TERMS OF ADVERTISING One Square ono Insertion, Nor each tailisrquent insortinu. For-MO , -eifittile-Advertittomitnts, - Leto! Notices Prides- io.ial dards without paper, Obituary Not.yefl an On mu ale ., tion.'rul hug .o matte sot pri vate interests sh.ne, 10 cents per lisle. JOl3 I'RIN PlN(l.—Otir Job Printing Opine Is the ,r4est and most a tmplete e-tabllshmont In tho Joan y. Pour good Prosser, and a,goneral varloty of material suited for plain and Palley work of ovary .In.l, onxbins as to do Rib Printing' at the shot test notice, and on OF , most reasonable forms. Parsons In want of gills, Wanks, or anything in tho Jobbing lino, will find it to thoir Interest to give us a call. ,'O6 grant al a t`ccrmatWu. U. S. GOVERN,MENT President— Asortrw Jolt:Naos, Vice l'.ealdent —L. S. l'OnT Ell, Secretary of State—W)l. ll.Ssvrano, Secretary of interior—Jas. 11.1.1..‘5, Secretary of Treasury-11'0mi 11e,'unocii, Secretary o 1 War-1 iowiN Al. STANTON, secretary of Navy—Wm:es Po4t4ter Geberril—W M. DENNISON. !•:oru.iy deneral—.lo3loo S. SPEED. lefJustice of the 1J nli 0.1 SiIIIOB—'SALMON D. Cease. STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor—A:o.am 0 CURTIN, Satre cry of ntate—ELl SLIFER, Surveyor General— JAMES . BARR, A••dltnr General—lsAnc Stmcra, Attorney General— Wm. 31. 51Eittpirn. Ijutant General—A 1. RLYS4ELL, State Treaaurer-11El.IRV D. )loons. Ohief.Y.x tic of the Supreme Court—Clso. W.Wooe WARD COUNTY OFFICERS. President Judge—lion James It. Graham. A Isoclate Judges—llon. Nlichael Cocklin, Hon. Hugh Stuart District Attorney—J. {V. D. Gillelen. Pr .th,notary—Sainuel Shireman. Cl , irlt an I Recorder—Ephraim Cornman, Register—Cleo W. North. MO Sheriff —John Jacobs. CoUnty Treasurer—llenry S. Ritter. Coraner Sn.ith County Commissioners—Henry Karns, John DI litehell McClellan, Superintendent of Poor frow.e—llenry Snyder. ' Physician to Jall—Dr. IV. Dale. Physician in Poor lloune—Dr. IV IV. halo. BOROUGH OFFICERS Chief purges , —Jahn Campbell. A.slataut Burgess— William Cameron, T us su W l/ An dress 11. %.1,21,T, Geo. Wetgol, Chn. U. lit lfer, Barnet Iluffinan, 0 est %% K Il harem.. John !lays, 'Lulu. 111. Black. S. 0. 1111110:in ('lurk, ja4. Al 11asonhaininer Borough Treasure!, On, Id Cortinuto. nigh Cuusialile, Email us! Su Ariz, Ward Constables, East Ward, A nareur Martin, 11 rat hard, ,!amen Wid• Assessor—William No:ll<er. =I Gar—to .Irew IC err, Ward Co , levt org— East Ward, Jae• II ii,,od• gat 11 egt • ard, II It I .lllllams S treat Comtgi•gi•li r. Patrick Nladdotl .hi. leas of tie .'• \ b ,n4ler. David Smith .\ brie 11 •heff • lioiromb Lamp Lighters--Alex. ',leek. LeN i Albert. CIIUCCIIES First Pri,byt,•riao Churl,, \ ortllv.esi angle , ofCeb Ire Squaro. itoy Coowa) I'. %ling Pastor —ScrOurt, every Sunday moruiog at 11 o'clock, A. M., moil 7 O'r lOC N. I'. 71. 5////,/11 I l'resbyt//ritin I:hure h. ////rLI/•1 r.f . !Louth 11 / ,/, over /Lod 1/../111/1/L //tro/et, ILI., .1.,111/ .Ii 17 // :loch, A. )1., it/1/1 7 11 ' ,Ork P. 11 angle of i.isiitro I ./ Cie!, itetor. Services at I I r En4lish I.utho nil isedr.,,a. be LW yell )11110 tilt! I,otiltlttr streets II t, cum iti •/“.) t<ttl v ices at II t.'t I twit A NI.. and t.‘ t •clook I'. M iierteno Itehiripl i tt Church. Li/utility. lititworig Unn over and Pitt streets Itri. : -. ..111111•I i l itstor Serviii., at II il'elork A. M... 11111 o'clock P M. C Chervil (lint charge, etirIIIII" and Pitt Itev I'II.IIII/. 11. Sher lick, Pastor. Sul ViellS.At I I A. \I.. eild l o'eloelt P M. \lothollist F.. Church ,serontl Hey. S. I. Bowman. :ervicosln Emory 1 K. Church a , 1 o'clock .1. \I., and S. \I. Chu r ch of il,sl Chapel south West cor. of West St. flail Chapel Alloy. Itev.B. N Bock, Potato Services at II a, tn., and o. -t l'Atriek's Gathnlic Church l'onarot near Eastst Rev Past", Servures every other Fab bath. at 10 o'clock. Vespers at :i M. siortnan Luthorau Church. corner of Pomfret and ilediurd .itecous. Rev C Tritar, l'astur, horsier); at 1 o'clock I'. U. va y VP hen changes in the above are necessary the roper pertcr F are reqn,ted to notify us. COLLEGF Rev 1.19 r a 111 . M. Julausun, D. D., Presid -n1 and Pro essor of rlt Science. wintaw ly.ilaou, A. M., Professor of Natural Science as A Curator a the 31 uscum. !toy. William L Boswell, A t., Professor of the 11reek and itormun Langna4e, Samuel D.lltnan, A. M., Profe sor of Mat.homat- John K. Staym in, A. M Professor of the Latin and PI ouch Languages. lion James li . Graham, LL. Professor of Law. Rev. Henry C. Cheston, A. IS . Principal of the Grammar school. John flood, Assistant in the Grammar School. THE MARY INKTIT[TE CORPORATION : - The Hector, Wardens and Vestrymen of St. John's Church Cal lisle The Hen. F. .1. Clem D. IL, Hector and Treasurer. Mrs. John It Sa-nd, Principal. Mi. A. E. Donkersh y, l list motor in Languages. Mies L. L R abater, Instructor in Mathematics and Vocal 'dual, Mrs. M. 11. Ege. Teacher of Piano. Miss E. CI rah are. Teacher of i rue lag and Painting. Philips, Lecturer on Elocution and Psychol ogy. BOARD OF SCHOOL DIRECTORS E. Cr - woman President, James .10milton, 11. Saxton, It. C, Woodward, Henry eWShiIM, liumerich, Beet'y , J W. Eby, Treasurer. John Spi,. ef,, , enger. Meet on the I i‘t. Monday of each, Month at 8 o'clock d. M , at Education Hall. CORPORATIONS CVIILNLE DEPoSIT It ON K.—President, R. M. Hender son; Cashier. J Hassler. Fell., L. A. :with end tI A. Cox; Messenger. Jno. Undrrwon ; Directors, It AI Henderson, President B. Woodward. John B. John Stuart, jr., Alum Boller, Henry 'Saxton, Sallee Woodburn, .1. J. Logan, W us. 11. Mullin. Float N OTI /Nth IS dant . Sam nu i 11 auburn Ca tiler, Jos. C llolTer, Abner C. Brind,e, Mrs se gar, Jesse Brown Wm. ISer, John Dun ap, Woods, John C. Dunlap, .same Brenneman, Jahn e. terrot I, Saml Hepburn, Blr.etors. 00,111EILL,111 V A LLEY ItAititoAn COMPlNY.—President, Frederick Watt, tmeretar and Treasurer, Bdward M. lfiddle: cum., inteodent, U. N. Lull Pass.•nge trains three times a day. Carlisle Am:num° ntion. Ewtwlyd, leaves Girlish, 555 A. M.. arriving at Car. Unto 5 . 