among the comm
./sly' more diligent inquiry into theichei'-
';'''• 'acrier a ef, those operatiOns of,trifffiC, towards
web .il deilired tq.,estead such peculiar
T 5 y
rave
, ; .‘.; , :::The Various AElt usections which bear the
or domeexchanges differ essential-
I is their. nature, operation and utility...,
Oroailess of them consists of bills of ex.
drawn,:for the purpose of transfer,
ripit actual- capital from oue part of the
IttoentrY'to anothe r,
or to anticipate the
' •
'
" itnieeeds of property actuelly transmitied.
gills:ad:4a description itra,higlAy uset .
in
lifts movements of trade, owl well deserve.al I
.'llitienceuragemeot which can rightfully be
- •!r ~ :*ven to them, knottier class is made up
'ef'.exchange, not 4rawn to transfer
` cap 'it al itor oo the credit of property
7.oabfal. ,
transmitted, ibut to create fictitious capital.
rnikto' g at once crthe character of notes .
' itfilsediated in bank, and of bank notes in eir
''
"orletien, and swelling the mass of paper
credits 'to a vast extent in the most iiihjec,-
manner. These hills have formed,
' 4 l4f libua the last .lew years, a large proportion of-)
'hitt are termed the domestic exchanges of
country, serving as the means of usnri.
sue profit, and constituting the most unsafe
find precarious paper in circulation. • This
npacies of traffic, instead of being- upheld,
ought to be discounteuaneed by the Goy.
.ernment and the people.
•-.=yin transferring its funds from place to
the Government is on the same foot.
log With the private citizen, and crie.y resort
to the same levet means. it may do so
through the medium of bills drawn by itself,
er purchased' from others; and, in these op.
.13rations;tt may, in a manner undoubtedly
. ',constitutional and legitimate, facilitate and
assist exchanges• of individuals founded on
. -SetAAransactiens .of trade. The extent to
which this may be done, and the best means
of effecting it, am entitledlo nu fullest con.
. eideration. : Tide has been estowed by the
liticretery of the Treasury, and his views
Ord, be submitted to , you in his report.
But, it was not designed. by the constitu
(ln that the Governmeut should assume the
l'inagetnent of dmierestic or foreign ex
' Change - It is indeed authorised to regulate,
•••
by law, the commerce , between the States,
• and to Orrevide a general standard of value
= medium of exchange in gold and silver ;
bent is skit : proviaee to aid individuals
in, thelransfer dtheir funds, otherwise than
6trongh_lhe faCilities affirded by the Post
• afrata.Departmeot. As justly might it be
nailed - on :to provide for the transportation of
• their merchandise, These are operations
oftrade. They ought to be conducted by
111 - 1 .080 whn tiro in interested in them, in the
same manner that the incidental difficultes
, hf other pursuits are encountered by other
.Closites'of,Pitiseoe, Such aid hes not been
countries.—
deemed fleeeagekri other
ghout Europe, the doniestic as well
foreign exchanges' are tarried on hy
• „private houses, oflon,•if not generally, with•
' ' ;itiet Abe assistance of banks. Yet they ex
'. ted throughout dietinet sovereignties, and
far exceed , in amount the real exchanges of
Metes. There is no reason why
` . ..4ititawn may not ter conducted in the same
:•, .tier ! with equal cheapness and safety.
Certainly. thin might he accomplished, if it
Were thyored by those most deeply interest.
• and few, can doubt that their own into.
VW, a, well as the general welfare of the
'ntinitryswoeld be promoted by leaving such
-"'"- subjec ttn . the hands of those to whom it
belong.:iiroperly n A system founded on pri.
*ate interest ,' ente r pr ise , an
d competition,
'tvithoutithe aid of legislative grants or reg.
eatinns by law, would rapidly prosper; it
(would' be free from the influence of political
and extend - the same exemption
.to - trade itself; and it would put nn end to
those complaiuta of neglect, partielity, injus.
4ine and iiipprenion, which are the unavoida
lhle results of interference by the Govern
:;,;.ment tn"the proper concerns of individuals.
former attempts on the part of the Go
vernment to carry its legislation, in t hi., re
. . Stiect, - further 'than 'wee' deigned by the
•, constitution, have in the end proved jnjuri
. and have served only_to convince the
great body of the people, more and more, of
the certain dangers of blending private in.
'wrests with the , operations of public heel
• and there is no reason to suppose that
eepetition of them now wield be more sue.
ceselbl,
It camel be concealed that there exist,
in our community, opinions and feelings on
'thiesfiblect in direct oppoaition to each oth
er. A large portion of
them, combining
great intelligence, activity, andfluence i
pm no, doubt sincere in their boner that the
Operations of trade ought to be assisted by
such a connexion: they regard a national
'hookas neceovary' for this purpose; and they
itre disinelined to'every measure that does
stet tend, sooner or , tater, to the establish
ment ortguch*nn institution... On the other
hand'' a majority" of the people are believed
•
tobo irreconcilably opposed to that measure:
they se/ wider such a concentration of power
' - datigeroes to their liberties . ; and many of
Otetri regard it es ti violationof the constitu
' ilif‘'' , Tbiscollieion of opinion has doubt less
• • " abed • much ofthe embarrassment to which h
t o te commer cialtransactions ofh country 4
lately been exposed." B.anktiog has
*OR* alualitical topic of the highest in.
v 7 -t-betas trade has suflbred in the conflic t
speedy termination of this
onAtittlimits;tiesrever deferable, is scarcely
eerie' teil. We have seen; for utterly
4 -4 '`„,.. 4oo4 lnentitti, that those who advticate a
'boa, by Whatever motive they
fi 11. Ime‘iced, constitute a portion el
ty, tort numerous tn'allow us to .
` a *milli abandonment of their fa- 1
. c:,sitber bend,,they must
IL in erroutions estimate of the
• - and temper' of the American
WAR that they have comic',
,
. .
ile*°o night Or itisofficient:grnunds, their
persevering opPositionth such an institution;
or that they aan be iridithed by pecuniary
pressure, or by, any .other combination of
circurnstancee, to surrender principles they
have so long and. so inflexibly maintained.
My own views of the subject are 'Linehan.
gad. They have been repeatedly and un
reservedly announced to my fellow.citizene,
who, with full knowledge of them,
conferred
upon me the two hig - hest offices of the Gov
ernment. On the last of these occasions,
licit it due to the people to apprise them,
distinctly, that, in the event of .my,election,
I would not be able to cooperate in - the re
establishment of a national bank. Tothese
sentiments, I have . now only to add the ex
pression of an increased conviction that the
re-establishment of such a bank, in any form,
whilst it would not accomplish the beneficial
purpose promised by its. advocates, would
unnair the rightful supremacy of the pupa.
lar will, injure the .charscter and diminish
the influence of our political system, and
bring once more into existence a concentra.
ted moneyed power, hostile to the spirit. and
threntening the permariency of our republi-
can institutions.
ow, indeed, after
'idanianded fruit!
and an omission
Kiwi*" exchange to
I and serious com
serve to exempli.
itnong some of our
powers of the Gov
control to subjects
interfere. They
tion of an institu
ts. On the eon.
Local banks have been employed for the
deposite and distribution ,of the revenue, et
all times v:irtially, and, on three different
occasions, exclusively: first, anterior,to the
establishment of the first Batik of the United
States; secendly,in the iniervel between the
terrnieation sAciihret institution and the char
ter of its successors and, thirdly, during the
limited .period •which has now so abruptly
closed. T 4 ,conwixinn, thus repeatedly at
tempted, proved unsatisfactory on each suc
cessive oecasionuotwithstanding the various
measures which were adopted to facilitate
or insure its success. On the last occasion,
in the year 1831, the employment of the
State banks was guarded,especially,in every
way which experience and caution could sug
gest. Personal security was required for
the safe-keeping and prompt payment of the
moneys to be received; and full returns of
their .condition were, (rem time to time, to
he made by the depositaries. in the firt
stages, the measure was eminently success
fulsnetwitlistanding the vielent opposition of
the Bank of the United States, and the un
ceasing (glints made to overthrow it. The
selected banks performed, with fidelity, end
. without any embarrassment to themselves
or to the community, their engagements to
the Government; and the system promised
to be permanently useful. But when it be
came necessary,under the net of June,aB3B,
to withdraw from them the pnblie money,
for the purpose of placing it in additFinal in.
stitutions, or of transferring it to the States,
they found it, in many casest, inconvenient
to comply with the demands of the Treasu
ry, and numerous and pressing applications
were made kir indulgence or relief. As the
instalments under the deposit° law became
payable, their own embarrassments, and the
necessity under which they lay ofcurtailing
their discounts and calling in their debts,
increased the general distress, and contribu•
ted, with other causes, to hasten the revul
sion in which, at length, they, in common
with the other banks, wore fatally involved.
Under these circumstances, it becomes
our solemn duty to inquire whether there
are not, in any connexion between the Gov
°remota and banks of issue, evils of great
magnitude, inherent in its very nature, and
against which no precautions can effectually
guard.
Unforeseen in the organization of the Gov
ernment,and forced on the Treasury by early
necessities, the practice of employing banks
was, in truth, from the beginning, more a
measure of emergency than of sound policy.
