portrait is worth S3O, being as flue* as can be made. Address AMERICAN FORTH AIT CO.. Went 2.'ld St., NEW YORK CITY. Largest Ltfe-tttse Portrait Hon— In toe World. DAOTD k 11 Chadwick's Manual. DAULI DA Li LI 7 ,n ' * •' '•ph™ i unMIJ U " IJU 111 ii niiiiateil I over. Btiwm tipT"P on application rncloKliiK mm O-Lil* X X XvJuu (2c.; stanip, by addressing THF.ODORE HOLLAND, P. O. Box Phlla., Pa. j t- I | rc..u»uu i.4»• i - A, W. Url tilt SIC k U 0 llnlmti It i * waskuvlwii u. t MmiUoa Uii . jCOjTAN HOUR JFf.lr WfcV MEDICAL CO., Richmond. Vn. | if THEwoHPtßrut I _U BUR GICHAIR rnnMITIJRE. /1Q vUol—nl* factory vricM,/? /77M|MlL < rHrr udablp loodiubo 112! waBKLrHiIM P.lJlfor on Msn. IHirEVrnl TO HIKE. Seod Hup for 0«U- V.l*-W FUI lof«*. Itvm IIUTUI, Lrom««,<^lttH.WliH,niUM» THE EDWARD HARRISOK aciijXi 00., M»uufiictnr*ri ot Harrison** Standard Rnrr E^Pi^ Stoae Grinding aud^Flouriiig p jsaeoalng great^capao responsible parties. Lutv Price*. Write for New Illustrated Cata- , luguf and mention this paper. Tixs Eriward Harrison Mili Co., How llavou. Coan. PEER LESSb YES a »ld i*Drt wuni m mm After ALL others Dr. Lobb, 3 ™- Twenty years' continuous practice In the treat ment anil cure of the awful effects of early vice, destroying both mint! and body. Medicine and treatment for one month. Five Dollar*, sent securely sealed from observation to any address, llonk on Special Diseases free. dorse Big 42 as* the only In specific fur the certain core 1 TO 5 of this disease. jflßOoaraotocd noi toW G. 11. 1M( JKA 11 AM, M. D , o»u«® BirtoUiro. * Amsterdam, N. Y. |Cj| yraonly byth* We hare sold Big G for many years, and It na» I CataiOil wO. .ript.n the best of sstli- Oioc'.nntti.llffiSi ruction. TBFK D. It. DY^CHK-UGO°ILF .00. Bold by Druggists B B 9 tt J9 find Whiskey Slab* K§& flj il out pain. LU^ZKJJJI HJM.WOOLLEY. M.DL FBIZIOE BEST IN Til K WORLD UHtnwf J |F" a et the Genuine. Bold Everywhere. | Gold Hunters' Adventures IN AUSTRALIA, by WM. h. THOHES; l3mo» sfi l Pages. *IO full-page Illustrations. A stirring { story of A «lyenture among Bushrangers and out -1 laws. Largest and best Books ever m»ld for price, : only 25 cents, postpaid. Address ALKX T. LOVU & Co., Lakeside bidg., Chicago. 111.