The Potter journal. (Coudersport, Pa.) 1857-1872, June 24, 1858, Image 1
SINGLE COPIES, } VOLUBLE IG-NMNBER. 49. THE POTTER JOURNAL, - PUILLSHXD ENTRY THURSDAY YORNINO, ET Thos. S. Chase, TO whom all Letters and Communications should be addressed, to secure attention„ Terms—lnvariably In Advance: $1.25 per Annum. Terms of Ad.vertisirtg. 1 Square [lO lines] 1 insertion, - - 1 u - cc 3 16 Each subsequent insertion less than 13, 1. Square three months, " six " nice 1 " one year, _ _ _ Rule and figure work, per sq., 3 ins. 3 00 Every subsequent insertion, 50 1 - Column six months, _lB 00 10 00 I • i . /I per year. 30 00 61 61 is 16 00 touble-uullizen, displayed, per annum 65 00 is " six months, 3 00 11 It three " 1G 00 16 Is one month, 600 is per square of 10 lines, each insertion under 4, 100 Parts of columns will be inserted at the same rates. Administrator's or Executor's Notice, 200 Auditor's Notices, each, 1 50 Sheriff's Sales, per tract, 1 50 Marriage Notice's, each, 1 00 Divorce Notices, each, 1 60 Administrator's Sales, per square for 4 insertions, Business or Professional Cards, each, not exceding 8 lines, per year, - - 500 Special and Editorial Notices,•per line, 10 Var All transient advertisements must be paid in advance, and no notice will lie taken of advertisements from a distance, unless they are accompanied by the money or satisfactory reference. g•ltOilteso Carts. JOHN S. MANN, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Coudersport, Pa., will attend the several Courts in Potter and rliean Counties.. All business entrusted in, his care will receive prompt attention. Office on Main st, oppo site the Court House. 10:1 F. W. KNOX, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Coudersport, Pa., regularly attend the Courts in Potter and the adjoining Counties. • 10:1 ARTHUR G. OLMSTED, ATTORNEY do COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Coudersport, Pa., will attend to all business entrusted to his care, with proiuptnes and fidelity - . Office in Temperance Block, sec ond Boor, Main St. 10:1 ISAAC BENSON _ATTORNEY AT LAW, Coudersport, Pa., will attend to all business entrusted to him, with care and promptness. Office corner of West and Third sts. 10:1 L. P. WILLISTON, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Wellsboro', Tioga Co., I'a., Will attend the Courts in Potter and IPlican Counties. 9:13 • R. W. BENTON; SIISVEYOR AND CONVEYANCER, Ray- Mond P. 0., (Allegany Tp.,) Potter Co., Pa., will attend to all business in his line, with care and dispatch. 9:33 W. K. KING, SURVEYOR, DRAFTSMAN AND CONVEY ANCER, Smethport, 31'Kean Co., Pit., will ,attend to business for non-resident laud holders, upon reasonable terms. Referen ces given if required. P. S.—Maps of any part of the County made to order. 9:13 0. T. ELLISON, PRACTICING PHYSICIAN, Coudersport, Pa., respectfully informs the citizens of the vil lage and vicinity that he will promply re spond to all calls for professional services. :Office on Main st., in building formerly oc cupied by C. W. Ellis, Esq. 9:22 COLLLNS SPITS. T. A. JONES. SkITH & JONES, DEALERS IN DRUGS, MEDICINES, PAINTS, Oils, Fancy Articles, Stationery, Dry Goods ? Groceries, Sc., Main st., Coudersport, Pa. 10:1 D. E. OLMSTED, DEALER IN DRY GOODS, READY-MADE Clothing, Crockery, Groceries, &c., Main st., Coudersport, Pa. 10:1 M.: W. MANN, fIEALER IN BOOKS do STATIONERY, MAG TAMES and Music, N. W. corner of Main stud Third sts., Coudersport, Pa. • 10:1 E. R. HARRINGTON, lEWELLIIR, Coudersport, Pa., baying engag ed a window iirSchoomaker & Jackson's Store will miry on the Watch and Jewelry business there. *fine assortment of Jew elry constantly on hand. Watches and Jewelry carefully repaired, in the best style, on the shortest notice—all work warranted. 9:34 HENRY J. OLMSTED, (SUCCESSOR TO JAMES W. SMITH,) "BALER IN STOVES, TD7 & SHEET IRON WARE, Main st.; nearly opposite the Court House, Coudersport, Pa. Tin and Sheet Iron Ware.made to order, in good style, on short police. 10:1 COUDERSPORT MOTEL, P. F. GLASSUIRE, Proprietor, Corner of Main and Second Streets, Coudersport, Pot ter Co., Pa. 9:44 ALLEGANY HOUSE, !PAVEL M. MILLS, Proprietor, Colesbnrg . Patter Co., Ps. seven miles n orth of Cou dersport, on tip; WeU ville Sosd. • 51:44 [Written for the Pogcs Joutrgal.l TUE RILLS OF • I stood beside a rushing itreani, And listened to its, ceaseless ;-song, As, 'smiling in the sunlight's gleam, Fearless and free it sped along. I asked : Why pause natooparlding tide, Nor in thy baste one thought; bestow Orrthose, who, standing by thy side, Would fain divine thy constant Bow Dost thou on Mercy's' errand hn?tte ; And must thou to.thy work away, Nor e'en one precionth moment Waste Amid these in sportivipayi Do thoughtless hnndieds daily share, From factories