When we started into existence as a nation,
in addition to the burdens of the new Gov
ernment, we Assumed all the large but hon
orable- load of debt which was the price of
our liberty; but we hesitated to weigh down
the infant industry of the country by resort
ing to adequate taxation for the necessary
revenue. The facilities of banks, in return
for the privileges they ncqui red,were prompt
ly offered, and, perhaps,too readily received
by an embarrassed Treasury. During :he
long continuance of a national debt, and the
intervening difficulties of a foreign war, the
connexion was continued from motives of
convenience. But these causes have. long
since passed away. We have nn emergen
cies that make banks necessary to aid the
wants of the Treasury; we have no load of
national debt to provide for; and we have on
actual deposilo a large surplus. No public
interest, therefore,now requires the renewal
of a connexion that circumstances have dis
solved. The complete organization of our
Government; the abundance ofour resources;
the general harmony which prevails between
—all enable us now to select the system most
consistent with the constitution, and most
conducive to the public welfai e. Should we,
then, connect the Treasury,for a fourth time,
with the local hanks, it can only bo under a
conviction that.past failures have arisen from
accidental, not inherent defects.
A danger, difficult if not impossible to be
avoided in such an armngementis made strik
ingly evident in the very event by which it
has now been defeated. A sudden act of the
banks intrusted with the funds of the people
deprives thEareasury,without fault or agen
cy of the Government, of the ability to pay
its oreditors in the currency they have by
law a right to demand. .Thiacircumstance,
no fluctuation of e,ommeroe could have pro
duced, if the - public revenue had been col
lected in the legal curreney,and kept itithat
form by the officers of the Treasury. "The
citizen whose waney was in bank, receives
it bank, since the suspension, at a sacrifice
in its amount; whilst he who kept it in the
legal currency of the country,and in his own
possession, pennies without loss the current
of his business,. The Government, placed
in the situation of the former, is involved in
embarrassments it could not have suffered,
had it pursued the course of the latter. These
enibarraesmenteare atoreoViitaugatented by
those sahgary and just laws which forbid it
to use a depreciated currency,. and, by so
doing,take from the Government the ability
which individuals have of accommodating
.their transactions to such a catastrophe,
A system which oan,in a time of profowid
peace,when there is a large revenue laid by,
' thwtsad4enllt preveat the atelicat iou a ild tlie
he different States and with foreign powers
use of the money of thaponple in the manner
and for the elects they have di rected,cannot
be wise. flut - who can think, without pain
ful refleetion,that, under it, the same unfore
seen events mightrhare befallen us in the
midst ola war, and taken (*minims, at the
moment when most wanted, the use of those
very means which were treasured up to pro
mote the national welfare,, and guard our
national rights! To such embarrassments
and to such dangers will this Government
be always exposed,whilst it takes the moileys
raised for, and necessary to, the publii ser•
vice, out of the hands of its own offieers,and
converts them into a mere rigkref action
iitainst corporations ii pd with the pos
session of them. Neiman such results be
effectually guarded against in such a system
without investing the Executive with a con
trol over the banks themselves,whet he r State
or national,that might with reason be objec
ted to. Ours is, probably,the only Govern
ment in the world that is liable, in the man
agement of its fiscal co ncerria,to occurrences
like these,
But this imminent risk is not the only dan•
ger attendant on the surrender of the public
money to the custody and control of local
corporations. Though the object is aid to
the Treasury, its etrect ti►ay be to introduce
int o tile op. rations of the Government influ•
ences the most subtle, founded ou interests
the most selfish.
The use by the hanks,for their own benefit
of the money deposited with them, has re•
ceived .he sanction °Otte Government from
the commencement of this connexion. The
money received from the people, n►steud of
being kept till it is needed for their use, is,
in consequence of this authority, a fund on
which discounts are made for the profit of
those who happen to be owners of stock in
the banks selected as depositories. The sup
posed, and often exaggerated, advantages of
such a boon,will always cause it to be souulit
for with avidity. I will not stop to consider
on whom the patronage incident to it is to be
conferred; whether the selection and control
be trusted to Congress or to the Executive,
either will be subjected to appeals made in
every form which the sagacity ofinte rest can
suggest. The b:tnks, under such a system,
are etimulated to make the most of their for
tunate acquisition; the deposites are treated
as an increase of capital; loans and circula
tion are rashly augmented; and when the
public exigencies require a. return, it is at.
tended with einbarras.smentsnot provided for
nor foreseen, Thus, banks that thought
themselves most fortunate when the public
funds were received, find themselves most
embarrassed when the season of payment
suddenly arrives.
Unfortunately, too, the evils of the'system
are not limited to the hanks. It stimulates
a general rashness of enterprise, and aggra
vates the fluctuations of commerce and the
currency. This result was strikingly exhib
iced during the operations of the late deposite
system, and especially in the piirchase of
public lands. The order which ultimately
directed the payment of gold and' silver in
such purchases. greatly checked, bUt could
not altogether prevent, the evil. Specie was
indeed !tore difficult to be procurenitlffl •
notes which the banks could themselves cre
ate at pleasure; but still,being obtained from
them as a loan, and returned qs a deposite,
which they were again at liberty:to use, it
only passed round the circle with diminished
speed. This operation could not have been
perforrned,liad the funds of the Government
gone into the Treasury to be regularly dis
bursA, and Lut i.;to batiks to tiu learle‘l out
for their own profit,while they were permit.
ted to substitute for it a credit in account.
In expressing these sentiments, I desire
not to undervalue the benefits of a salutary
credit to any branch of enterprise. The
credit bestowed on probity and industry is
the just reward of merit, and an honorable
incentive to further acquisition. None op
pose it, who love their country and under
stand its welfare. But, when it is unduly
encouraged; when it is made to inflame the
public mind with the-temptations of sudden
and unsubstantial wealth; when it, turns in
dustry into paths that lead, sooner or later,
to disappointment and distress, it becomes
liable to censure, and needs correction. Far
from helping probity and industry, the ruin
to which it leads falls most severely on the
great laboring classes, who are thrown sud
denly out of employment, and,by the failure
of magnificent schemes never intended to
enrich them, are deprived, in a moment, of
their only resource. Abuses of credit and
excesses in speculation will happen,in despite
of the most salutary laws: no Government,
perhaps, can altogether prevent them; but
surely every Government can refrain from
contributing the stimulus that calls them in
to life.
Since, therefore, experience has shown,
that to lend the public money to the local
banks is hazardous to the operations of the
Government, at least of doubtful benefit to
the institutions thernseNes,and productive of
disastrous derangement in the business and
currency of the country, is it the part of
wisdom again to renew the connextoni
It is true that such an agency,is, in many
respects, convenient to the Treasury; but it
is not indispensable. A limitation of the ex•
pensesof the Government to its actual wants
and of the revenue to those expenses, with
convenient means for its prompt application
to the purposes for which it Was raised, are
the objects which we should seek to accom
plish. The collection s safe-keeping,transfer,
and disbursement of the publio money, can,
it is believed, be well managed by o ffi cers of
the Government. Its collection, and, to a
great extent, its disbursement also, have in
deed been hitherto conducted solely by them;
.neither national nor State banks, when em
ployed,being required to do more than keep
it safely while in their custody,and transfer
and pay it in such portions,and at such times,
as the Treasury than direct.
Surely, bangs are not more able than the
Government ..to secure the money in their
possession against accident,violenoear fraud,
The assertion that they are sommet assume
that a vault in a bank is stronger thana vault,
in the Treasury; and that directors,cashiers,
and clerks, not selected by the Government,
nor• under its control, are more worthy of
confideoce than officers'selected from the
people, and responsible to the Government;
ofcers bound by offri at oaths and boats. Cut
a faithfullterformance of their duties, and
.soustantly subject lathe alipqrVilttOn of Con
greBg.
The difficulties of transfer, and the aid
heretofore rendered by banks,have been less
than is usually supposed, The -actual ac
counts show that by far the larger portion
of ilayments is made within short-or conve
nient distances of aollectionr and the whole
number of warrants i<gated at the Ti-easury.
ill' this year INV-4We r,the‘roult of which
will, it is believed, afford a sae test for the
future—fell short of five thousand, or an av
erage of less than one daily for each State,
In the City of New York, they did not ave
rage more than two a day; and at the City
of Washington, only four, . .
The diffieultios heretofore existing are,
moreover, daily lessened by nn increase in
the cheapness and facility olcommunicat ion
and it may be nsserted,with confidence,that
the necessary transfers, as well as the safe•
keeping and disbursement of the public mo,
neys, can be with safety and convenience,
accomplished through the agencies of Trea
sury officers. This opinion has been,in some
dogree,confirmed by actual e%pertence,since
the discontinuance of the Wks as fiscal a=
gents, in May last; a period which,from the
embarrassments in commercial intercouse,
presented obstacles as great us any that may
be liorealler apprehended.