2 , P. 11. Through trains klastwdrd, 10.10 A. N. and 2 42, P. M. Westward at 9.27, A. Si., and 2.55 P. M. C IILLISUL OAS AND WAI ER CoMP ANY,— President. LPDI - 'COdd 'Crinasurer, A. L. Spun. ler ; Sups; int.. en, George Wise: Directors, P. Watts, Win. M. Beeteint E. M. Biddle. hoary Saxton. It. C. Woodward, J. W. Patton, F. tiardoor and D. S, Croft. SOCIETIES Cumberland Stu Lodge No, 197, A. Y. NI, meets at Harlon Hall on the dud and 4th Tuesdays of every month. St. John's Lothro Nu. '260 A. Y M. Meets 3d Thurs day of oach mouth, at Marlon Hall. Oarllolujaudgo.l , lo. 91 I. U of 0. F. Moots Monday evonlngl at Irdt.it's building Letert Lodlitv.No. 13, I. 0 M - 0 T. Meets ovory Thursday evening In Itherm's flail, 3d story. FIRE COMPANIES, The Union Firo Company we , organized in 1789. House in (Anther between Pittand Hanover. The Cumberland Fire Company woe instituted Feb 18, 1800. House in Bedford, between Main and Pom fret. The flood Will Piro Company was Instituted In March, 1855. House In Pomfret. near Hanover The Cmplre [look and Ladder Company was lute tu tad In 1859. 1 - 11111P1 . In lilt near Main. RATES OF POSTAGE Postage on ill letters of one half ounoe weight or Under,ti cents prepaid. Posage on the iIERALD within the County, free. Within the State 13 cents per annum." To any part nfthe United States, 20 cents Postage on all Iran ale it papers. 2 cents per ounce. Advertised letters to bo charged with cost of advertising. MRS. R. A. SMITH'S Phottigtapil,Airibilitypes,l'irotiitypes Beautiful Albuma --Beautiful Frames ! Albums for• Ladies and Gentleman, Albums P r Mitses, and for Children, Pockot Albums for Soldiers and Civilians! Choicest Albums I Prettiest Albums! Cheapest Albums! FOR CHRISTMAS GIFTS I Fresh and New from Now York 'nd Philadelphia IF you want satisfactory Pictures and polite attention call at YSPe, R. A. Smith's Photo graphic, Gallery,. South East Corner of Hanover Street and Market Square, opposlte'the Gourt House and Post . omee, Carlisle, Pa. Mrs, lt. A. Smith well known as Mrs. It A. Reynolds, and so well known as a Daguerrean- - Artist, gives per sonaLattention_to Ladles and Gentlemen visiting her Gallery, and having the beet of Artists and polite at tendants can safely promise that in no other Gallery tan those who favor her with a call got pictures supe alor tb hers, not even-in New, York or t'hiladolphia r or meet with mot.• kind and prompt attention. . • Arhbrotypes inserted In flings, Lockets, Breast Pine. Am. Perfect copies Of Daguarrotypos and Ambrotypes made of decesae4riends. , Syhore copies ate defaced, o-lika picture Sy still be had, either for frames .r far cards. .-All•noA,atives preservedena year and orders by mail or otberwleepromptlY . attended_to:: _ ..Decentbor 230.864—tf . • - DR. WIK.. IL COOK, HOISIO.EO/:!ATHIC PHYSICIAN, Surgeon and decouehour • 9EPICS at hie residence 'Ail Tit , tt ettetit, tektolnitti the gethocllet Church; i; ly 1, /864. $1 00 - 25 - 00 4 00 7 u 0 VOL. 65. RHEEM & WEAKLEY, Editors & Proprietors iß,altlittufao. RECONSTRUCTION BY HON. THADDEUS STEVENS An Address Delivered to the Citizens of Laneuster, September 6' 1865. FELLOW-Ctrtztievs :In compliance with your request, I have come to give my views of the present condition of: the Rebel States—of the proper mode of re organizing the Government, and the fu ture prospects of the Republic. During the whole progress of the war, I never for a moment felt doubt or despondency. I knew that the loyal North would con qner the Rebel despots who sought to destroy freedom. - But since that trai torous'oonfeideration has been :subdued, and we have entered upon the work of •‘ reconstruction" or " restoration," lean not deny that my heart has become sad at the gloomy prospects befbre us. Four years of bloody and expensive war, waged against the United States by eleven States, under a government called the "Confederate States of Averica," to which they acknowledge allegiance, have overthrown all governments within those States which could be acknowled ged as legitimate by the Union The armies of the Confederate States having been eompn red and subdued, and their tort itory possessed by the United States, it becomes necessary to esta Wish goV Fitments therein, which shall be repub lican to form zind principles, and lorm '• unrt•e pert-et I:nion" with the parent Government. It is desirable that such a course should lie persued as to exclude front those governments every vestige of human bondaee, and render the saino fi,rever impossible in this nation ; and to take care that no principles of self de siructior+ shall be inemperated therein. In effec•ing this, it is to be hoped that no provision of the Constitution will be infringed, and no prineiple of the law of nat ions disregarded. EsE ecially must we take care that in rebuking'this unjust and treasonable war, the authorities of the Union shall indulge in no acts of usur pation which may tend to impair the stability and permanency of the nation. Within these limitations, we hold it to be the duty of the Government to inflict condign bunishment on the rebel belli gerents, and so weaken their hands that they can never again endanger the Union; and so reform their municipal institutions as to make them republican in spirit as well as in name. We especially insist that the property of the chief rebels should be seized and appropriated to the payment of the Na tional debt, caused by the unjust and wicked war which they instigated. Ilow can such punishment be inflict ed and such forfeitures produced with out doing violence to established princi plea? Two positions have been suggested. First—To treat those States as never having been out of the Union beacuse thb Constitution forbids secession, and therefire a fact forbidden by law could not exist. Second—To accept tlim-i.posi-tieri io which they placed tl emselves as severed frow the Union ; an independent gov ernment de facto, and an alien enemy to he dealt with, according to the 'of It seems to ine while we do eot aver hat the (Jolted States are buund to treat them as an alien enemy, yet they have a right to elect so to (.1,) if it be for the in terest o: the Nation; and that the " Con federate States " are estoped from de• nying that position. South Carolina the leader and embodiment of the rebellion § in the month of January, 1864, passed the following resolution by the maul vote of her Legislature ‘• Reso/red, 'flint the separation of South Carolina from the Federal Union is final, Ir . (' she has no further interest in the