A
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"WE CO WHERE DEMOCRATIC TRINCiri.ES POINT THE WAV J WHEN THEY CEASE TO LEAD, WE CEASE TO FOLLOW."
BV JOHN G. GIVEN
E1SUNSBUKG, THUUSDAY, AUGUST 16, 1819.
VOL. 5. NO. 45.
i
LIFE.
tr REV. J. a PIRMAX.
Life i likn the gushing stream,
Flowing from the wooded mountains,
Spaikling in the noon-tide beams.
Cobbling up from cryttal fountain).
Life is onnrard in its Row,
Like the calm, mjetic river.
Gathering st renjrth while here below,
From it motions ceasing never.
A the stream flows to the river,
As the river to the sea.
Life is flowing on forever.
Reaching to Eternity.
Life i full of caie and trial,
While it dwells upon th earth.
And a holy self denial
Fits it for a heavenly birth
Heavenward lend its solemn, marches,
Rifing ever, drawing nigh,
To the bright, o'erhanging arches.
Opening to the tipper sky .
MISCELLANEOUS.
AN IM'lDliM' UF WVIEKLOO.
BV J. T. HEADLEY.
A few months since, I was standing on
the field of Waterloo, on the anniversary
day of that great battle. The fields were
waveing with the ripening grain, just as
they were on that memorable morning be
fore trodden down by the squadrons. As
I stood where Wellington stood, on the
ridge occupied by the English lines, and
surveyed the entire field, and looked down
on the narrow valley where the fate of all
Europe was once put up and battled lor,
a world of conflicting emotions struggled
for mastery within me. The magnifi
cence and 'pomp of that stern array were
before me, and my ear seemed distinctly
to catch the first cannon shot that opened
the conflict, rar on the ngni comes
Vwn the Hougoumont, Jerome .Bona
parte, with his twelve thousand men. A
sheet of tire runs aljng the walls of the
chateau, and a gap opens in the advancing
columns of the foe. Its mangled head
melts like frost work before the destruc
tive fire. The smoke of the battle covers
them from the sight, and rolls up the val
ley, and lo! I see - nothing but the melee
of horses and riders, the tossing of ban-
ners, and the soaring of the French Eagle
amid the cloud of war, and 1 hear naught '
but the roar of artillery, the bracing of.
trumpets, and the blast ot the bugle souna- the only lamps to guide him as he gallop
ing the chaige, and the heavy shock of ed over the uneven fields We will not
cavalry. say his bold oung heart did not beat a
Amid the confusion and terror of a tride faster, as the darkness through which
scene like this, which the imagination will he rode was suddenly made dazzling bright
call up on such a battle-field, how natu- by the artillery whose roar caused even
rally does the mind rest on some single his well traiued war horse to start, while
character or incident, and gather around it the earth was ploughed up in every direc
all the interest of the fight. It may not ' tton by the shot but we wii say he did
be so with others, bui.l find it true of not falter or hesitate, but delivered htsor-
myself in all circumstances' I remember,,
when standing on the tip of the colonada
of St. Peter's, and looking- down at the
tens of thousands that were waiting the
blessing of the Pope, I forgot all in a poor
pilgrim beggar and his boy, that reclined
on "the ample steps. Their distant home
among the Italian hills, their weary aspect
as they slumbered there in the sunlight,
and their sudden starting up as a bias; of a
solitary trumpet announced, the' approach
of his Holiness,- formed the ground work
of a scene more touching than the one be
fore me. So it was here. In the church
of the little hiralet of Waterloo, lying on
the edge of - this- field, are a multitude of
tablets,-placed above officers who fell in
this battle. . Among them is one recording
the death of a mere boy, who formed one
of .Wellington's suite." The epitaph closes
with" he was eighteen; years old; this
was his twentieth' battle." I gazed -on it
with" feelings;' of the prof aumlest-melancholy"
So -.young,, and-' yet 'so', tried.
Trained amid the smoke and thunder of
baftlei accustomed" almost from infancy to
scene of carnage; and -cruelty, what a
moral effect' it must have had upon his
character. An angel could not abide such
discipline. 1 walked oyer - the field with
an EwisbJ officer of tank, and gleaned
from htm . Uie fbllowinginciderits of his life,
which I have filled up..