The trimmer of keeping r ho puhlin money
since that period, is follv stated in the to
port of the t4ecretary or the Treasury. Thai
officer also suggests the propriety of assign•
ing, by law, certain additional duties to ex
ist lug establishments and oflicers,whiell,with
the modifications and safeguards referred to
by him, will, he thinks, enable the depart-
ment to continue to perform this branch of
the public service, without any material ad•
dition either to their number or to the pre
sent expense. The extent of the business
to be transacted has already been stated; and
in respect to the amount of money with
which the officers employed would he en
trusted at any one time, it appears that, as
suming a balance of five millions to be at all
times kept in the Treasury, and the who!:
of it left is) the bonds of the collectors and
receivers, the proportion of ouch would not
exceed an average of thirty thousand defiers;
but that, deducting ape million fur the use
oftke Nlintsind assuming the remaining four
millions to be in the hands of onelielf of the
present number of officers—a supposition
(learned more likely to correspond with the
fact—the sum in the hands of each would
still be less than the amount of most of the
bonds now taken from the receivers of pub
lie money. Every apprehension, however,
on the subject, either in respect to the safety
of the money, or the faithful discharge of
these fiscal transactions, may, it appears to
me, be effectually removed by adding to the
present means of the Treasury, the estab
lishment by law, at n few important points.
of offices for the deposit and disbursement of
such portions 'of the public revenue as can
not, with obvious safety and convenience, be
left in the possession of the collecting offi
cers until paid over by them to the public
creditors. Neither the amounts retained in
swots hands, nor those depasited in the offices
would, in an ordinary condition of the reve
nue, be larger, in most cases, than those of
ten under the control of 'disbursing officers
of the army and navy, and might be made
entirely safe, by requiring such securities
and exercising such controlling supervision
as Congress may by law prescribe. The
principal officers whose apointments would
become necessary under this plan, taking
the largest number suggested by the Secre
tary of the Treasury, would not exceed ten,
nor the additional expenses, at the estimate,
sixty thousand dollars a year.
There can be no doubt of the obligation
of those who are intrusted with the airlift; of
Government to conduct them with as little
cost to the nation es is consistent with the
public interest; and it is for Congress, ind
ultimately for the people, to decide whether
the benefits to be derived from keeping our
fiscal concerns apart, and severing the con•
nexion which has hitherto existed between
the. Government and banks, offer sufficient
advantages to justify the necessary expense.
If the object to he accomplished is deemed
important to the future welfare of the coun
try,l cannot allow myself to believe that the
addition to the public expenditure of compar
atively so small un amount as will be necessa
ry to effect it,will be objected to by the people.
It will be seen by the report of the Post
master General, herewith communicated,
that the fiscal aff.►ira of that department have
been successfully conducted, since May last,
upon the principles of dealing only in the
legal currency of the United States; and
that it needs no legislation to maintain its
credit, and facilitate the management of its
concerns; the existing laws being in the o
pinion of that officer,ample for those objects.
Difficulties will doubtless be encountered
for a season,tend increased services required
from the publio functionaries: such are u
sually incident to the commencement of ev
ery system, but they will be greatly lessen
ed in the progress of its operations.
The power and influence supposed to be
connected with the custody and disburse
ment of the public tnoney,are topics on which
the public mind is naturally, and with great
propriety, peculiarly sensitive. Much has'
been said on them, in reference to the pro
posed separation of the Government from the
institutions; and surely no one can object to
any appeals or animadversions on the sip
ject, which are consistent with facts, and
evince a proper respect for the intelligence
of the people. _ If a Chief Magistrate may
be allowed to speak for himself on such a .
point, I can truly say that to me nothing
would be more acceptable than the with•
drawal from the Executive, to the greatest
extent, of all concerti in the custody and
disbursement of the public revenue; not that
would shrink from any responeibility cast
upon me by the duties of my office, but be
cause it is my firm belief that its capacity
tot usefbiness is in no degree promoted by
the possession of any patronage not actually
, necessary to the performance of those duties.
But, under ourpresent form of government,
the Intervention of the executive officers in
' the custody and disbursement of the public
ussecy seems unavoidable; and,, befoso*
yea be admitted that the influence isnd plover,
r ot the Executive would be increased by
pensirtg with the , agency of banks, the na.
tdre of that intervention in such an agency
Most be carefully regarded, and a`compari•
son must be instituted between its extent in
the two eases,
The revenue can only be collected be of
fie.ors appointed by the President, with the
advice and consent of the Senate. The
üblic moneys, in the first instance, must,
'tffi!;eefore, in all cases, pass through hands
selected-by ; the Exenutive. Other officers,
appointed in the same way, or, as in some
cases, by the President alone, must also be
entrusted with them, when drawn for the
purpose of disbursement. It is thus seen,
that even when banks are employed, the
public funds must twice pass through the
hands of executive officers. Besides this,
the head of the 'Preasury Department, who
also holds office nt the pleasure of the Pre.
sident, and some ,other officers of' the same
department, must necessarily be invested
with more or less power in the selection,
continunnee, and supervision of the banks
that'may be employed. The question is then
narrowed to the seigle point, whether, in
intermediate stage between the collection
and disbursement of the public money, the
agency of banks is necessary to avoid a dan
gerous extension of the patronage and influ
ence of the executive? But is it clear that
the connexion of the executive with power
ful moneyed institutions, capable of admit)
istering to the interests of men, in points
where they are most accessible to corrup
lion: is less liable to abuse than his consti
tutional agency in the appointment and con
trol of the few public officers required by.
the proposed [den? Will the public money,
when in their hands, be necessarily exposed
to any improper interference on the part of
the Executive? May it not be hoped that
a prudent leer of public jealousy and disap•
probation, in a manner so peculiarly exposed
to them, will deter him from any such inter
ence, even if higher motives be lotted mope•
rative? May nut Congress so regulate, by
law, the duty of those offivers, and subject
it to such supervision and publicity, as to
prevent the possibility of' any serious abuse
on the part of the. Executive? And is there
equal room for such supervision and publi•
city, in a connexion with banks, rutting un•
der the shield of corporate immunities, and
conducted by persons irresponsible to the
Government and the people? It is believed
that a considerate and candid investigation
of these questions will result in_the convic•
lien that the proposed plan is far less liable
to objection, on the genre of Executive pa
tronage and control, than any bank agency
that has or can be devised.
With these views, I leave to Congress the
measures necessary to regulate, in the pre
sent emergency, the safe keeping and trans
fer of the public muneys. In the perform
once of constitutional duty, I have stated to
them, without reserve, the result of my own
reflections. The subject is of great impor
tance, and one on which we can snarcely
expect to be as united in sentiment as we are
in interest. It deserves a lull and free dis
cussion, and cannot fail to be benefittod by
a dispassionate comparison of opinions. Well
aware myself of the duty of reciprocal con
cession among the co ordinate branches of
the Government, I can promise a reasonable
spirit of cooperation, so fir as it can be in
dulged in without the surrendor of constitu-
tional objections which I believe to be well
fbunded. Any system that may be adopted
should he subjected to the fullest legal pro.
vision, en as to leave nothing to the Execu•
five but what is necessary to the discharge
of the duties imposed on him; and whatever
plan may be ultimately established, my own
part shall be so discharged as to give it a fair
trial and the best prospect of success.
The character of the funds to be received
and disbursed in the transactions of the Go
vJrianent, likewise demands your most care
ful consideration:
There can be no doubt that those who from•
ed and adopted the constitution, having in
immediate view the depreciated paper of the
confederacy—of which five hundred dollars
in paper were, at times, only equal to one
dollar in coin—intended to prevent the re
currence of similar evils, so far, at least, as
related to the transactions of the new Gov
ernment. They gave to Congress express
powers to coin money and regulate the va
lue thereof, and of filreign coin; they refused
to give it power to establish corporations
the agents then, as now, chiefly employed
to create a paper currency; they prohibited
the states from making any thing but gold
and silver a legal tender in payment of debts;
and the first Congress directed by positive
law, that the revenue should he received in
nothing but gold and silver.
Public exigency, at the outset of the Go.
vernment, without direct legislative autho•
rity, led to the use of banks as fiscal aids to
the Treasury. In admitted deviation from
the law, at the same period, and under fhe
same exigency, the Secretary of the Trees:
ury received their notes in payment of
duties. The sole ground on which the
practice, thus co►nmenced,was then, or has
since been justified, is the certain, imrnedi.
late, and convenient exchange of such notes
for specie. The Government r did, indeed,
receive the inconvertible notes of state banks
during the dilliculties of war; and the com
munity submitted without a murmur to the
unequal timition & multiplied evils of which
such a course was productive. With the
war, this indulgence ceased; and the banks
were obliged ogain to redeem their notes in
gold and silver: The Treasury, in accord
ance with previous practice, continued to
dispenbe with the currency required by the
act o f
. l'M), and took the notes of banks, in
full confidence of their-being paid in specie
on demand; .and Congress, to guard against
the slightest violation of this principle,hAve
declared by law, that, if notes are peid in
the transactions of, Government,. it. Esust be
under such circumstances as to. enable the
holder to convert them Waved° without
depreciation or delay.
Of my own duties,. under the existing
laws, when the banks suspended specie pay•
ments, I could, not &tan. Directions mere
immediately given to prevent the reception
WO the Treasury of any thing bat gold and
;savor or its egnivalent;: and every practice•
ble arrangement was made.to preserve the
'ptiblic faith, by similar or eviyalent pay•
napa,ts to, thp ptiblic coeditors. The woven
uet froin lands had lien for smite time sub.
stantially Ito collected, under the order issu
ed.by directions or my pretkieessm. The
effects of that order had been so salutary,
and-its forecast in regard to the increasing
insecurity of bank paper had become so an.
parent, that, even before the catastrophe,
had regolved not to interfere with its opera.
tion. Congress is now to decide whether
the revenue shall continue to be so collected
or not.
The receipt into , the Treasury of bank
notes not redeemed in specie on demand,
will not, I presume, be sanctioned. It would
destroy, without the excuse of war or public
distress, that equality of imposts and identi
ty of commercial regulation, which lie et
the foundation of our confederacy.and Would
offer to each State a direct temptation to
increase its foreign trade by depreciating
the currency received for gut ies in its ports.