Con stitution of the United Sates: and that the only appropriate negotiations between her and the Federal Government areas to their mutual relation as foreign States." The Convention that formed the gov ernment of the Confeterate States, and all the eleven States that composed it, adopted the same declaration, -and pledg ed their lives and fortunes to support it. That government raised large armies and by its formidable power compelled the nations of the civilized world as well as our own _Government to acknowledge them as an independent belligerent,_entitted the law of nations to be considered as en; gaged in a public war,, and not merely in an insurrection. It Is idle to deny that we treated them as a belligerent, en titled to all the rights, and subject to all the liabilities of an alien enemy. We block aded-theirportsi -whielris—mr-undoubted belligeren't right , the extent of coast blockaded., marked the acknowledged; ex teat Of their _territorya territory nally Inquired but de facto theirs. We acknowledged their sea rovers as priva teers'and notes pirates, by ordering their captive crewsto be treated as pritaners of war, We -aoltnovpdged that a commission from the Confederate 'Government was suf Went to screen Semmes and his associates - fretti the fate of lawlesS buccaneers. Who bat an acknowledged Government defure or de facto, could have powertoissue.sueb a commission ? The,invaders of 'the loy al! F.tates were not treated as out -laws, ;brit as soldiers of. wer,*atipe, they wore • commanded by officers holding courithiss ions from that Government. The Con federate States were for four years what they claimed to be, an alien enemy, in all their rights and liabilities. To say that they were Stares under the protee tion of that Constitution which they were rending and within the Union which they were assaulting with bloody defeats, simply because they became belligerents through crime„isomaking theory overrule fact to an absurd degree. It will, I sup pose, at least be conceded that the United States, if not obliged so to do, have a right to treat them as an alien enemy now conquered, and subject to all j,he liabili ties of a vanquished foe. If we are also at liberty to treat them as never htl,ving been out of the Union. and that their deolarutimis and nets were all void because they contravened the Con stitution, therefore they never were engag ed in a public war but were merely in surgents, let us inquire which position is best for the United States If they have never been otherwise than States in the Union, and we desire to try certain of the- leaders for treeson, the Constitu tion requires that they should be indict ed and tried " by (10 im),nrtirrl jury n% the Sfitte (11111111Striel Wherein the Crimp slut/( f u me been COMM,. tied, il'hiCh (11:i!riet shall lamitreu pre. t• iutzsly scerttt foci( by 1(1 ." The crime of treason can be committed only where the pereon is actually 'or po tentially present. Jefferson Davis sit, ting in Richnionu. counselling, or advis ing, or commanding an inroad into Penn sylvania, hos cointuttte I no overt act in this Slate, arid can be tried if anywhere, only in the Richmond district. The doe trine of constructive presence. an‘l con- I , struetive treason, wi-I never, I hope, pol. lute our statutes or judicial d e ei..i ons . 1 Select an imparti,r/ jury from Virginia, ! i arid it is obvious that no conviction con i ever be had. Possible a jury might' be packed to convict, but that would not be an '• impartial" jury. It would be Judi vial murder, and would rank in infamy ' with the trial of Lord Russel , except only that the one was the murder of an innocent man, the other of a traitor. The same difficulties would exist in at tempting fltrfeitures, which can only fol low convictioris in States -protected by he Constitution ; and then it is said only fur the life of the malefactor—Congress can pass a bill of attainder. Nur, under that theory, has Congress, much less the Executive, any power to interfere in remodelling those States up on reconstruction.—What reconstruction is needed? Here are the States which they say, have n ver been out of the Union, and are e nsequently now in it without asking le ve of any me. They are competent to se d Senators and mem bers to Congr as. The state of war has broken no constitutional ligaments, for it was only an insurrection of inditiduals, 'not a public war waged by States. Such is the reasoning, notwithstanding every State acted in its municipal capacity ; arid the court in the prize cases (2 Black 67:1) say : "/Tnee in arytiiiThihiohi , re bellion they later acted its States." It is no loose, unorganized rebellion having no defined boundary or possession. It has a boundary marked by lines of bayonets, and which can be crossed only by force— south of the line is enemy's tern ory, be cause it is claimed and held in possession by an organized, hostile and belligerent power " What right hasany one to direct a convention to bq held in a sovereign State of this Union, to amend its consti tution and prescribe the qualifications of • voters? The sovereign power of the na• tion is lodged in Congress. Yet where is the warrant in the constitution for such sovreign power, much less the Execu • Live, to intermeddle with the domestic in stitutions of a State, mould its laws, and regulate the elective franchise ? It, would be rank, dangerous and deplorable usur pation. In reconstruction, therefore, no reform can be - effected in the Southern States if they have -never left the Union. But reformation must be effected ; the foundation of their institutions, both pm litioal, municipal and social must be bro• ken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain. This can only be done by treating and holding them as a conquered people. Then all things which we can desire to do, follow with logical. and legitimate authority. As conquered territory, Congress _would_have full power to legislate for them; for the territories are not under the Constitution except so far as the express power to goy ern them is given to Congress. They would be held in a'territtfrini. condition until they are fit to form State Constitn -tiensTraptlitlidarquiaTat,--ticrt-in--forrn off: ly, and ask admission into the Union. as new, States. If . Congress ,approve