. Young Gordon ' (my memory may xbe
wrong here respecting the name, it having
become illegible in my note book,) was
the second son of a distinguished English
family. ' He had obtained a place in Wel
Jinfftpns ; suite, tliough'a mere boyi and
had been with him through all the Penin
sular campaign He was fitted by nature
for'-'a ' soldtar' Enthusiastic, ! bold and
strangely ' ambitious; 'the " excitement ol
battleand-the occasions it gave for distin
guishing himself were his delight. Around
his5 frank and' open:' countenance clustered
ringlets of chesnut0 hair, while1 his blue
Saxon eye spoke at once the generosity
tnd fire of his ardent nature. He had one
sister, the very reverse of him in every
thing buther strong and generous feelings.
Frail as the flower that is born ana matu
red in a single night, her very face remin
ded one of her early grave. It was of
that delicacy and almost spiritual transpa
rency, which makes you shrink as you
think of the first shock of life. You look
around in vain for some shelter for such a
flower. Her eye was large, and the very
soul of tenderness, telling without disguise
and painfully distinct, that affection was
her life. Next in birth to the young
soldier, all her extravagant feelings and
yearning affections had centered in him.
llis bold and often reckless conduct had
caused her many a pang as they played
togeMier in childhood, while his generous
love, as he would come and fling his arms
around her neck and kiss away her tears,
h id bound her to him with cords of iron.
JS.ie loved him with Mat utter abandonment
of heart, with which a being constituted
as she was, always loves; and lie returned
it with all the strength of his brave young
heart. She was all faith and timidity; he
was all hope and courage. Thus had
they passed their childhood together, and
when they came to part, her heart shrank
like a smitten blossom to the blow. As
he glanced over his rich uniform and his
sword Hashing by iiis side, a deeper flush
mantled his cheek, and a prouder feeling
beamed in his e, while all over her spir
itual features, came the hue of nurial fear
and unutterable dread, ller head sunk on
her bosom, and the big tear drops 11-11 un
restrained and fast at her feet. At first, he
attempted to laugh away her fears, but
seeing that his railery jarred painfull)'
upon her heit, he too burst into tears, and
folded her to his bosom with all the holi
ness and strength of a brother's love.
They parted, and her sweet but rare
laugh was still less frequeuntly heard. I
will not follow him through his eventful
career in Spain. Like all soldiers he
'learned to like his employ ment, and with
the love of it came the loss of those sen
sitive feelings that had been the beauty of
"his early character. Being a bold and
energetic fellow, he was oiten entrusted
with dispatches to different parts of the
army in the midst of battle. At the bat
tle of Talavara, while Makenzie was re
tiring in magnificent order and consjmate
skill before tne advancing French, he was
sent to that oilicer with an order from the
Marquis ol Wellesley. It was midnight,
and the route he was to take was one of
great exposure, being swept by the ene-
m v's artillery.
1 lie frequent flashes ol
the cannon that blazed on his path, were
tier safely and well. On his return, just
as he had entered on the place of danger
a cannon ball struck fiis horse's Hank,
shattering it to fragments, and sending the
blood and entrails all over his face and
uniform. He himself was thrown several
yards, and for a moment lay stunned by
the blow. When he recovered, however,
he boldly crossed the field traversed by
the shot, and arrived salely at Welling
ton's tent. As he stood with cap in hand,
pale and covered with blood and flesh,
the Duke thought for a moment he was
terribly wounded, but as he listened to his
account of the matter, he warmly compli
mented his gallantry.
From that moment he became still more
anxious to distinguish himself, and in
several instances nearly lost his life. A
sword cut over his left eye had left a scar,
of which he was as proud as he would
have ' been of two epaulettes: No curl
was ever' allowed to lall over it, and he
was half vexed to think that the skilful
surgeon hadsured the wound so eflectu
ally.' At length, after a year or more of hard
fighting, he returned to England, before
Wellington joined the allied forces on the
continent. It was a huried visit, but a
memorable one to his sister, now grown
still more delicate than before. She fold
ed him again and again in her arms and
wept as il her heart would break. 'Many
a long 'night had she Iain awake, imagin
ing her brother now in the headlong and
ruinous fight, and now pale and wounded,
gasping on the plain. The terrible scenes
of battle she had so often pictured to her
self, had shattered her over delicate frame,
and ' she 1 had' become doubly - sensitive;
while the scenes' of blood' he had passed
through and the' roughness of camp life,
had blunted1 his feeling?, and made her
childish terrors annoying and foolish.