Such a proceeding would also, in a great
degree, frustrate the policy, so highly cher.
ished, of infoing into our circulation a far.
ger proportion of the precious
.metals; a
.policy, the wisdoin of which none can doubt,
thong,h there may be different opinions as to
the extent to which it should be carried.—
Its results have been already too auspicious,
and tie success is too closely interwoven
with the future prosperity of the country,
to permit us for a moment to contemplate its
Abandonment. We have seen, under its in-
Iltier,ce, our specie ati , inente(Lbeyond eig4.
ty ; our coinage increased so us to
make that of gold (uremia, between August,
1831, and Decemher, 18:U1, to ten millions
of dollars; exceeding the whilla coinage at
the Mint during the thirty one previous
veers.
The prospect ofihrther improvement con
tinued without abatement until the mom.ent
of the suspension of specie pay tw.nts. This
volley has now, indeed, peen suddenly check.
ed, but is still far from•being overthrown.—
Amidst all conflicting theories, one position
is undeniable ; the precious metals will in•
variably disappear when there ceased to be
a necessity for their use ape circulating me.
ilium. It was in et rict noonrdantte with this
truth, that whilst, in the month of May last,
they were every where seen, and wore cur.
rent fin. all ordinary purposes, they dump...
peered from circulation the moment the pay.
•
meat of specie was refused by the banktr4::
and the community tacitly agreed to die. .
pense with its employment. Their place
was supplied by a currency exclusively of
paper, and, in many eases, of the worst de.
script ion. Already are the banknotes now
in circulation greatly depreciated, end they
fluctuate. in value between one place mid an
other; thus diminishing and making uncer.
lain the worth of property nnd the price of
labor, and fhiling to subserve, except at a
heavy lose, the purposes of holiness. With
each succeeding day, the metallic currency
_decreases; by some at is hoarded, in the nat•
urel fear that, once parted with, it cannot be
replacedi while, by others, it is diverted from
its more legitimate uses for the sake of gain.
Should Congress sanction this condition of
things, by making irredeemable paper mo
ney receivable in payment of public dues, a
temporary check ton wise and salutary pol
icy will, in all probability, be converted into
its absolute destruction.
It is true that bank notes actually con.
vortiblo into specie may be received in pay
ment Of the revenue, without being liable to
all these objections, and that such a course
may, to some extent, promote - individual
convenience—an object always to be consid
ered, • whore it does not conflict 'with the
principles of our Government, or the gener
al welfare of the country. If such notes •
only were received, and always under cir
cumstances allowini , their early presenta
tion for payment; an d' if, at short and fixed
periods, they were convened into specie, to
be kept by the officers 'of the Treasury,
some of the most serious obstacles to their
reception would, perhaps, be removed. To
retain the notes in the Treasury, would be
to renew, under another form, the loans of
public money to the banks, and the evils.
consequent thereon.
It is, however, a mistaken impression,
that any large amount of specie is required
for public payments. Of the seventy or
eighty millions now estimated to be in the
country, ten millions would be nbundantly
sufficient for that purpose, provided an ac
cumulation of a large amount of revenue,
beyond the necessary wants of the Govern.
want, be hereafter prevented. If to these
consaferations be added the facilities which
will arise from enabling the Treasury to,
satisfy the public creditors, by its drafts or
notes receiiahle in payment for the public
dues, it may be safely assumed that no mo
tive of convenience to the citizen requires they
reception of hank paper.
To say that the refusal of paper money;
by the Government introduces an unjust die
crimination bet Ween the currency received'
by it,' and that used by individuals in their
ordinary affairs, is, in my judgment, to view;
it in a very erroneous light. The ceastitu ,
tion prohibits the States from making any.
thing but gold and silver a tender in the ,
payment of debts; and thus secures to every
citizen a right to demand pavisant in the le
gal currency. To provide, by law 'that the.
Government. will only receive its dues in,
gold and silver, is not to. confer on. it any
peculiar privilege. but merely, to place it on
an equality with the citizen, by reserving to
it a right secnredbo him by the constitution,
It is doubtless for this reason that the prin,
ciple has been, sanctioaed .by suicoefstimti
laws, front take time of the Rost 'Congress
under( the. conetitaiion, dawn to the last.—
Such, precedents, never oblected to, and•pro
.ceoding. from such-sources„aftlird aideciAve
,answer to the imputatioactineckutility oe ie.
iestice..
NA, in, fact, 41/3 faelgiltPa to
übl
one , er re.
stoction, not °flavor, Teferbid th,e p
iigent to receive in payment any other than
ic
o r mone y" i s , to refuse him a
event citizen. it
a certain kind,
discretion possessed by
;may be left to those who have the manage.
'meat of their ows, transactioss to make their
;own termer: but no suck dit3efet inn should be
'me t ', t o hi m w ho, acts merely as an.agest
inf the. people, vehnis tocellect what the law
:requires,. and to pay the appropriations it
makes. Whettbanknoteaneacathiented
Oen - band% there: 4 then no discritetiestion i
' reality, fur the individual whg.seicifivesthmn
may, at his opt . aoni.bUtiptote the specte tor
'.
them; he takes thow f.t*nconvenience or
choice.. When they are not so 'redeemed,
it-will scarcely be contended that their re
- reipt and
s payment, by a nublic o ffi cer,
should he perm.tted, though none deny that
right to an individual; - if it were, the effect
• would be moist injurious to the public, since
their . officer vatid make none of those ar
rangements to meet or guard against the
depreciation, which an individual is at lib
erty to do. Nor can inconvenience to the
Community be alleged as an objection to I
such a regulation. Its object and motive
are their convenience and welfare.
- If, at a moment of simultaneous and un
expected suspension by the banks, it adds
something to the many embarrassments of'
that proceeding, yet these are far overbal
anced by its direct tendency to produce a
wider cir Nation of gold and silver, to in
crease the safety of bank paper, to improve
the general currency, and thus to prevent
altogether such occurrences, and the other
and far greater evils that attend them.
It may, indeed, be questioned, whether it
is not for the interest of the banks ahem
_ selves that the Government should not re
ceive their paper. They would be con
ducted with more caution, and on sounder
principles. fly tieing specie only in its
transactions, the Government would create
a demand for it, which would, to
a great
extent, prevent its exportation, and, by
keepirer it in circulation, maintain a broad
er and safer basis for the paper currency.—
That the banks would thus be rendered
more sound, and the community more
cannot effort or a doubt.
The fivegning viewp,it seems to ine,do but fair
ly carry out the provisions of the Federal Coma'
lotion in relation the currency.tin fur as relates to
the public revenue. At the unto that initrument
was framed. there were but three or four hanks in
the U. States; and had the extension of-the bunk
ing systole, and the evils growing nut of it, been
foreseen.they would probably have been specially
guarded against. The same policy which led to
the prohibition of bills credit by the Statee,would
doubtless,in that event, have also interdicted their
issue us a currency in any oilier form. 'l'ho Con.
• etitution.howaver. confides no such prohibition—
and since the Stades have exorcised, for nearly ,
half a century.tft power to regulate the busjnesa
. • of banking. it is not to be n.xpecied that it will be ,
.abendoned. The whole matter is now under die I
cutaion before the proper tribunal—the People of
the. Staten.
. Never before has the public mind been so the- /
• roughly awakened to a proper sense of its impor
. fiance; never has the subject, in all its bearings,
Jieen • submitted to so searching an inquiry. It
mould be distrusting the intelligence and virtue of
.the people to doubt the speedy and efficient edop
lion of such measures of reform as the public,
.good demands. All that can rightly bo done by.
the Federal Government, to primate the accom
.plishment of that important object, will,without
.doubt, he performed.
In the meantime, it is our duty to provide all
the remedies against a depreciated paper Curren-'
cy which the . Constitution enables us to afford.
The Treasury Department, on several former oc. I
.casions, has suggested tho propriety and import
.anoei of a uniform law concerning bankrupcios of
corporattoes;and Other bankers. Through the in.
strumentality . of such a law.a salutary cheek may
doubtless be imposed on the issues of paper money
and en effectual remedy given to the citizen in a
way at once equal in all parts of the Union, and
fully authorized by the Constitution.
The indulgence granted by Executiveratitheri.
ty to the payment 'of - bonds for duties,has boon al
inady mentioned.' Seeing 'haulm immediate on
- - forceinent of those obligation', • would subject a
large and highly respectable portion of our chi.
sena to great sacrifices, and believing that a tem.
porary postponement could be made without do
lament to other interests and with increased car
. Minty of ultimate payment, I did not hesitate to
comply with the request that was made of me.-
- The terms 'Mowed arei,to the full extent, as liber
al as any that are to be found in the practice of
, , the Eieintive Department. It remains for Con
' gross to deceide whether a further postponement
may not with propriety be allowed,and,if so,their
legislation upon the subject is respectfully invited.
• The report of the Secretary of the Treasury
will exhibit the condition of those debts; the ex
tent anti *Alba of the present indulgence; the pro.
bable result of its further extension on the state
of the Treasury,and every other fact necessary to
• a full consideration of the subject. Similar infor
mation is communicated in regard to such dope.
sitories of the public moneys as are indebted to
the Government, in order that. Congress may'also
adopt the proper measures in regard to them..