of their - Constitutions,- and lhink they have done works—meet- for repentance, they would be admitted as new States. If their Constitutions aro not approved of, they would be sent bat*, until they have becnine wise enough ev to purge their old laws aa to'eradipate -every despotic and revolutionary principle—until they shall" ba4e lehrqe.4 'to venerate the Declaration of Independence. , Y do not touch . ' on the 'question of negro suffrage. If in the Unien„the 'States have long ago regulated 4 that,' and fOrhe . Ceritiral Goiernrucupto .interfere with- it _ivotild 1;.14 4islphieo4o. .._ , , , 01 lt Ut LAI) Mill Carlisle, Pa., Friday, October 6, 1865.; in pertinence. If they are to be admit ted as new States they must form their nwn constitution ; and an enabling act could dictate its terms. Congress could pre scribe the qualifications of voters while a Territory, or when proceeding to,ca r ll a convention to form a State government. That is the extent of the power of Con gress over the elective franchise, whether in a territor;al or State condition. The President has not even this or any other power to meddle in the subject, except by anviee to-Congress—and they on ter ritories. Congress, to be sure, has some sort of compulsory power by refus ng the States admission until they shall have complied with its wishes over this sub ject. Whether those who have fought our battles should all be allowed to vote, or only those of a paler hue, I leave to be discussed in the future when Congress can take legitimate cognizance of it. If capital punishment of the most guil ty are deemed essential as examples, we have seen that, on 01,0 theory, none of them can be convicted on fair trials—the complicity of the triers would defeat it. Rut, as 11 conquered enemy, they could not escape. ',their 'trials would take place by court.martials. Ido nut think they could thus be tried for treason ; but they could be tried as belligerents, who had forfeited their lives,„according to the laws of war. By the strict rights of war, as anciently tYracticed, the- victor held the lives, the liberty and the property of the vanquished at his disposal The taking of the life, or reduction to bondage of the captives, has long ceased to be practised in case of ordinary wars; but the al's' ram right—the suin m jus---is still r, cog nized in exeep ional eases where the cause of the war, or the eliaitteter of the Lel crew, or the safety of the victors justify its exercise. The same thing may R said of the seizure of property of land lialleck (175) says sonic modern writers Iluutefeuillc, for example—cunt: ads fur the ancient rule, that private proper ty on land may be subject to seizure. They are undoubtedly correct, with re gard to the general abstract right, as de duced from the law of nature and ancient practice." Vaud says: "Whenf there fore, he has subdued a hostile nation, he undeniable may, in the first place, do him self justice respecting the object which' has given rise to the war, and h fiir the expenses 0101 010ma0/rs which he line sustained by it." And at page 369 : "A conqueror,. who has taken up arms not only against the sovereign but against the nation herself, and whose intention it was to subdue a fierce and savage people, anu once for all to reduce an obstinate enemy, such a conqueror way, with justice, lay burdens on the conquer ed nation, both as a compensation for the expenses of the war, and as a punishtnent." I mu happy to believe that the Govern ment has come to this conclusion. I can not otherwise see how Capt. \Verze can be tried by a Court Martial at Washing ton for acts done by hitu at Anderson ville. Ile was in no way connected with our military organization, nor did he as a citizen connect himself with our . Army so as to bring his case within any of the Acts of Congress. If' he committed inur der in Georgia, and Georgia was a State in the Union, then he should be tried ac cording to her laws. Th r General Gov ernment has no jurisdiction over such crime, and the trial and exemttion of this wretch by a United States Military Court would be illegal But if' ho was officer of a belligerent enemy, making war as an independent people, now being conquer ed, it is competent, holdi, g them as a conquered foe, to try him for doing acts contrary to the laws of war, and if found guilty to execute or otherwise punish him. As I am sure the loyal man at the head of the Government will not involve the nation in illegal acts and thus set a pre cedent injurious to our national charac ter, I am glad to believe that hereafter we shall treat the enemy as conquered, and remit their condition and reconstruc tion to the sovereign power of the nation. In short, all writers agree that the vic tor may inflict punishment upon the van quished enemy even to the' taking of his life, liberty, or the confiscation of all his property; but that this extreme right is never exercised except upon a cruel, bar barous, obstinate, or dangerous foe who has waged an unjust war. Upon the character of the belligerent, -and the-justice--of-the-war,-and -the man; ner of conducting it, depends our right to take the lives, liberty and property of the belligerent. This war had its origin in treason without doe spark of justice. It wee prosecuted before notice of it, by robbing our forts and armories, and our navy yards; by stealing our money friim the 'mints' and depOsitories, and by Bur rondhrltig our forts and navies by perjur-. eia who had sworn Co suppert.the Coned tution. In its progress our prisoners; by the authority of their government were slaughtered in cold blood. Ask Fort Pillow and Port Wagner. Sixty thous and of our prisoners bate been deliber ately starved td death because - .they would -not enlist in the rebel armies. The graves ,at Andersonvillt3 have each -an accusing • • tonne. The purpose and avowed object of. the enemy PO found-andeMpiri3 who - se, corner stone 3 !Maid be slaverY," renders, ' its imrpetuity or revival dangeebus man liberty. . . „ Surely, these thing's are sufficient to justify the exercise of the extreme rights of war—" to execute, to imprison, to con fiscate How many captive enemies it would be proper to execute, as an exam ple to nations, I leave others to judge.