and.mills, the spoil For which then art not Wont to spare 50 --- $1 50 25 50 4 00 ..... - - 550 6 00 7 00 1 50 Oh I the great Millennium, will be here sure " as fate, And for that "good time coming" we'll open wide the gate. No longer need we tremble when we Lear of Old King Death, • Who used to shut our peepers and make us .stop our breath ; For with our panaceas, our syrups, and our pills, That cure for sure and certain our life's un numbered ills, We've but to take a dose of thls, a little draught . of that, • Apply a little plaster somewhere beneath the hat; Or, with some subtle unguent, within the way appointed, It takes but precious little to be the great an nointed. And if our love proves fractious, her spirits sure to soothe, (For lo 1 is it not written ; " LOVe's course ne'er did run smooth,") We've but to wear about us some patent love- elixir, It makes one so attractive, you see like shot . 'twill fix her,— The love is quite devoted, as lasting as the sea-- We need no longer whine, nor try how sill) we can be. I? some ambitioua female:, (the kind we need not name,) Dare prate of rights of women, and, speaking of the same., Should tell us of a nation deriving its just power From consent of those it governs, we'll rise up in that hour, And prove to the rebellious, thus lost to proper 'shame, We knoW their rights and our's; and knowing, dare maintain I, • But we'll flatter them at parties, and surfeit them with praise,. - GiVe up our seats at concerts, and "tote" them to the plays; We'll choke them with tobacco; if they at tempt to walk ;• Our breaths may smell of brandy—but then, hOw fine we talk I ° And in the the public papers, you see, to keep , all right, We publish five-mile sermons, replete with 'proverbs trite, - And sayings of old bachelors, from Paul, the reverend sage, Down to our doughty President, the rarest of his age; And withi our splendid rhetoric, we can so mystify, That not the smartest-of them all can find one reason why. And that reminds me forcibly of a story long ago, How an humble artizan, a man of grief and woe, Came up into a city, and healed the sick and blind; Until the poor all loved Him, the generous and kind l How he snake the words of Truth, and taught them of a Love So great, !so true, and Infinite, all death it would remove; He told them to repent and live,—the Jews, who had stood by him, Wert:Pall io shocked and horrified, they.cried out "crucify himl" - So, ever since, through time and change, the path of all Reform . . - - -. Has wound among the roughest ways, beset by many a thora ; And Jews, as in-those olden times, will curse the Lardy few Who strive to teach the people, and sputa the good they do. Now,' in pursuit of fpne—a name—l've i often heard it'said, : The "chaie is long and difficult," the arrows badly.' sped,— 1 With due respect and deference to worthy seer and sage, ! Ili say goOd-bye, and leave with yen, The Progress of the Aga. ; Pm Yen, April 9,'59. _ T. J. L. Fottas. • laetrts. Thy generons,, unremitting toil 7 Though small, yet a resistless power Is pent within'thy foaming breast; For e'en the forest oak must cower, Cleft by the saw at thy behest. Thou dost not check tby onward course To question What the world will say Of thee, thy power, or lack of force— . The goal 's beyond,,thou may'st not stay T Liss has its miss:on to fulfill, However humble it may be; And every tiny mountain rill May help to swell the mighty sea. May I, like thee, amid Earth's strife. My way with even tenor hold,— Serene in all the storms of Life, ' Till Death his pall shall roud me fold. GLEN WOOD, May, 1858, wi X. B. For the Potter Journal PROGRESS OF THE AGE. g er .A. 4 old lady; reading an account of a distinguished old lawyer who was said to be the father Of the NeW York bar, exclaimed,— "Poor man ! he had a dreadful set of chil dren." I I)tbotea to 14'frilieiples of :cilia Dahioalleg, qqa file Disseliginfioq of Um Y.itellign 40 bets. COIMEIUSPORT, POTTER COUNTY, PA., THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1858. _ Vtittati.onat. . AN ESSAY. Read before the Potter County .Teachers' Asiociation, at °swage Village . , on - Prickly, May 28th, 1858, BY MISS CORDELIA BYDOBN. SUBJECT: Intellectual Qualifications sect* essary for the Successful Teacher. The Law of our State has prescribed a list of studies with which it says, those persons aiming to become teachers, shall make themselves thoroughly acquainted. But it has fixed tio limit to the progress the teacher may make in his advance ment; it has but laid a foundation on which to build as lofty and noble a struc ture as the workman chooses to erect.