The receipt and expenditures for the first half
of the year, and an estimate °ribose for the real.
due. will he laid before you by the Secretary of
the Treasury. In his report of December last, it'
• was estimated that the current receipts would full'
abort of the expenditures by about three millions
of dollars. It will be soon that the difference will
be Much greater. This is to he attributed not on
ly to ihtioccurrenee of grouter pecuniary embar
rassments in the business of the country than
those which were then predicted,und,consequent
lha greater diminution in the revenue, but also
to the fact that the appropriatioua exceeded by
nearly six million,' the amount which was asked
' for in the estimates then submitted. The sum ne
cessary for the service of the year beyond the pro
bable recebte. and the amount which it was in-
tended should be reserved in the. reasury at the
commencement of the year. will he about six mil
- lions. If the whole of the reserved balancelio nut
at once applied to the current' expenditures, but
four be Still kept in the Treasure. as seems most
expedient, for the uses of the mint. and to meet
contiogencies,the sum needed will beslo,ooo,ooo.
lo making this estimate, : the receipts are cal
, culated an the supposition of some further eaten
lion of the Indulgence granted:in the payment of
bonds for duties, which will affect the amount of
the revenue for the present yeas to the extent of
two and a half millions.
It is not proposed to procure the required a.
mount by loans or increased taxation. There are
pow in the Treasury 89,367,214. directed by the
lot of the 23c1 Jumi.lB36,to be deposited with the
States in October next. Thiii sum, if so deposited,
will be subject, under the law, to be recalled, tf
needed, to defray existing appropriations; and as
it is now evident that the whole, or the principal
part of it, will be wanted for that purpose, it ap
pears most proper that the deposits suould be
withhold. Uctil the r niount can be collected from
the banks.Tressury notes may he temporarily is.
sued, to be gradually, redeemed as it is received.
I am aware that this course may be productive
of inconvenience to many of the States. Relying
upon the acts of Congress which held out to them
• the strong probability.-if not the certainty, of re.
ceivingi this instalutent,they --se in 'mine melon.
ceitadopted reareues with which its retention
may seriously - interfere. That such a condition
of things should have occurred, is much to be re.
petted. It is not the least among the unfortu•
pate results of the disasters of the times and It
ie for Congress to devise a fit remedy, if there be
one. The money being indispensable lathe wants
of - the Treasury; tt is difficult to conoelve upon
wbat principle of justice or expediency.lts appli.
cation toting object can be avoided. To recall -
se portion ofthe'runis tilamidy dopesited with thii
Siates,would be more inconvenient aud less elft
eientL to btuthen tliis country • with increased tax
stint,. when there is in fact a largo sioplus resell
nue t would be unjust and unwise; to raise. moneys
• by loans. under such circumstances, and thus to
-- commence - I new national debt;witialdse.srcely be
sanctioned by the American people.
Theplenurtiposed will be adequate to all our fiscal
ceerestous,durtus the remainder dt the year. Should
Abe Saved, the lik'itoury,, aided by the mettle re•
sources of the coantryiwill be able to disoharge,pone.
tuslly,every pecuniary, obligation. For tho fature,all
that Is needed twill be._ thatcaution and forbearers,* in
approprilitions, which the dime:Mien of the revenue ,
requires, and which the complete accomplishment or
great forwardness of many expensive national under
takings renders equally consistent with' prudence and
patriotic liberality.
The preceding suggestions and recommendations
are submitted, in the belief that their adoption by
Conzress :will enable the Eveentive Department to
conduct our fiscal concerns with success, so far as
their management has been committed to it.. Whilst
the objeets, and the means proposed to attain them,
are within its constitutional powers and appropriate
duties,they will,at the sante ttme,it it hoped,by their
necessary operation, afford essential aid in the trans.
action of individual concerns, and thus yield to the
people at lurge.in a form adapted to the nature of our
Government. Those who look to the action of this
Government for specific aid to the citizen to relieve
embarrassments arising from losses by revulsions in
commerce und credtt,lpse sight of, the ends for which
it was crented,and the powers with which it is cloth
ed. It was established to give security to its all,in our
lawful stud honorable pursuits, under the tastier safe
guard of republican institutions. It was not intended
to confer special faiors on individnals,or on any class
es amen; to create systems of agriculture, manufac
tures or trade; or to engage in them, either separate
ly or in connexion with 'individual citizens or organi
zed associations. If its operations were to he directed
for the benefit of any one class,equiyalent favors must
in justice,be extended to the rest; 'and the attempt to
bestow such favors with au equal hattd,or even to se
lect those who should most deserve them. would nev
er be successful. All communities are apt to look to
Government for too much. Even in our own country,
where its powers and ditties are so stnctly limited,
we are prone to do so, especially at peticxls of sodden
embarrassment add distress. But this ought not to be.
The framers of our excellent constitution.and the pea
ph- who approved it with calm and sagacious delibe
ratien,acii d at the time on a speeder pvinciple. They
wisely judged that the less Government iuterferee
with private pursuits, the better for the general pros•
perity. It is not its lee.itimate object to make men
rich ,or to repair,by direct gr.ints of inoney.or legisla
tion in favor of particular pursuits, losses not incurred
in the public, service. This would be, substantially.
to use the property of some for the benefit of others.
But its real ditty— that duty ,the p,,rformance of which
makes a good Government the most precious human
blessings—is, to enact and enforce a system of gener
al laws commensurate with, but not exceeding, the
objects of its establishment; and to leave every citi
zen and every interest to reap. under its benign pro.
tection,i he rewards of virtueondustry and prudence
I cannot doubt that on this, as on similne.riccasions,
' the Federal Government will find its agency most
conducive to the security and happiness of the pee
, ple,when limit,d to the exercise of its conceded pow
' eys. In never assuming,even fur a well meant object.
such powers as were not designed to be conferred on
it,we shall, in reality, do most for the general wel
fare. To avoid every unnecessary interference with
the ;monks of the citizen, will result in more benefit
than to adopt measures which could only assist limi
ted interests,and are eagerly, but perhaps naturally,
sought for, under the pressure of temporary circum
stances. 11,therefore,I refrain from suggesting to Con•
cress any specific plan for regulating the exchanges
of the country, relieving mercantile embarrassments,
or interfering with the ordinary operations of foreign
or domestic cominerce,it is from aconviction that such
measures are not within the consti•iitional province of
the General Government. and that their adoption
would not promote the real and permanent welfare of
those they might be designed to aid.
The difficulties and distresses of the limes, though
I unquestionably great,are limited in their extent, and
cannot be regarded as affecting the permanent pros
perity of the nation. Arising,in a great degree, from
the transactions of foreign and domestic commerce, it
is upon them that they have chiefly fallen. The great
; agricultural interest has, in many parts of the country
suffered comparatively little; and, as if Providence
intended to display the munificence of its goodness
at the moment of our greatest need,and in direct con
' trust to the evils occasioned by the waywardness of
man, we have been blessed throughout our extended ,
territory, with a season of general health and of un
common fruitfulness. The proceeds of our great sin
! files will soon furnish the means of liquidating , debts
j at home nod ahroad,and (lie restoration of commercial
' credit. The banks, established avowedly for its imp-
Port, deriving their profits from it, and resting under
obligations to It which cannot be overlookcd.will feel
at once the necessity and justice of uniting their en
ergies with those of the mercantile Interest. The
suspension of specie paymenta,at such a time,and un
der such circumstances as we have lately witnessed,
could not be Other than a tenaporsay measure; and we
can scarcely err In belle•ing that the Orient must ,
soon arrive when all that are solvent will redeem
their issues in gold and silver, • Dealings abroad na
turally depend on resources and prosperity at borne.
If the debt of our merchants has accumulated,or their
credit Is Impsired,theso are fluctuations alwnya inci
dent to extensive or extravagant mercantile transac
tions. But the ultimate security of such obligations
does not admit of question. They are guarantied by
the resources of a conntry,the faiths of wheat- industry
afford abundant means of ample liquidation and by the
evident interest of every merchant to sustain a credit
hitherto high, by promptly applying these metro, for
its prieservation.
I deeply regret that events have occurred which
require me to ask your consideration of such serious
topics. i could have wished that, in making my first
communication to the assembled representatives of
my country. I had nothing to dwell upon but the his
tory of unalloyed prosperity Since it is otherwise,
we can only feel more deeply the responsibility of
the respective trusts th.t have been confided to us,
andoinder the pressure of difficulties, unite in invok
ing the guidance and aid of the Supreme Mier of Na
tions,and in laboring with zealous resole ion to over•
come the difficulties by which we are environed.
It isoinder such circumstances, a high gratification
to koow,by long experience, that we act for n people
to whom the truth.honreyer ufflwornising, can always
be spoken with safety; for the trial of whose patrio
tism no emergency is too severe; and who are sure
never to desert a public functionary honestly laboring
for the public good It seems just that they should
receive, without delay, any aid in their embarrass
ments which your deliberations can afford. Coming
directly? 'from the midst of them, stud knowing the
course of events in every section of our country, from
you may best be learned, as well the extent and na
ture of these embarrassments, as the most desirable
measures of relief.
I am aware,however, that it is not proper to detain
you, at present, longer than may be demanded by the
special objects for which you are convened. To them,
therefere,l have confined my communiation; and, be
lieving it will not be your own wish now to extend
your deliberations beyond them, I reserve, till the
usual period of your annual meeting, that general in
formaticn on the state of the Union which the Con
stitution requires me to give,
Martin Van Buren.
WASHINGTON CITY, Sept. 4, 1837.
From tho Columbia Spy of Saturday last.
CGLLECTOR'S OFFICE, '"?
COLUMBIA, Sep, Ist, 1837, • 3 -
WWEJNIZr REPORT.
Amount of Tall received at this office
per last weekly report, $132,608 40
Amount received during the week
ending this day, 5,806 16
Whole amount received up to
Sep. 2d, $138,314 56
W C. M'PHERSON, Collector.
lIYMENtAL REGISTER.
MARRIED.