--• I am not fond of sanguinary punishments, but surely some victims must propitiate the niunes of our starved, murdered, slaughtered martyrs. A court martial could do justice according to law. But we propose to confiscate all the es tate of every rebel belligerent whose es tate was worth moo, or Whose land exceeded two hundred acres in quantity. Policy if sot jusiice would require that the poor, the ignorant, and the coerced should be forgiven. They followed the example and teachings of 'their wealthy and intelligent.ncighbora. The rebellion would never have originated with them. Fortunately those who would thus escape, form a large majority of the people, though possessing but a small portion of the wealth. The proportion of those exempt compared with the punished would be I believe about nine-tenths. . 'I here ate about six millions of freemen in the Sou.ll The 'number of acres of land is -105 000.000 Of this those who own above two hundred acres each (num ber about 70 000 persons, holding in the aggregate (together with the State) about 31)4 000 000 acres lenvit , for all the oth ers below -00 'each, about 71,000,000 of acres. By thus forfeiting the estates of the leading rebels, the Government would have 894.001.000 of acres, he. , •ide their tiwa property, and yet, nine tenths of the people would remain untouched. Divide this land into convenient farms (live, if you please, forty acres to each adult male freedmen. 'Suppose there are one million of them. That would require 40,000 000 of ac 4 ~ 1, which deducted hole ,304 000 000 leaves three hundred and fifty lour millions of acres for sale. Di vide it into suitable farms and. sell it to the highest bidders. I think it, inclu ding town property, would average at lea t ten dollars per acre That would Produce $ 3 ,5-10 000 000—three billions live hundred and f,rty millions of dollars. Let that be applied as follows to wit : 1. Invest V 00,000,000 in si.t per cent government bonds, and add the interest semi-annually to the pensions of those who have become entitled by this villain- Otis war 9 Appropriate 8200 1)0() 000 to pay the damages done to loyal men, North and S.utit, by the rebellion. 3. Pay the residue, being 83,040.000,- 000 towards the payment of the Nation al debt. What loyal man can object to this:'— Look around you, and everywhere behold your neighbors, some with an arm, some with a leg, some with an eye, carried away by rebel bullets. Others horribly mutilated in every form. And yet nu meroMs others wearing the weeds which mark the death of those on whom they leaned for support. Contemplate these monuments of rebel perfidy, and of patri otic suffering, and then say if too much is asked for our valiant soldiers. Look again, and see loyal men reduced to poverty by the confiscations by the Con federate States, and by the Rebel States —see Union men robiwi of their proper ty, and their dwellings laid in ashes by rebel raiders ; and say if too much is ask ed of them But above all, let us inquire whether imperative duty to the presont generation and to pos'erity does not com mand us to compel the wicked enemy to pay the expenses of this unjust war. In ordinary transaction he who raises a false, clamor and prosecutes an unfounded suit, is adjudged to pay the cots on his de feat. We have seen, that, by the law of nations, ..he vanquished in an unjust war must. pay the expense., Our mit,r debt is tram three to four bil lions of dollars. In my judgment, when all is funded and the pensions capitaliz ed, it will reach wore than four billions The interest at 6 per cent, only (now much more 8240,000,000 The ordinary expenses of our Government are 120,000,04:1 For seine years the extraordinary expanses of our army and navy will be 110,000,000 Four hundred and seventy millions to be raised by taxation--our present heavy taxes will not, in ordinary years, produce but little more than half hat sum. Can our people bear double their present taxa tion?"' lie NV lio unnecessarily causes it will be accursed from-generation to gen- - oration, . It is fashionable to belittle our public fiebt, lest the people should become alarmed, and political .parties should suf fer. I hove never found it wise to de ceive the people.. They can'always be trusted with the truth. Capitalists will net be effected, for they cannot be de ceived Confide in the people,., and you will avoid repudiation. DeoeiVe them, and lead them into false measures, and you-may produce it.-- - - - - We pity the poor Englishmen whose national debt, and burdensome taxation. we have, heard deplored from our child: The debt of Great Briton is just about as muck.as ours, ($4,,000 000, four billions: But in effect it" is but half a's large--it .bearsbut - three per cent. inter est. The current year the chancellor of the expbegner tells you, the interest was ,$131,fi00,090.. Ours when all shall be funded / will be nonrly double. L I IUIL+ The plan We have proposed would pay at least three-fourths of our debt. The balance could be managed with our prasent taxation- And yet to think that even that is to be per petual is sickening. If it is to be doubled, as it must he, if "restoration" instead of "re construction" is to prevail, would to God the authors of it could see themselves as an execrating public and posterity will see them. Our new Doctors of National law, who hold that the "Confederate States' . were never out of the Union, but only insurgents and traitors, have . become wiser than Gro tus and Puflendorf and Rutherford and Vat tel, and all modern publicists down to llal leck and PhiMinoru. They all agree that such a state of things as has existed here fur four years is public war and constitutes the parties independent belligerents, subject to the same rules of war as the foreign nations engaged in open warfare. The leiuned and able Professor at Law in the Cambridge University, Theophilus Par sons, lately said in a public speech— "As we arc victorious in war we have a right to impose upon the defeated party any terms neZessary for our security. This right perfent. It is not only in itself obvious but it is asserted in every book on this sub ject, and is illustrated by all the wars of his tory. Tim rebels forced a war upon us; it was a lon uul cosily ijnd bloody war ; and now that vi;("ifkiii conquered them, we have all the rights which Victory confers.' The only argument of the Restorationist that the States could 110 t and did not go Mit Of the becauFl the ConAitution r chid , it. By the sumo reioioning you could prove that no crime ever exit. (I. No intin ever conimitt,(l murder for the law forbid.; it Ile is a simlioNV reit, MCI' \V 110 Clad(' inztke thoorr ovorrult. I've! ! I prefer to believe the ancient and mod ern publici,t.s, and Lie learned Piole,,orh legal ,cieneo to the .extempori,ed doctrine., (11 . 