— In the public sentiment of our county, the building has advanced somewhat above the foundation, and to rear the structure a little higher, is the object of our coming together. The Law says that the teacher shall have a competent knowledge of Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Grammar and Geo graphy. And when it says that, it means more than many of our teachers mean by the same thing. Yet supposethese are learned as they should be, and that it is about all that a teacher will be called up on to teach in a district school, it is well to enquire how large the house shall be built before he can live in it witkpm fort and profit, or, how far shall the teach er rise in intellectual. qualifications above those he is to instruct. Amon. '' the first requisites after what the Law demands, Ishall be inclined to place a considerable knowledge of the Natural Sciences. Children learn of what they see around them; sensible objects possess, the principal interest, and if their ' curiosity is gratified, they will learn from these with but little urging. Deficient • as , we know so many parents are in abili ty to give the desired information, if teachers have really the interest they pro fess to have in the rising generation, they should qualify, themselves to administer 1-to the children's wants in this particular. The young-lady who teaches the summer school, will excite no little interest, and Confer no small benefit on her young. pu pils, if she Can explain to them thestruc ture and uses of the flowers they bring her, and find names for -the wild plants they have called indiscriminately weeds. Though she may not teach Botany as a study in school, there will 'be many a spare moment improved,' and many a • thought-seed planted that will spring up and bear abundant fruit. The child will respect the teacher -who can answer his inquiries—What Makes 'it rain ? what makes hail? what makes lightning and thunder ? . These can and should be ex plained to the child who has curiosity enough to ask•concerning them, and some what of shame will attend the teacher who has no explanation to give. I well remember my -Childish admiration of the teacher who first pointed out Orion and the Pleiades. My, interest in the stars was much increased when I knew that they had names. On this subject we would farther say, that a teacher is. not well prepared to teach Geography, till he is quite familiar with the leading principles of Astronomy.. Though he may hardly have occasion to mention that other plan"- ets revolve around our sun having days and years of different lengths from ours, his explanations of day and night and the cause of the seasons will hardly fail to be more clear and intelligible, if he has in his own mind a full understanding of . these Astronomical truths. Physiology seems to be gaining ground in our schools; among teachers, and to some extent in the common school. This is as it thould be. I think it,would be well introduced more extensively into the district school, but for their own health - , as well as the physical well-being of their pupils, teachers, before commencing their first school, should acquaint themselves with the principles of physiology and hy giene. Why History has been so universally neglected in our schools, I do not know. I believe that in some of the Eastern States-it is as regularly taught in common schools as any other branch. But in this State, and New York so far as I know, it is not in the schools, nor Would I willing ly undertake the task of naming all the teachers who knot about as little on the subject as their pupils. Without under taking .to decide at what age children should take up the study as a regular pursuit, we must say that the individual who considers himself orberself fitted for a school teacher, without a good knowl edge of the history of. on own country, has ite - d•the - standard too low. Young men learn the political history of the na tion from news-papers,—know when par- i titular laws were passed, what distin guished statesmen voted for or against them, and what the effect has been or is to be, and that is about the extent of the n knowledge of history. Youngla dies know as much less about it as they read, less politics. To give a reason for the study of History would seem super fluous, but that it is not so, the pre vailing ignorance on the subject proves too well. In the words of an eminent man of our own day: "The object Of study ing history into enlarge and elevate the mind, to fill it with useful thought's and dear conceptions, extended views of hu man character and conduct and interest ing recollections of , the past." • Surely, there is a worthy object. We are con stantly reminded that the- future pros .pezity, of our country rests- with the yciuth of the present. We would ask how they can be prepared for the trust with out knowing what has been done before them. The time is too short. for them to learn by