On the sth inst. by the Rev. Mr. Watson, Mr,
ANDREW MEHAFFEY, of Lancaster City, to
Miss ELIZABETH, daughter of John B. Mc-
Pherson, Esq. of this place.
t) -Accompanying the above notice, we received
a handsome proportion of Cake, for which the parties
have our thanks, as well as our best wishes for their
prosperity had happiness. May the delight of the
beautiful Bride be to live in the discharge of all the
duties of ,a n ik and mother, and in the practice of
every virtue befitting the station she has, assumed.
To her partner, we would say: •
"Thou hest taken her iu gladness • '
"From the altar's holy shrine,
"Ohl remember, in her sadness,
"She is thine and only thine.
"She will be to thee a blessing,
"And a shield to her be thou.'",
And.may you both be blest in after life with as Many
bappy„ smilin g MA-ILAVE-111E'S as gathered a
round us to receive a share of the "Bride's Cake!".
On the saaass.. emou g ufr , by the'Rev. Mr. Brown,.
Mr. PcTan
_Wrens, of indiano (formerly of this
place) too Miss • MARI7AIVET -BUILT, daughter of
e. Peter Sheet, of this Borough,
4 the 314 ult. by Rev. Mr. Keller,. Mr.
Grannoa. Borne. to MiRS E1.11.A11,11T11 DIETRICtIi
both of Strahan Township - , Adams county..
On the 4th inst. by the same, Mr. Gaortaa Ita
entaan to Atiss MAADIXZXS Kants,•botb..of Ad—
runs county...
Irti‘;:k•
STAR & REPUBLICAN BANK P.
Hit ROI ERT W. MIDDIXTON.
GETTTSBITRGri s PA.
Fitilla Sept. 8, I 831'.
EMV3ggqz7l
BE IT REMEMBERED, FILEERLENt
Ocji-That the suceessof wholesome Constitotienal Re
form—the curtailment of Corporate Privileges—the
restoration of a Sound Currency—the Freedom of the
Press—the preservation of Equal Rights and Public
Morality 7 the extinction of irremponsibte money Cor
porations—the RE-ELECTION OF THE PRE
SENT IVORTHYDEMOCRATIC ANTI-MA
SONIC GOVERNOR in IS3S—the PROSTRA
TION OF THE MASONIC VAN BUREN SHIN
PLASTER PARTY 'and Explosion of their HUM
BUGS—the triumph of Republican Principles, and
the PERMANENT ASCENDANCY OF THE
DEMOCRATIC ANTI-MASONIC PARTY - in
Pennsylvania, as well as of securing. the election of
the Patriot HARRISON in 1840, aro questions which
will be greatly and deeply affected, as regards their
ultimate decision,WlY THE ELECTIONS THIS
FALL. 4X) This is our firm and deliberate opinion;
and we therefore, for the advancement and success'
of the above Principles and Measures, do now NAI
OUR FLAG TO.TIIE MAST—where it must re;'
main until it shall PROUDLY and TRIUMPHTLY
WAVE OVER THE BROKEN FORCE" OF
TILE MASONIC VAN BUREN SHIN P LAS
TER PARTY—]j' WHICH IT ASSUREDLY
WILL AT THE APPROACHING ELECTIONS.
~_ ~ ~'
President's ellessage.
cii•We hasten to lay this Document before our
renders.
(0- At the meeting of Congress on Monday
last, JAmts IC. Poi.K., of Tennessee, was elected
Speaker. and WALTRIP( S. FRANgtIN, of Pa.,
Clerk of the House of Reptesentatkcs. In the
Senate, Secructi HAinur was elected Sergeant
at-Arms, and EDWARD Vill;Tr.tt Doorkeeper.
dn OW .'lpph'.
(0-- We were presented last week; by Mrs. Du n-
BORA w, of Mountpleasant township, with an Ap
ple which was pulled from the tree on the Bth of
October last.. It was perfectly sound, .arid highly
flavored.
_Delegate Elections.
cc TO-MORROW is the day for electing de
egatett to the County Convention on Monday nex
We hope to see every township represented.
Seteatorial
qWe would suggeBt the propriety of holding
a SENATORIAL MEETING at Shippcnsburg
on Saturday the 30th instant. Let ALL par
tics attend and be heard.
If our friends in other parts of the District name
we will notify our friends to that effect in our
next. It might be well for our Delegates on Mon
day next to fix the day by resolution. •
Great Diseussioa!
Resolved, That the MASONIO VAN BUREN
PARTY be requested to meet with" us in COUN
TY MEETING on the 16th of Septembcr, and
.PUBLICLY DISCUSS THE INTERESTS
Or THE COUNTRY. .
i rryln accordance with the above Resolution, it
is expected that there will be A GREAT MEET
ING OF THE PEOPLE on the 16dt iost. when
the questions embraced in the resolution wilfbe
discussed. From all quarters of the • county we
hear of persons who will be in attendance. It will
no doubt be the largest meeting ever held in the .
County of Adams))) any party,or on any occasion.
If any hay() not yet made up.their minds to attend,
we advise the' to do so at once. The questions
to be discussed interest ALL—the Farmer, Me
chanic, Tradesman—the friend of Equal Rights.
the Supremacy of the Laws, the Rights of Man—
every interest dear, to us ALL As 'PENNIITLVANI.
Alas—as AMERICAN FREEMEN. Then lot
ALL parties end classes 'of the People attend
ON THE SIXTEENTH INSTANT. '
The liottlikS: The hanks! -
xs 1 " appears to be the only hob
by or war-cry in the eyes of the SHINPLASTER
ORGAN up town ! “.The Banks" is the first
captiorrwhich attracts the attention. On receiv
ing that paper, you open it, and run your oyes
over its pages, and scarcely any thing else you find
but “the Bunks," "the Banks," as if the Major
really swallowed banks internally !
And what is all this cry about Banks for !—
Simply to draw the attention of the People from
the FOLLY and WICKEDNESS OF THE
JACKSON VAN BUREN PARTY ! Having
involved the country in ruin and distress, they are
now endeavoring to foist their vileness upon the
shoulders of the Banks; and are abusing and
vilifying them• in order to induce the belief that
they are the entire cause of the present distress,
and that "the Democratic. party" are and were al
ways opposed to Bunking Institutions !
We tire no friend to rotten Banks, but aro and
always have been their opponent; but strict jus
tice and honesty require us to say, that there is as
much,. if not more dishonest/ in the attempted
warfare against all Banks by the Jackson Van
Buren party. The attempt by a few unprincipled
Demagogues of that party to get up an "Anti
' Bank party," is but a WICKED and FALSE
SCHEME TO DIVERT THE PEOPLE
FROM THE TRUE ISSUE TO BE DECI
DED THIS FALL. Let this be remembered
by the intelligent freemen of 4dirms, and let them
not be deceived by such would-be 'Guinean!. 'F'e
peeve that we are correct in what we are stating;
read the following extracts from the Tioga Phoe
nix, a leading Vau Buren paper of this State :
"How often do we hear the charge reiterated
that the democratic party ARE orrosen absolutely
to the credit system, AND YET HOW ABSO
LUTELY FALSE IS , SUCH A CHARGE."
~ W e go for re-chartering the Banks 7 -but for
re-charteriug them with proper restrictions: AND
SUCH IS THE DOCTRINE OF THE DEM
OCRATIC PARTY."
al - Mice from Rhode Islandd•
cryfhe.electiork in Rhnde Island last week, ter
minated in the DEFEAT OF TEE MASONIC
VAN BUREN SHIN PLASTER PARTY!--
MCBSDE4. Cuizts.rox and Tri.t.trinniAsT have been.
eleetedto Congress by uliwards.oraTHOOElAND
majority
Resumption of Specie Payments.
oFroto thesuluoined extract from .the Phila
delphia Correspondent of the Boston Atlas, it
would seem. that qui Banki of Philadelphia have
serious intentions , of resuming Specie payments at
an early day:
“I)IIIL,kDELPH lA, August 30, 1837.
g.i.paid a visit to-day to the 1 4 ' in this city; and
. . ,
f found - every :part of -it piny .bnaily at work. I
learnedotm, that till within a few days past, the
operations of this establishment hid been for some
time at a standstill, for want of bullion to coin.—
However, within the few list days, the Bank of the
United States, the Girard bank, and several other
of the city, banks have been sending in great 'quart
t iti es pf gold and silverto be coined; and fresh sup
plies,,from the same sgurces aro coming in every
day. I must cafess, this 10 - oks very much to me,
as though the Banks here were getting ready for a
resumption of specie payments; and probably, on
the part of the Philadelphia Banks, this, kind of
preparation is not unnecessary; as they may expect
to bleed freely, until the community is once more
supplied with "hard money" change. "The mint
was very active in the manuficture of these same
must! coins, which at present have so entirely dis
appeared from circulation. They are of the now
impression, which I think is much more beautiful
than the old one."
o:l.The Democratic Anti-Masons of Lancaster
county have pocuinated tho following. ticket for
Abscuibly—
GEORGE FORD, Jr.
CORNELIUS COLLINS,
SOLOMON BLUER,
ABRAHAM KAUFFMAN,
BENJAMIN G. HERR,
JACOB REDDIG.
CrMr. 'hum. S t ,of the Theological f3.•.m.
inary of this place, has, we !cam from the Luthe
ran Observer, accepted n call from the Evangelical
Lutheran Church of NVincliester, Va.
- [Communicated
Look at the Picture.
Mu. Minnrcrox—lmmediately after laying
down the last "Republican Compiler," a friend
put into my hands a copy of the "Tiuga Phoenix,"
and directed my attention to a very sensible arti
cle therein—front which I extract the following
paragraph, which I desire, you to insert.