11),,d0111 Sckdi,ts I as it, iiiiw privirly t., IA pundit of I lint.schind Inform 11112 in what th, laW , art; ; that upon alai tLcury n,,t a Slab h has la.vn li . ht•rated ; not a : -. %lavc luvc has abr.gat..tl; but on th,. 0,(1,1 , in 1 , - Shivcry pr“tr,t,•(l by „Hl' Ck , ll,iillitl,lll in r eery State in Lino Unhoi where it exited. bile they remained en der that protection no p,, wee in the Federal Government could aboli,h Slavery. IC. however, the ConrOerate States were ad= mated to be what they claimed, an inde pendent belligerent dr judo, then the war broke all treaties, compacts and ties butwern the curios , and Slavery was left, to its rights under the law of nations. Thew right, were none ;• fur that law declares: that can hull no pn.perty in Man. " (111.111111,,re, page 31ii.) 'Then the la w, of war enabled us to declare every bondman free, so long a, wi• 10.13 them in military pos-iession. Anil t_aingrei,s, may tie elare them forever emancipated. 13tit if the States tire iiState,i in the Uni011,"1.11011 WllOll war cethw, they resume their positions With all their privileges untouched. There can Le no "mutilated — restoration. That would la the work of Congress, alone, and would be "Reconstruction." While I hear it said everwhore that slavery is dead, I cannot learn who killed it. No thoughtful man has prett, , nded that Lincoln's proclamation, so noble in senti ment, liberated a s mile slave. It expressly excluded frotn its operation all those within our lines. No slave within any part of the rebel States in our possession, or in Tennes see, but only those beyond our limit, and beyond our power were declared free. So Gen. Smith conquered Canada by a Focht intaion I The President did not pretend to rogate the slave laws of any of the States. " Ilestoration," therefore, will leave the [llion as It was"—a hideous idea. 1 ani aura that a very al le and patriotit! gentle man, and learned historian, Mr. Bancroft, has att meted to place their freedom on dif ferent grounds. HO says, What is undoubt edly true, that the proclamation of freedom did rot free a slave. But he liberates the on feudal principles. Under the feudal sys tem, when a king conquered his enemy, he parceled out his lands and conquered sub ject,.4 Jul - long his chief' retain era; the lands lint] serfs were held on condition of fealty and rendering military service when required._ If the subordinate chief rebelled, lie broke the condition on which lie held them, and ho lands and serfs became forfeited to the lord paramount. But it did nut free the serfs. They, With the manors, were bestow ed on other favorites. But the analogy fails in another important respect. The Ameri can slavoholder does not hold, by virtue of any grant from any lord paramount—lest-of all by a grant from the General Govern ment, Slavery exists by no law of the Union, but simply by local laws, by the laws of the States. Rebellion against the National au thority is a breach of no condition of their tenure." It were more analogous to say that rebellion against a State under whose lauls they held, might work a forfeiture. But rebellion. against neither government would per se have any such effect. On whom would the lord paramount again bestow the . slaves? The theory is plausible, but has no solid foundation. The President says to the rebel States ; Before you can participtc in the govern ment you must-aboliTh slavery and reform your election laws." That is the command of a conqueror. That is Reconstruction, not Restoration—Reconstruction, too,. by assum ing the power of Congress. This theory will lend to r melancholy results. Nor can the censtatuthmalaniendmeht abolishing slavery ever be retitled by three-fourths of the States, if they are States 6) he counted.. Bogus Con ventions of those States may veto for it. But no Convention, honestly and. fairly elected, Will ever do it. The frauds will not per _maneetly avail.. The cause of Liberty m ust rest on a firmer basis. Counterfeit govern ments, like the Virginia, Louisiana, Ten nessee, Mississippi and Arkansas pretenses will be disregarded by the sober sense of the $470,000,000 people, by future laly, and by the courts. " Restoration" is replanting seeds of rebel lion, which within - the next quarter of acon, tury, will germinate and lirecluce the same. bloody strife. which blia.„Just ended. ' But, it is said, ,bithpan:who have more Bytnptithy:with rebel vitro:4:ll'o children than, for' the widows and: orphit'ns'of 14111 men;,;' that this stripping the rebels of. their,,petaten, TERMS:--$2,00 in Advanaeoir $2,50 within the year and driving them to exile or to honest labor, would be harsh and severe upon innocent women and children. It may be so; but that is the result of the necessary laws of war. But it is revolutionary, say they. This plan would, no doubt, work a radical reorganiza tion in Southern institutions, habits and manners, It is intended to revolutionize their principles and feelings. This may startle feeble minds and shake weak nerves. So do all great improvements in the political and moral world. It requires a heavy im petus to drive forward a sluggish people.— When it was first proposed to free the slaves, and arm the blacks, did not half the nation tremble ? The prim conservatives, the snobs, and the male waiting-Inaids in Congress, were in hysterics. T .e whole fabric of Southern society must be changed, and never can it be done if this opportunity is lost. IVithout this, the Gov ernment can never be, as it never has been, a true Republic. Heretoiore, it had more the features of aristocracy than of deMoera ey. The Southern States have been despot isms, not governments of the people. It is impossible that any practical equality of rights min exist tt here a few thousand men mono polize the wholii landed property. The larger the number of small proprietors the more safe and stable the government. As the landed interest must govern, the more it is übd ivicled and held by independent owners, the better. What would be the condition of the State of New York it' it were out for her independent yeomanry? She .would be uver whelnied anddetnoraiized by the Jews„lli lesians and vagabonds of licentious cities.