observation, for when they begin to observe, the time has already come for them to act. To study the past, I I therefore, to learn its wisdom and avoid its mistakes, seems indispensable. There may be those ho*ever, in the teacher's ['profession, who care little to look at the fixture or study the past with 'this object in view, feeling that they have little to do in the guidance of national concerns. We might speak, then, of the interest which could be excited in the school room by means of this knowledge. When a dais have learned a hard and-not very interesting lesson In Geography—have learned - that here is a lake, there a river, and near by a town, reward their indus try, and fix these facts in their memory, by telling them what battle was fought on the . Lake, what tribe of Indians once hunted and fished along the rivers, what eminent man has had his birth-place or residence in the town,'"or any circum stances of interest which imay be connect ed with each. Froth the history and his torical literature of our country, we can gather a store of facts for amusement and instruction. It is hardly necessary to recommend Algebra, as it is so commonly taught in the winter schools, that the chance of get, Ling a desirable situation often depends upon being able to teach it, and besides, we find scholars already so willing to take it up before they are well prepared, that at present it needs no urging. I know that in this utilitarian age, the study of the dead languages is frowned upon by many respectable men, and we are urged to direct our attention to sub jects of practical, importance. Yet we submit that on these same practical prin- 1 ciples it cannot be dispensed with. Some of the advantages might indeed be deriv ed from the study of the foreign lan- 1 guages of our own time, but not all. We do not expect every student to study every lan . c . mage that has contributed to form our own, in order to be thoroughly acquaint ed with his native tongue, yet we may mention the Latin as entering so largely into its composition, that one who would' understand well our own language, can ill afford to be without a knowledge of it. To insist on the, four years' study the col legian bestows upon it, would demand an impossibility of the majority of our teach ers, and if possible -would, perhaps, be unnecessary, yet the teacher who devotes a year to it, will probably feel well repaid. One teacher of our acquaintance has said that in studying Latin six mouths be learned the definitions of more words than he would by studying -Webster's Dictionary an equal length of time. We might go on to speak of the excellent mental discipline which our prominent teachers assert into be, but it is our pres ent purpose to speak principally of imme diately praCtical things. We would also earnestly recommend what we know some teachers to be doing, that is, studying the German language, when they are teach ing in a district where educated Germans reside. We might give as a -sufficient reason, though by no means the only one, the multitude of eases that will occur in which it may be used, from the large ad mixture of Germans in our population. We would also urge upon every teach er as early, as possible, to become well acquainted with some work on intellectu al Philosophy. If it is important to un derstand the structure and functions of the body, it is certainly essential that we should understand the functions and pow ers of the mind. It may be of use in low ering our conceit, and 'showing ns how little we really know of the mysterious principle we call ourselves, yet teaching us to apply what we can know to some good purpose. Perhaps there is nothing taught in our Academies that will give more real preparation for in, than the discipline and knowledge that will be gained by a thorough training in this branch. From the subject: of which it treats it must necessitate close thinking, while many of its' facts and truths are such as every person assuming the re sponsible station of teacher should under stand. Those having the culture and di rection of the , young mind, should under-1 stand, not merely the practical hints' thrown out in newspapers and school boOks, but the philosophy of the mind as taught in scientific works. Me wilt then be enabled to de. ace his own practical rules for the. man gement of his scholars aid the regulation o f 136 own mental hab its. To enable i , m to weigh well the evidence on whiclr',he founds opinions, and, to support then opinions with argu ments worthy an intelligent, reasonable man, ,are some of the i) " W bjects to be at tained by this purattit. e shall find constant opportunity to pursue-the study and'practice its teachings in intercourse with our scholars, and watching the work ings of our own . minds. - , I have