However much I may have been opposed to
some of the mert and measures of the Anti-Ma
sonic party, I must confess that the leading mea
sures of that party, and the consistency and inde ;
pondence of the prominent members of that party,
are far more preferable and commendable than tho
course now pursued by the would-be leuthr of
the party to which I have heretofore felt prfaid to
belong; and which, Mr. Editor, I would rO/67Ce to
see successful ; hut which never can whi such
Demagogues as the Compiler faction at its
head. I believe that your partphave the INTER
ESTS OF THE _COUNTRY AT HEART—
and I shall lend my humble assistance to promote
those interests, even at the'tisk of being charged
with.liaving been "drummed" out of my own par
ty by _the valiant Major, who is determined to
place the whole Democratic party of the County
upon his shoulders. lam ono of those whom he
doubtless means when he says "All consistent
men will turn from such trimmers and miscreants
(As utmsEt.r) in disgust!" •
-But to the extract. It says—"ln all parties
there,ere some WINDY DEMAGOGUES who
lay claim to superior wisdom,and would fain he
considered 'LEADERS, because forsooth, they
can talk. the loudest and rant the longest ! Such
men are a curse to any party, and a disgrace to
anYsepuse they may advocate !: Unfortunately,
among the democratiC party may be found a few
of that very class—a few ultra radicals, who stren
uotiely advocate the doctrine that "the greater the
,t10,366.6c%_ttie
the
the happiness,', and would
fain'tersuade the people that if we could only re
trograde hack "to primitive times," when men
slept on hemlock boughs, cut wood with flint
hatchets; and made- change with crooked sticks,
we, should indeed he a happy people! such fan
atics deserve not the name of politicians, end 'aro
the pest ofsocietyl".
It is a correct picture of those who are leading
the Democratic party of Adams county to destruc
tion!..• A DEMOCRAT.
INFORMATION WANTED
ltixontrrotr—lii it correct that the Post
maiite'r of this place, while at Philadelphia to see
the Ship "Pennsylvanian" launched, sold a large
quantity of Gold and Silver at a considerable pre
mium'? HONESTY.
H.►LYs op SCceic, &c.—We understand from
the Philadelphia Herald, that a meeting of the
officers and Directors (or a portion of them) of
the Banks of Philadelphia city and county, was
hold on Tuesday evening, and a resolution adopt
ed, authorising the contradiction of the slanderous
charge of Gen. Jackson, of their having sold spe
cie and purchased their own notes at a discount.
'We are glad the Philadelphia Banks have deter
mined to speak, and hope they will do so in other
cities.
Gov. CA:vrrolv of Tennessee has ordered a spa.
dal election in the fourth district on the 15th of
September, for a member of Congress to fill the
vacancy occasioned by the death of the late hams
STANDIVY.U.
Commodore DALLAS has ordered the U. S. ship
St. Louis . to Mobile Bay, to aid the civil authorities
in hnnging to punishment the desperadoes whom,
with the notorious Paddy Scott at their head,lately
committed some outrages in that vicinity.
NEW Yonx Mtnuon.—The number issued on
Saturday, is embellished with a fine head engrav
ing of BairAirr, and contains many admirable
articles.
Stresans.—The Lancaster. Journal says, that
the term Suckers, in the West, means nothing
more nor less than an inhabitant of Illinois, and
arose from the circumstance of the hunters and
travellers carry a hollow reed, and when in want
of water, on the prairies, they had nothing to do
but seekthe burrowing hole of the land crab, at the
bottonrof which there is always water. • Into this
hole the reed is thrust, and the thirsty traveller
applying his mouth to the end of the tube, suck.,
up a present supply of the indispensable element—
sometimes neither clear nor savory, but always
welcome-
Mc.Puansoes S.ns.—The Frederick ffenird
of Saturday last, says.—The sale of the persona/
estate of Edward B. McPherson was held at his
farm., in the vicinity of Frederick, on Monday,
Tuesday and. „Wednesday lest, and was very nu
merously attended. The prices . which articles
generally brought niay,beestimated from the fact,
that Cows sold at from 35 tiosso; Sows as high
as $3O; Pigs sold for from 5.t0 $8; Oath for 35
cents;, Beef-averaged about 18 cents per lb, and
other articles.in like proportion.
DI El).
On the 23t1 ult. Mr. JACOB- Knee, of Reading
township, in tho 85th year of his ago.-
On thr2d inst., DAVID 7;IVOINIIII4 son of Mr.
David M'Elroy, of this plane, aged 10 years, 11
months and 26 days;.
.1
~.:,rt?r the Star &
Eteignits: `. '
As I au, so,l will remitirr. If I san young, I
will stay so. If I anrold, so I will day old. I
have eyes, and see not. I have ears and do not
hear. I have a month and do not stkalt. Who
am /7 •
Enigma.
lam a word of 9 letters: My 1,7, 5,6, is in
timate; my 3,7, 5,9, is to temper by bent; my
2,1, 7, is single; my 2,4; 5,9, is a precians stone;
my 2,4, 8,3, 7, is to judge; And my icluile is a
kind of apple. • ; • ILGAR.
ADAMS COUNTY LYCEUM.
AMEETING of the "ADAMS COUNTY
tit LYCEUM" will be hold in the ,Lecture
Room of the Lutheran Church in'tbisplace
Tuesday Afevenilig, Sept. 12;
at . half past 7 o'clock.
Clz:r A PUBLIC LECTURE will be de
livered by a mealber.
jTho LADIES and GENTLEMEN of the
Borough are respeCtfully invited to attend. .
R. W. MIDDLETON, See'ry
Sept. 8, 1837. '
• AUDITORS' NOTICZ.
, 1 111 E undersigned Auditors appointed by
-a- - the Court-of Common Pleas,of Adanis
Comity, to make distribution of the remain.
jog assettg, in the kande of eirAnixif F;
KEENER • and WILLIAM RE2t, Trustees of
E3OREAS FA lINESTOCK, to and among
his creditors, will meet for that purposb on:
Saturday the 7th of Oetober next, at 10 o': .
clock A. M. at the house of A. B. Kurtz, in
the Borough of Gettysburg. '
WM. N. IRVINE,
JOEL B. DANNER, Auditor:s.'
J. M. STEVENSON,
September 8, 0137. 4t—'23
riusmaite sAlun.
THESubscribor,.Administrathr with the
will annexed, of GEO. BERCAW, de.
ceased, will expose . to Public Saki, on the
premises, on Friday the 6th of October next,
TEM PARK
of said deceased, situate in Straban town
ship, Adams county, containing 2 7 . 61 .
ciets, more or less, on which are erected
a good
I) ;; IA 0 G 11013 'AIR
and Barn, &c. The land is
of good quality, and well improved.
!CrThe terms will, be made known on
tile day of sale, when attendance will be
given by
ISAAC MONFORT, Adm'r.
September 8, 1837. ts-23
TO MY CREDITORS.
WAKE NOTICE, that I have applied to
the Judges of the Court of Common
Pleas of Adams County, Pa. for the benefit
of the Insolvent Lawsof the Commonwealth
oi*Pennsylvabia, and thit,they have appoin
ted Tuesday the 3d of October next, at 11
o'clock A. m at the Court House in the 80.
rough of Gettysburg for the bearing of me
and my Croditors,when and where you may
attend ilyou see proper.
JACOB FAHNESTOCK, Jr.
September 8, 1 8 37. • to-23
Cu- Philadelphia Inquirer. Baltimore Patriot and
York Republican will give the above 3 weekly in
sertions, forward papers and bills to this office.
PROCLAMATION.
W HEREAS, in and by an Act of the
General Assembly of this State, en
titled "An Act to regulate the General
Elections of this Commonwealth," enacted
on the fifteenth day of February, 1794, it is
enjoined on 'me to give Public Notice of
Ouch Election to be hold, and to enumerate
in such Notice what Conkers are to be elect
ed: 1, WM. TA UGHINBAUGH, Sheriff
of the county of Adams, do, therefore, here
by make known, and give this' PUBLIC
NOTICE in the Electors of the said county
of Adams, that a
GEMERtflii ELECTIOX
will be held in the said County, on the
Second Tuesday of October
next, (the 10th,)
at the several Districts, composed of the
following townships, viz:
In the first District, composed of the Bor
ough of Gettysburg, and the township of
Cumberland, at the Court-house in Gettys
burg. /'
In the Second District, composed of the
township of. Germany, at the house now oc
cupied by Mr. Alfred Cole, in the town of
Petersburg, in the township of Germany.
In the Third District, composed of that
part of the township of Berwick not included
in the 15th district, and that part of the
township of Mountpleasant, lying east and '
north of a public road leading from the farm
formerly occupied by Geo. Lasl-ells, to
Dellone's Mull ; and that part of the town
ship of Hamilton, lying west of the Carlisle
and Hanover Turnpike Road, between
Blake's bridge, and_the intersection of said
Road with the Gettysburg and York Turn
pike Road ; at the house of John Miley, in
the town of Oxford.
In the Fourth District, composed of the
township of Latunore and that part of the
township of Huntington, not included in the
11th district, at the house of Air. Miller, in
the town of Petersburg, in the township of
Huntington.
In the Fifth District, composed of the
townships of Hamiltonban and Liberty, at
the house of Col. James Reid, in Millers
town.