— Row can republican institutions, freeschook, lice churches, free social intercourse exist in a mingled community of tlithot t , and serf. ; of the owners of twenty thousand acre - urn with palaces, and the occupants of narrow hu.s inhabited by How white tra-M.''' I' the south t, ever t,, 1,0 Nint' a ~ . 111. , 1 1:I.- 1 , 11 blic, net her lands be cultivated by the toil of the nei:i or the lie, lalair t (•it.zens. mit,t ..1 , 011,. Liven though it drive her nobility into extir. If they go, all the better. It kill be hard to iier , undo dm owner of ten thoii•an,l acres of land, who drives alit! Mr, rut by Attitt_ at the 5111110 table, or in the gone pew, with th, utter no l and had-handed far mer who cultivated his own thriving, lionie-teatl of 150 iteres. the lands will yield ten bales of cotton to one dolt is 11111(111 now, and lie who produced it will own it, and feel a It is far easier and more benetkial to exile 70,0..0 proud, bloated and defiant rebels, than to expatriate Gun• millions of laborers, native to the soil and loyal to the government.— This latter scheme was a favorite plan of the with which they had for a while in oculated our late sainted President. But, a single experiment made 'lnn discard it and its itdri,tirs. bmce t have mentioned the Blairs, I may say a word more of those per sistent apologists of the South. For,, when the virus of Shivery has once entered the veins of the slave-holder, no subsequent ef fort seems capahlo of wholly eradicating it. They are a family of considerable power, some merit, of admirable audacity, and ex ocrAble &elfishness; with impetuous alacrity they seize the White blouse, and hold pos session of it, as in the late Administration, until shal«m oaf by the overpowering force of public indignation. Their pernicious course had well nigh defeated the re-election of Ab raham Lincoln; end if it should pri2vail with the present Administration, pars and patri otic a; President Johnson is admitted io be, it will render him the intrst unpopular Es ecutive CV Cr occupied the Presidential chair. But there is no fear plat. lie will ,00n say, as Mr. Lincoln did: " YOUR TIME lIAS CoME!" This remodeling the institutions, and re forming the rooted, habits of a proud aristoc racy, is undoubtedly a formidable task ; requiring the broad mind r'if enlarged states manship, and the firm nerve of the hero.— But will not this mighty occasion produce— will not the God of Liberty and order give us such men ? Will not a Romulus, a Ly curgus, a Charleinaghe, a Washington arise. whosii'expitnsive views will found IL freeem- e, to endure till time .5 hull be no more? Thi6 doctrine of rci-toration shocks me.— 'e hare a duty to perforin which our lath- ers were ineapableof, which will be required at our. hands by Gud and our Country.— When our ancestors fo.ind a " more perfect Union" necessary, they found it impossible to agree upon a Constitution without toler ating, nay, guaran teui lig Slavery. They were obliged to acquiesce, trusting to time to work speedy cure, in which they were disap pointed. They had sonic excuse, some justi fication. But we can have none, if we do not thoroughly eradicate Slavery and render it forever impossible in tbis_ropublic. Tim Slave power made war upon the nation.— They declared the " more perfect Union" dissolved. Solemnly declared themselves a forZign nation, alien to this republic; for four years wore in fact what they claimed to be. We accepted the war which they ten dered and treated them as a government capable of anklting war. We have conquered thorn, andns a conquered enemy we can give thorn laws; can unolish all their municipal institutions and--form now-ones: If we do not make those institutions fit to last through generations - of free - meni - a - heavy-curse , will be on us. Our glorious, but tainted republic has been born to nevilife through bloody, agonizing pans. But this frightful ""Resto 'ration" haa*Uivn it into 'cold obstruction, and to delta!: If the Rebel States have "'ever been out of the Union, any attempt to rolorm their State institutions, either hyena geeis or tho President, is rank-usurpation. Is then all lost.? Is this great conquest to bo in vain? ,Thatwill depend upon the vir tue and intelligeneo of tile next congress.;-- To congress alone belongs the powor of Re construction—of giving law to the vanquish ed. This is expressly decided by the Supremo Court of the -United States in the Dorr CllBO, 7th Howard, 42. Tho. Court say, " Under this Article:of the- Constitution (the 4th) it reste...with .Congross. to clecido what govern ment. is -the estabtishocl ono- in a-State,-fof the United ;States guarantees to:each tt-ro _publican form of- government," -etcetera.— But wo knotv how' diffteult it-is for _a:major ity Conross - to .overcome preconceived I3esitlos, - . before ,:oongross moots, thinga_.will be izynigurt,Ltail-4pivoipitatcfc.l, it will still be merefifficult to correet:::lf tt - major it3r 4 o f rtYng firm enough to declare the Corifederille States a conquered enemy, Re-construction will be easy and legitimatiN and the friends of freedom will long rule in.tbo Councils of the Nation, If Restoiation prevails, the prospect is gloomy, and "'new, Lords will make new laws." Tho Union party will be overwhelmed. The ,Copperhead pithy has become extinct with Secession. But with Secession, it will revive. Under ,‘ Restore,- lion," every rebel State will send Rebels to Congress ; and they, with their allies in the North, will control Congress,- and occupy the White House. Then Restoration of Laws and ancient Constitutions will be sure to fol low; our public debt will be repudiated or the .Rebel National debt will be added to ours, and the people be crushed beneath heavy burdens. Let us forget all parties, and build on the broad platform of " re-constructing " the Government out of the conquered territory; converted into new and free States, and ad mitted into the Union by thu sovereign pow er of Congress, with another plank,—'' THE PROPERTY OF THE REBELS SHALL PAY OUR NATIONAL DEBT, and indemnify freed-men NO. 40. 