Yet he loved her as his idol, and when he
parted' from 1 her, he tied her minature
around his neck. That separation was
the crjwning agoiy to her. She told
him they should never meet again, that
his body should be left on the battle field
of the stranger. It was in vain he attempt
ed to calm iier grief a foreboding like
the spirit of p -of.heey crushed every hope,
ani she saw i.im depart wiih the same feel-
i ics she woald have seen the grave close J
over him. I have sometimes thought 1
that these strangely sensitive and spiritual
w
beings, had almost the gift of second sight
that "coming events" to them do litter
ally "cast their shadows before." From
that moment she never smiled, but faded
gradually away.
The whole story together with the epi
taph, had made a profound impression on
my feelings, and as I stood on the field of
battle, and called up the scenes of that
terrific day, his form constituted the fore
ground of the picture. The morning of
the battle was damp and heavy, but not so
the feelings of young Gordon. As he
stood beside the Due and looked over the
magnificent array before him, he determin
ed his name should be interwoven with
the history of that day. The great battle
of Europe was to be fought. AH its kings
stood looking on with breathless interest,
for their thrones were at stake. The feel-
ings of those two
great chieftains lhem-
sj1.cs, as they thus, for the first time, i
stood face to face, and battled for a conti- j
nent, were scarcely more stirred than his.
From the moment he saw the head of that ;
gallant column, which Jerome Bonaparte J
; led down on a Hougoumont, melt away !
before the destructive fire within, all the j
fury of a t'ger seemed roused within him. j
He wanted t be somewhere, he cared j
not in what capacity, when the onset was
made. He was not compelled long to
wait. The heavy cannonading that soon I
t opene J Hie whole length of the lines the !
terrible charges made by the French cav-
airy, soon gave him work to do. He was '
sent hither with orders, while the shot fell ,
around him like hail stones. He looked
on his pierced uniform and foam covered
steed with a kindling eye. The pressing
danger now becoming more imminent on
every side, the Duke led on in person sev
eral distinct charges. This was the crown
ing point of young Gordon's wishes. He
charged beside the Duke with the impetu
osity of a yeteran, and whenever danger
threatened his beloved commander, spurr
ed headlong into it. In the midst of a
terrible carnage, Sir Alexander rode up to
the Duke, and expostulated with him on
thus exposing his life, when every thing
depended on his safety. While he was
pleading
for the life of another, a bullet j
him and he fell. Young Gordon
pierced I
immediately spurred into his footsteps, j
an 1 plavd himself so as to protect the
Dake from the greatest danger. - The
weary veteran regarded him with a smile
of affection, and then, as he wiped the
sweat from his brow, exclaimed, "Oh that
Bluc her or night wou-Id come!"
J ne next moment an immense
body
of French cavalry came
thundering down
on one of the . English squares. It had
already become weakened by the loss of
whole ranks which the French artillery
had mowed down, but withstood the des-
perate shock with true bntish bravery.
The French came down on a plunging
trot, then breaking into a gallop, fell like a
rock upon it. Like that rock hurled back
from the mountain, they recoiled from the
shocki Driven to desperation by their
1 repeatedly foiled attempts, they stopped
( their horses and coolly walked around the
brave square, and where a man fell dashed
recklessness of life; began at length to tell
on the conflict. The square at length be
gan to shake and waver, when Wellington
came dashing up with his. guard the
t smiarft nnfmpfl. ami hf was in its mw!ct
Their chieX-was in their keeping his fate
voluntarily thrown in their hands, those
brave British hearts could not y ield. Rank
I aiier rautt icu uui not a man sarrea irom
his footsteps The French at length gave
it up and returned to their position.
Again, on separate squares, were these
terrific charges made, and again, as fast
as they wavered, did Wellington fling
himself in their midst. Young Gordon
was ever at his side, and in one of these
dangerous attempts had his sword struck
out of his hand. But there were enough
othergood blades on that ensanguined field,
without owners, and he was soon wielding
one which the convulsed hand of an offi
cer had scarcely loosened.