reserved Ito mention last of A, what must,, howeve'r, come first, without which these acquirements' will never be t made, orbeing ma e will be , ofmnall use, ti namely, a habit of ' en '1 aativity, which will make the most of eery opportunity' that comes - in its; way All teachers probably have noticed he difference iu children in this respect,- 7 -that some are u ever wanting to know ore, enquiring deeper into the reason o things in their studies, and into the causes of phenome na they see around thi.n. They are pleased with the bright; Intelligent child who asks a reason and under Stands it when given, but there are many who do not think of the• ina:ortaiice . of this habit in their own minds . There are some, who for the sake , of seeming wise, learn a mass, of facts without connection or re lation, and which they know not how to use when acquired.' And there are very many, who with god opportunities for improvement, live a if in a dream, bus ied with their own ideal world; building bright, airy castles Of the knowledge they will obtain, the good they will do, and the distinction they will win at some fil ture time, but, meanwhile, the golden time for troprovemeUt is passing away, and habits are formir which will more effectually preclude f advancement than any hick of opportuntty could possibly do. Others, in seeking only present gratifica tion and pleasure, seeni almost to forget that there ts anything nobler to seek.— But one who has chosen the noble voca tion of Instructing others, to accomplish the task wortiiily, must be something dif ferent from all these. The - teacher must possess an observing mind that will knoW what is passing around him, that will gather facts from observation, conversa tion or reading; a reflecting mind that will.associate one fact with another with which it has some connection, and refer them all to some- general prinCiple to which they belong, The mind that ha bitually does thislias.already made more advancement than many'a colle..e.gradu ate, diploma itchand. And for such a mind, the. acquirements we have marked ow as desirable for the distalet school :teacher in Potter county, will'not seem unattainable. 5 Prt. trq 16tttr. WHAT A STR ANGER THINKS OF OUR COUNTY. (From the Pottsville Democratic Standard.] A TRIP TO POTTER COUNTY. Ma. EDITOP6.—I have just returned from an interestina., visit to Potter County in this State, and as my attention was there directed to some subjects of interest to many of the people of this county, I have concluded to address you a letter for publication. The great want of Potter County is laborers, to clear off and culti vate her wonderfully rich productive soil. I was informed that laborers who could work in the woods—or could ditch, make fence, plough and •do other farm work, could make from 80 cents to $1,50 per day, beside their board. There is plenty Of demand there for several hundred la borers, who could find 'ready employment and cash payment. The reason for the scarcity of labor is this—that those who go them able and willing to work are im mediately tempted by the very' low price of uncle red land, to,buy fifty. or a hun dred acres,' and go to work to clearing and cultivating for themselves and thus in a short time, becoming independent land holders and farmers. ' I was informed by G. B. Overton, Esq., the very gentleman 'ly agent or the Bingham estate, that at present, very considerable settlement is going on in the county, and that this seems to be increasing in a compound ra tio. 'Uncleared lands, - of rich deep soil, and every foot of which can be tilled, can be purchased at from $2,50 to $8,50 per acre. These lands are remarkably well watered, and are covered with pine, hem lock, beech, maple, cherry, black-walnut, oak, and chestnut timber: The bottom lands along the larger streams,_ when cleared, are generally regarded as the rich est and deepest soils, but are in - their nat ural state covered with pine and hemlock timber which is much more difficult to elear.off tired the hard woods, which per , tain to the table lands, back from the larg ' er. streams. Beside 'the bottom Boil is colder, subject to earlier frosts than the table lands and in my judgment, not so inviting to settlers ; who purpose to clear and farm. There are, is Potter County, FOUR CENTS. TEBITS:••SI.2S:FEB ANNDN..f some seventy families who have remtoied froin Schuylkill and are: now engaged itt• farming. Alt, or nearly all Of them lit ; , ing on land purchased by their respective heads and which they now 'are clesiriiig and: improving. Nest of - them reside near 'Germania - on the head quartets ot Kettle and Pine Creeks. I bad the . pliNia.; ure of meeting our old quandom citizen, Capt. Mills. his son Sam and Son-in-law, Dan Qlassmire, and their respective (amt. lies. i Sam lives about 7.miles from Cim ders.port, the County Town—on the Wells. vilte toad--has over 700 acres of excellent land, improved, with a large well furnish-. ed Tavern House, a store, Sawinill, fine - • large barn, and other out-buildings] bis r.7 7 cattle'are of the best blooded stocks, his= farm well fenced and cultivated, yielding 'him as he informed me, very' heavy crops. • As an instance of the strength and pro- ductiveness of the soil lie pi?inted out to me his oats field which was new in oats for the seventeenth successive year and until the last three years had never been manured. On the whole, Sam is a riaedel farmer, is becoming rich, has a vety tine family of sons and daughters who he is , very carefully and commendably *dumb. ing. The "Old Captain" resides nho'ut two miles from Coudersport, has over 500 . acres 'of land, with good imProvernenta, tells ma he is out of debt, with money st interest, has his heart open to receive any one from Schuylkill county, and the kind cordial greeting and many attentiona he. bestowed on myself convinced. me I con stituted no exception in his attachment to- ~ his Schuylkill County friends. - \ , • ' - Dan Glassmire is the propriettir and , keeper of the principal Hotel in Couders port, a very large, well finished establish. ' ; n,ent, he is also the owner of some out • lots and farming land, out of debt,.and annually adding some $2,000 to his "pile." Fresh Venison and Trout, added to the ' many other delicacies of his bountiful boards. Spirits liquors, are under; this law of the " teetotal" Judges of Potter county, who construe even: our new - cense law as giving them unchittrolled.dis;. cretion in rejecting applications. for _ ceases and which they exercise to the chagrin of any would be humanitarian, who seeks to relieve suffering man •with • :.. • ,potations of rectified spirits and burnt-Su. gar, yelept in Schuylkill Co., Brandy Dan regaled us however: with, is Lager," And such Lager! Yuctiglingiand Lauer • can't be beat in this part of theiworld, but, the marvellous superiority- of the Lager. made at The Germania Brewery in Potter county, my cultivated taste can't explain. The County Town, Coudersport, is. a - beautiful place, situated on a plateau on '. the Allegheny river. The Cohn House _ and other buildings are of the most taste ly and commodious kind. - The private residences are all built in cottage style, very pretty, with spacious grounds around and ornamen .ed with shrubbery and flow ers. The town g enerally has the appear., ante of a thrifty New England village and impresses the stranger with the anomaly.: that whether there be persons of extmor._ . dinary wealth there ornot, there are cm tainly no poor people there. The houses; however small, are clean, well painted and with , grounds ornamented with flowers., and shrubbery. Potter County althoughrepresentedon the map as amongst the Spurs of,the Al., , leghetry range gives no indication of any, ,„ upheaval or disturbing of the rook strati- ficatiOn. On the contrary the general lay.,/, of the rock is horizontal,-while the valleys, • which follow the streams seem to be'ruade entirely by washing, and may properly be, said to represent gutters formed in ,the plains; The stranger who travels in this 1 . countyby reason of the roads following the streams is likely to be greatly deceived ~ as to its true geological l formation and to be impressed with the idea that the cone. ty was very mountainous. : This hew. ; .4 ever, far from the fact. Oh either side of the. roads the traveler notices steep slopes, but on ascending them. will,find . that the country spreads off from the.to p , ;; l of these slopes in beautiful table land. Even the slopes generally are covered with a deep soil, and may be advantageonily. , farmed. The air and - water , of Potter , county, are remarkably pure, making it one of the healthiest loadities world, and which fact is now l indiming, many invalids from the,westand northt.o. spend there their summer months. -Trout, fishing, and hunting, unrivalled elsewhemi : afford attractions there forthe- sportstnan, as the abundant success of our frie,n4... Campbell, Palmer, Womelsdorf, and others of our citizens can at In : conclusion let me add that a, fear hundred laborers who depend inn_ their , daily earnings for support, and are now out of employment in Schuylkill Co., and . who can do work on the farm* in the., forest ,can find ..ready employment at gond wages in Potter, Co. Thoire,ivho have saved from three to eight hundred dollars; can buy enough land, so that With . geed, saving management they canclearit and; become independent farmers. ilia them;• however first prepare their minds for a; year or two' of some privationa and to, oombine the essentials of indasy aux" II