In the Sixth District, composed of that
part of the township of Hamilton, east of
the Hanover and Carlisle Turnpike Road,
as well as that part , not included in the ad
district, af the house now occtipied by Phil
ip Rich, in the town of Berlin. ,
In the Seventh District, composed of the
township of Menatlea,"at the house of W.
and F. linpke, in said township.
In the Eighth District, composed or the
township of Straban, at the house now occu
pied by Mr. Sourbeeri in Hunterstowti.
tthN
taieriship - orihodow i5 i i.,....
Minictiyin Sidgintiiiigt • . ,I' ,- ';';4 l aP4
In the Tenth ..Datiligi'X' '
township Of Coneitige,lit the indite ,
il‘
°aster; in Mcgibertystovint.4.!;•:',,l., - ~
. In the EleventhDisiikiticUMPleett
township of Tyrone;,:and.lll4*C. --
Huntington; eduthof the Rniiit .., ! , - :',!, 1 , 4 ,'
East Berlin to.(. 7 arlitda,..tethL, ' - ~,
. R.
State Road, including all,ihe* 7
. ~.: -- ~,
contiguous to eatiretate t`otitt4r4Olk,
of Mr. Hildebrand, in Heidle#lnutitii 1 ' k,
rove township. - ' .',' ' . ' '' , ,i';'4 , , 5, ,...;.j-.
In the Twel ft h District, coMpertlKlbe
township of Mountjoy, et the ,hp ;
-i r,.- A r."- c.--. ~.'''
Black, in said township. , -, .''„,:.:-' . &,1,,' , ,.
In the Thirteenth , Distriel'i.ii , ',' '
_-, * i r.
that part, of the township - or Mot*" ' 4 tik . ',.,
ntillj oi
lying west and south °fa 04,14 iii; t hitokt,' .:'4l
ing from Mr. Delkine's.Mill to iheilUitiOtt,'"
merly occupied by George Lootiettios4o . ig
York. and . Gettysburg. Trirnpik . nillso,4,
the house now occupiedby Samuel 4lttinpoo.
in Bonaughtown.'. • ~ '.... , ;;;`..k;, - ,.. 1 ,,
In the Fourteenth Distuiet,,euiif-3,,
the township of Readbig,at the publiiiset4l,o
house in the town of Iltimptom,; - : , : ,,-, .!A;,2Z.-,t,
In the Fifteenth Distriet,„etitiiipeettikA,K;Y:
part of. Hamilton and liertuick:teteirilitik,
beginning .where . the Honorer andl*flg.
burg turnpike road Crosees theTekkkOtttll.9
line, .thence along said turnpike teito,eieleen:
where the road from Berlin to - Otftelterneti% . .:
.es the said turnpike, thence alnegfilktid - '..i..
Oxford road !antil it intersects the-dest - t i : ',3 . : ,
from George Mummereirfarie, - tin'fiiiiiikil;
Oxford road, thence along said
~,„,u4 , 4 „ 0 ,-4 4 ,-,, , ,,,:
York county line, near David, Hellingii4. 4 os
saw mill; thence along the seid ., Yerlt;copo;,'
ty line to place of beginning—at the Pplitiii ,
.
School-house in A blvitsiewe. -... : ''::`, , ,;' ,s p
AT WHICH 7Y3IE AN!) PLACES
WILL BE ELECTED,.:'''; --
„ ..,:T*.; - :
Two Members ol the S:c. - ,o ‘ Lt4-:,..i
of Pennsylvania, - , .t0 QO- ,
-.
._ ~.
sent the Dtstrtct co - totioti
of the•Cotinties-of.:Aglams
•• Franklin itod,Cumberland::• , :::
Two • Representatives . . , itC:th
State Legislature ; ..for ~ - t her
• County of Adams`; - .•.- •
Two County ComMitisiolkers; , : ,
one for I year; andtionv for ,-.,:,
. • .-. ~ , ;:e .'4.' ' ' .....'-'' ',
'')'
3 years•; .
One Anditor of .
. Ftihitc,.'' , AC-z- , ....
. ,-- , ._,:,, -
counts; avid, . ,. ,•!.
Two Directors . of the•PoOrota?"
I' 11% 1 ' • air-....6.".6,
House.. k o wimpoynit ~_:.:Ary----
, .
tne county of A damsPpei fur
~fur
t< year, and-one-for $ , 34*r0.;..., , ,
And in and by . the said AO; it is directedl
that the INSPECTORS of ihieesid*-0410,,. , 'T..,::.,;
al Election shall be chosen by babel, dOW - :, , : :
Friday next preceding die 14tTitetiatirifr 3,
October next, being ' - - --, --,
the 29th of September, mett, - ,:- . :.?
And the - Election for such Insie;eteta:'alialt
be held -in mob places; in each , lownithio;; ;
ward or district,, as are appointeab344(fr .i . ,
that purpose, .by the respeetitre;Conetehle4 ;'-,,
(who are - required to giveat'least onelle,:clik's . , :, :.:',
notice of such ,Election) -assisteifilr , iiiiii, ; : - .
qualified citiz,ens, ehosen, ( byiiisch..eitiipiati p 2 , .L' - '.
qualified, to vote, as shall .thenbnikirieti!'4'
And it is also in and:. by iroct-Aet regniii'
that the Agent and Inspectors ~*‘.,st-44.0:--?-:,
places of their Districts, on .the . deZa eg44elv:J ... ,
General Election aferesaii,ei 0 O'eltieliipiklia: ~, '2:i , ,
forenoon,to do and perform the seiferaj 4ittik,, !,;.•-j,
required and enjoined on them.iii,44l#„,,thet - - -)„,t")
same , Act. -
~i,:.: . ',.."..-., • ).A
And it is further directed,. in and,hyron.., - ..
Act of the General• As e embly . of this Slsitis i ,-,,f,'
aforesaid, passed the
_l7th. day ef-ptoqii.,,Zi : ',l!'
1806, aforesaid, that one , ofthe. - olop,gs .. , :z2Lo,
of each of the difibreot Distriete , 4tiforeettid 1;-i A
who shall have the charge of thecertiketei.:-:%
of the number of votes which': ihall - ; ,, litiiiir - ,'.. ; '41
been given for eaeli candidate fiir4he ditftir. , , ..,'.f..
eat of fi ces then and there voted rns,it.itteir, •' . ..,5
respective Districts, shall meet on thiftliiiiik - , ‘,..,..1
day afierthe Electionoyhiche4ll, be 9ii`,o4. -. ..5 , .,
day the lath day . of October_ ofereiiii4.lll , ,:.:
the Court House in the Bouough of..GettitiS.: . ~, . :0
burg,then and there turnekiie,fakr statement -, t,
and certificate of, the numbetofaiotest4l9b
shall have been: given at thukcliffete - aupte.
.-,;‘.`-;'-,
tricts in the County . of Adams, for.eny,ply- -..,
„'''.
son or personator the ditlhrent offices lifore l!
said, &c. ~.- :
',',.,.-,...:
And by a law`passed the 2d of APril4B2T, : - 11
it is made the
_duty of the StitirittlUP.--givit;4A4
Public notice of ch . !, proiisioriti of sand law
The following are extraets:-,-
Sec. 1. Bo it enacted by the Senate : lit:id
House of Representatives - of the . Ceinnion. 4:i'l
wealth of Pennsylvania, and it is here4',lsn. -. A
acted by the authority of the same, 'Fhatthe ~ . - -,r,4',
several qualified electors shall .givelie. •
, : : i,]
Inspectors of such Election; separateo44ns.
for each office or 'station voted flit', WIWI; -- J
ticket shall contain no more than the proper ~ -,i)
number of names; but nooticket shall'ti,ertit. . - 4
jected by the Judges ()I:the election in count- - ~, 1
ing off the votes, , shouldthe same co ntain -._:,
fewer than the proper inirnf)er, thimit.i. for ' •'!
Sheriffs and ‘Ceroners excepted.., ' '',' ':, '” ' -,',:k_ .
Sect. 4. And be it further enacted hit - the ....!
authority aforesaid, That it shall be thO du- 1
ty of the Sheriff or
,Coroner,as the ca,ntav I .' : k'
be, of each and every county „within itifis
, Commonwealth, to give
,Public Notice, ,el'
the same time,.iind in the same. itenner.Onsi , 1
under the same, penalty, that he'll' now 0. . -, A
gutted to give notice of,any General or , spe. .AI:
cial Election,—that . any . person whe'efriall.,l
hold any office or.appointment arLflro.*:lr •:.I'.c , L.
trust under the Government of them;glity* „Av.
whether a. commissioned 064411:- PC , it e ,_ r,L* . . - A
wise a subordinate felearOr 'V
..i . 1 11 , 1 ,
or shall be employed - under the ; , ~t.,-. .
Executive, erJudieierY Dnellete4Oni,':.7::`,ll
United States, and also.tbat4vety.,,, , " -- 1 `
of Congress, ie bY laWinelkil! Itk . ' .?:
::'''',C ,:
and exercising at tbe ealsoftwel' :
'', i -
~- . 'qz•- „ "
or appointment of iedgal , -.,:- ~
• ,-,'
of any electron **hit!. the, 840* '' - ; , ‘ 0 41,1..1 - 3 1i
GiSeannder'my hantket 000
_..' , v,-,t,
4th day of s•plaithew.l k o or- , - -jor„-,,,t
our Lord OM. "-,,,-,;., , 34 4 - 4,,,,iii,-,1,. : 1, ,
- writ. TituormNßAUo ..IIK- --: P' .-. k:••; - .
September 8, 1832.0 - ~-, : - ~i.i.,..- _ _3l..dtk:t; e"-'
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