Thus, from eleven in the morning until
four in the evening, had the batde raged,
when a dark object was seen to emerge
from a distant wood. Larger and larger
it grew, till a whole column stood revealed
with banners waving in the breeze. ' Blu
cher and his Prussians had come. Both
armies saw that the hour had ' arrived for
a final issue. Bonaparte then rode up to
his old and well tried Imperial Guard, that
had not been in battle all day. Placing
himself at their head, he led them half
way down the slope, when he halted and
addressed them in his impetuous and fiery
manner. He told them the fate of the
battle and of France was in their hands.
He was answered by those devoted hearts
"The Emperor forever!" with a shout
that rung over the storm of battle, and was
i heard all along the British lines. He then
placed thm under Ney, with orders to
- force the British centre and Drevent the
j
juncture of Blucher with the allied forces
The hitherto invincible Guard came in
beautiful order, and with hearts burning
with high hopes. They knew that their
Emperor and the civilized world weie
looking on. They carried thrones and
kings as they went. They needed noth
ing to fire their steady courage, No drum
or trumpet, or martial strain cheered them
on. No bugle sounded the charge. In
perfect order and complete silence they
moved over the plain. Above them soar
ed the French Eagle no power had ever
yet wrested from their grasp, and on them
was theeye of Bonaparte.
The allied army saw, with awe and
dread, the approach of that unconquerable
legion. The terror of Europe was on
the march. For a moment the firing ceas
ed along the lines. The batUe was hush
ed. The" mullled tread of the magnificent
legion alone was heard. Oh, voa should
have seen young Gordon then. With a
flushed cheek and dilating eye, and breath
coming difficult and thick, he gazes on
that silent host, lie looked as if every
moment he would be oil like a thunder-
bolt,
This sudden calm was but momentary,
The artillery appeared like a volcano on
the foe. Whole ranks went down before
the destructive fire, yet they faltered not
for a moment. Over their fallen comrades
with the same steady front, thev moved
on, across the valley, and up the slope,
Before their cool, resistless charge, the
English lines melted like frost work.
They received the last fire of the artillery
full on their bosoms, then walked over the
cannon, artillerymen and all. On, on,
like a resistless wave they swept, carry
ing every thing down in their passage, till
they approached within a few rods of
where Wellington stood. All seemed lost,
when a rank of men, who had laid flat on
their faces behind a low "ridge of earth,
suddenly heard the ringing order of "Up,
Guards, and at 'em." They started up
as from the bowels of the earth, and pour
ell their destructive fire in the very faces
of that mangled Guard. They recoiled
to the discharge as if smitten with a sud
den blow. A second and third followed.
They reeled and staggered a moment, then
turned and fled. Young Gordon could be
be
restrained
no longer. He
burst away
with a yell like that of a madman, and
was lost in the fight.
The battle was over. The thunder of
the distant cannon came at intervals in
l the night air, telling where Bljcher trod j
down the foe. Wellington had left to him j
the pursuit, and was leading back his
; weary and bleeding army over the battle
field. The full round moon was riding
i the quiet heavens.-lighting up the mangled
. masses of human flesh that weighed down
1 the field. Here an cpaulett and there a
: shivered sword flashed back its beams.
; Groans loaded the air, while the death
, shriek came at intervals on the air. Wel-
lington wept! The excitement and rage
ot the battle were over, and his heart
sickened at the awful scene before him.
j Among a heap of slain, young Gordon
was stretched. His sword lay shivered
at his side, dabbled with blood. The min
iature of his sister had fallen from his bo
som, and that spiritual face seemed turn
ing up towards heaven. A bullet had
ploughed up his cheek and traversing his
brain, ended his life at a blow. "He was
but eighteen years of age. and this was
his twentieth bat le." He sleeps in the
j little church at Waterloo, within sight of
his last battle field.
The history of that sister is soon told.
j" In a country churchyard of England is a
plain monument recording her death and
virtues. I turned away murmuring to
myself. And these were but two of the
twenty thousand hearts that single battle
broke' Oh, War! thou last invention of
man for his own destruction!
I say, my son, where does the riht
hand road go to.'
Don't know, sir; tain't been nowhere
since we lived here.
ELongfellow beautifully says in his
Kavanagh,' It is curious to note the old
sea margin of human thought! Each sub
siding century reveals some new mystery;
we build where monsters used to live
themselves." .
Aphorisms. Deceit is a double point
ed sword, that generally wounds the
user.
Hope is the prophet of youth young
eyes will always look forward.
Inleliigfucc from t'alifurtiia.
Life and Business at San Francisco
Speculations in Lands 'Labor, IVa
. ges, 4c.
The Boston Evening Traveler, on the
authority of Mr. Jarvis, from San Fran
cisco, communicates the following interes
ting facts, in regard to the state of things
in California, which are not furnished by
the newspapers:
The number of arrivals of passengers
at San Francisco in June, by sea was
about 1000 per week. By land, at the
mines, from Lower California, Senora,
Durango and Mexico generally, the immi
gration is computed at 15,000, with many
thousand mule loads of merchandise,
which has thus found its way intD Cali
fornia, duty free, to the great dissatisfac
tion of the sea-board merchants.
Coin was scarce at San Francisco, being
absorbed by the custom-house for duties.
The average price of gold dust was $ 1 5 50
to $16 per ounce. It is computed that on
the 20th June S 100,000 worth of flour
was exposed in open air, and more than
$500,000 worth of other merchandise,
chiefly dry goods, for want of storage.
Storage was from SI to $3 per barrell per
month.
Rents of the smallest lodging rooms
were 100 to $350 per month; stores from
500 to SI 000 per month. The rents of
the Parker housa amount to S142,000pef
annum one gambling room letting for
SI 8,000 per annum; two others, small
sized, say 12 by 18 feet, for 6,000 each.
The city hotel, rented for S16.000 per
annum, is underlet for $15,000. A small
room in it, about 25 feet square, rents as
a retail shop at $9,000 per annum.
Land which a few years since was pur
chased for $700 will now command $200,
000 cash. Central business lots, not ex
ceeding 100 feet square, command from
10,000 to $20,000 buildings in same pro
portion. Money loaned on good security
at from 2 percent, to as high as 10 per
cent, per month.
The average receipts of the French res
turantareSl per minute. Mr. Jarvis in
forms us that his first dinner at San Fran
cisco, ordered from a hotel, for two gentle
men, two ladies and four children, consis
ting only of meits and pastry, cost S90.
Eggs $3 per dozen. Boat hire to go to
steamer, 30 miles' pull, S7. Ordinary
day labor, $6 varying from that to $20
merchants in proportion.
Buildings are springing up very rapidly
mostly of the cheaper character. At pres
ent, one half of the population live in tents.
The population increases slowly, as the
departure for the mines about equal the
arrivals. The risk to property at San
Francisco from fire is very great. The
buildings are all of the most frail and com
bustible description.
Good order in general prevailed both
at the bay and mines. Capt. Grayson
was robbed on the 5th of June of $15,000,
by a Chilian servant, in whom he reposed
confidence, lie would undoubtedly 6e j
hung as soon as apprehended. Another ;
robbery of $6,000 occurred a few days j
after. As a general tiling property is re- i
spected, evildoers being kept in check by
a fear of h nch law. j
Provisions arc abundant and compara- j
tively cheap at the mines say 2 per i
meal, consisting of game, potatoes, prcser- !
ved meats, &c. As to gold, it is found J
everywhere, and is generally considered j
inexhaustible. moderate computation
gives as this year s product at least $50,-
000,000. At present the waters are high, j
September, October and November are ;
considered the best months. More gold, j
it is said can be gathered in those months
than durin'g the other nine months of the i
year.
Col. Fremont and lad v had arrived, and i
left for a ranche below the Puebla de los
Angelos, which he had purchased for
$200,000. It is well stocked with cattle,
some 10,000 head, and has good buildings
on it. He will probably be a candidate
for the governorship.
Many shipments from the United States
and Europe will prove a total loss, not
paying expense of landing. Scow hire
per day, taking but one load, is $150; men
to discharge, $15. Sailors receive $100
to $200 per month; mates and captains
from $300 to $600 per month. :
An immense amount of lumber was
ready at Oregon for shipment to San
Francisco. Every vessel that could be
got to sea, even at an expense of $5,000
per month, was sent to the river.. By
September and October a very large
amount, besides framed buildings, will
have been landed from Oregon. Mechan
ics will be in great demand at this season,
to erect buildings to shelter jhe mining
population during the, winter.
In June, good prints were selling at 6c,
and prime brown cottons at 4c: flour 5 to
$6; pork S9; beef $2 50 per barrel, at
auction; salmon $8; copper nails 8c;
shovels $2 per dozen; shirts $6.
Speculation in lands is pushed to a great
extent. Every available site lor villages
or towns ou the bay or rivers, has , been
taken up and laid out. Lots in Ben'rcia,
which in February sold at $100 each are,
now held U $6,009. This town has been
laid out t rival San Francisco. Com.
Jones and other prominent officers are
said to be interested in iu Stockman,
New York, Suttersviile and Sacramento,
city, each promise to be of importance.
The U. S. steamship Massachusetts ar
rived at San Francisco, June 20, from
Oregon. . ...
Ship James Monroe, loaded at Hono
lulu at $20 per ton freight for San Fran
cisco, took back a portion of her cargo at
$10 per ton without landing. Consign
ments of vessels and cargoes are daily
refused.
Clerks at San Francisco get from $2,000
to $4,000 per annum and their board: 10
per cent, is charged on sales of merchan
dise, and 1 per cent, storage. A private
mint has been established, which has is
sued thus far half eagles. Silver coin,
less than dollars, is generally nfised.
Merchants will not take the trouble to
count it. A drayman of one mercantile
house receives a salary, of $6,000 per an
num, and the houss finds the dray and
mules and feeds the animals. At this rate
it is a source o p o it to the house, as be
sides their own carting, the drayman re
ceived $1,800 in one month. $1,000 per
month has been offered and declined, to
command a river launch. Washing 6 to
$10 per dozen.
The Meeting in favor of organizing
a State Government. Tlie Herald con
tains a report x( the speeches made at the
meeting held in Portsmouth Square, San
Fra ncisco, in favor of organizing a state
government.
Speech of T. Butler King. Hon. T.
Butler King, after defending cjngress for
not giving a government to California, ap
pealed to the people cf that territory to
settle the question of the Wilmot proviso
forever, by forming a state government.
Said he, we cannot settle it on the other
side of the Rockv mountains it must be
setded here. We look to you to settle the
question, by becoming a State. The peo
ple of the old Stites ardently desire it.
4I speak knowingly when I say the ad
ministration desire it; and from extensive
intercourse with the members of the last
congress, I am convinced they are more
anxious for the question to Le settled in
this way. You will have no difficulty in
being admittel as a state. I pledge my
self 10 it, and I pledge the administration,
and I think may speak equally confident
ly for ths next congress. Form a state
government, send on your senators and
representatives, and then admission is cer
tain. 4You had representation in that
body. Immense appropriations have to
be made for public purposes here. Mill
ions of dollars will be readily voted by
congress for public building and to improve
your li.ers and harbors. You should
have advice in these appropriations, and
in selecting sites for tfieir expenditure."
He then ccn.me.itid, in a play ul mood,
for some time, upon Judge iiuiaeit's de
nunciations of congress for passing the
bill extending the revenue laws over this
cojntry. He said Uncle Sam had paid
twenty millions of dollars for the country.
He was infoimed by the collector, that
the revenue amounted to about a hundred
thousand dollars a month, just six per
cent, upon the purchase money paid out
in appropriations was taken into consider
ation, t.ie government was likely to be a
loser so far as dollars and cents were con
cerned.. It was that great bay, which
would ' command the trade of the Pacific,
that caused the purchase of the country.
If the country had been a barran waste,
the government would have paid the same
to secure this harbor. He then alluded
in elegant terms to the mineral resources
of the country, and its future destiny
aaid we would soon have a railroad com
pleted from the great father of waters to
this bay; that within ten yeais we would
go in six days to St. Louis, sleeping all the
way, and in eight to New York; and in
eight minutes, in less than ten years, we
would, through- the lightning rods, talk
with our bretnren on the Atlantic ocean.
He closed with a glowing eulogy on the
flag of our country, which, was hung aloft
in the square where the crowd were as
sembled. ' , '
Remedy for Cramps. A correspondent
of the New York Sun mentions a simple
remedy for cramps, which he has tested
in many cases with invariable success.
It consists in tieing a handkerchief around
the forearm, a Ii:tle distance above the
wrist and then placing a stick undera;a h
and twisiing the handkerchief tigt tiy. In
a minute the cramp will depart, if the
handkerchief hurts let it be slackened, and
on a recurrence of the cramp tightened
sgam.