1(1 loyal sqrerer.q—and that. under no etc eumstanues will we suffer the National debt to be repudiated, or the interest scaled be low the contract rates; nor permit any part of the rebel debt to be assumed by the mi.- tfin . Let all who approve of these principles tarry with its. Let all o•hers so with Cop perheads and Rebels. Those will be the op posing parties. Young'"•men, this duty de volves on you. Would to God, if only for that, that I were still in the prime of life, that I might aid you to fight through this last and greatest battle of Freedom. A FEW PLAIN QUESTIONS. "NV hiell is the 1),:t eitizon—the white tnan who staid ut. home donne; the No elhoo, and gave his influence to —the South;" or tho black wan oho wont to the battle a-nd gave assi,tance to the government' Whieh i the toot loyal—the white man who by words ju , tified and abetted the re-, Bellini ; or the black nun who by deeds aid ed erti , hing it ? NVllieh is the ino4 worthy of belief in a court ot jii,lice—the white man who has vio lanai all his oath, for purpose, of treason ; or the black man who,. simple word alone, in behalf id . the cuts, of the Lniwi, la never been broken ? NVlneh i; the ninqttleservirn4 ,atr estn , nt and cnntidenve the white men who murder ed by niche, tlnw,and, 411 4111 r brave ill lilt. viii• ilt 84 . 110 1^1,11)(1,"1•1c.; inr the hint.* ninn xvin• nid,d and piloted them in theit•es caln• fr.un those vile pen NVld,h re neat nntitled to the ballot—Ow lute man .0) r tour year, b, dn ~tr.n'tlit• 4r:• Ilit• 1)1411 . k uutn who 11:1- 1 ,, t1;2,11t, iwr perlllll,llllll, L. 1,1.4.-4.1. v, it \VI' i, 111 ,, 1 PlltitiOd t' IL yoiro in f ram ina• ;tlicl adininktoring our law,—the whit° rzoter, etll•rsen lhtt and the thousands ithitt nn it, eqoally a , , h , loyal, w h o en deavored lo build a Soothero Contecleracy upon the row, ot,the t • oato ; or the loyal Idael: nuui. Froll..nrll 1./oughts. and the thou- Itlat,:lt wen It, 'Opt], W 141,, NVI1111111•11 1 111 ,, 111'y 1111,1 tll ,l lr 111/t,d, dill all Hwy II ro , cryc that Union from do ,triwti4)ll ? NVliieli are nnr.l entitled to all the rights and privilege-. of C 01401 1 ,11111 the white broll2:1t death to many of our i111(1 laved 01112:3; or the Heck wh e ,e bulleis eitusetl many of tlio, white rebel, to bite the dust, anilitideil hurt •rrall~ in ri , toring peace to the country 1 Thi-e and direct tharthoy - riper( rii itip r n ti 7 l, conuu tit ; end the heart of oven Intiti Who k loyal to tho L....oVel'lllll , sit oid flag will reSpOlll.l to th , lll ( Eight million six hundred acres of coal fields, which make an extensive surrounding near Pittsburg, rate at an average depth-of eight feet, and are estimated to contain 53, 5 I GA )0,000 Lolls or curl, which, at two dol lar, per ton, wentld he worth $)07,03'2,80, 000 nr four thousand millions of national debt paid twenty-seven times, or a thous and years' gold and silver product of Cali fornia and Nevada, supposing their . )ield to be one hundred millions every year. This is plausibly quoted as a f.ict in itseirof great encouragement. Add to the sum given, gold, silver. iron, copper, lead, petroleum, &c., by the same pro_ess of education, and it would be in vain to calculate the result. In the nutty way our grain resources or man ufactures would ()myelitis, in the long run, the largest product of gold or silver. 'lies° ate our resources, but they are still onlY re sources proportionably as they were a hun dred years ago. What is ,lone (comprehend ing what is invented) is our grand wealth ; so that our first desideratum is labor, and not the coal mines. It is this we need to make what we have appal-tint. We may work our mines, and pay our debt in the same way—hy a WiSt• e •onmuy of lin once Cr niling to make bread and butter cheap, and to in vite population. It would be the height of absurdity to lay back on our dumb resour ces. Oar business is to work all our mines and pay all our debts as soon as possible.— Our great nine is human labor. HARD ON DEMOCRACY.—Harper's 'freckly, which was one or the stron4e:t defend rs of democracy before the rebellion, speaks thus harshly but truthfully of the corrupt thing: , The national prestige of the Deifiberatic name is gore. The name of Democracy is indissolubly associated with Treason, Rebel lion and Civil War. Under Democratic ascendency the Conspiracy was conceived and . matured. Under a Democratic Admin istration it ripened. By Democratic chiefs it was directed. By ,Democratic Conven tions it was declared triumphant. By Dem ocratic organs and orators, as far as they dare, the theories from which the rebellion sprung are still justified. The Democratic party has forced its best men from its ranks. It has prostituted a noble name to the basest purposes. At some _future time, that name may become again respectable, but for the present, the American people lite had quite enoug h of .01.) DomormiCy-. - Tue Lehigh Register of Tuesday last says During our absence from home last week, we travelled through a considerable portion of Bucks county, in which Col. Davis resides, and conversed with a number of ieturnod soldiers who served under him, and we. find that with but very few excep tions they will not support him at -the com ing election. So much for Col. Davispop ularity as a military man." The editor of the Register has observed correctly. There is no class of persons better qualified to judge-of -the merits-of the Democratic can didate of Auditor General than the Soldiers of Bucks county, and wo should be polled- lywilling to trust the election to their de cision. —Backs Co. lirtelligenbCr. THE WOMEH Or TILE SOUTH —Governor Brownlow thus speaks of the Southern wo men in his paper, the iCnoxville Whip: . 6 From the.comtnencoment of the rebell-" ion until .now, the devil and the women of the' South have boon the ablest allies the cause of^treason had in the field. The in fluence of the women, • backed up 'by his Satanic Majesty, fl fled the ranks of tho rebel armies, and gave ardor and endtirance to the hen-pecked men that entered the service. Southern women even petitioned the rebel Congress to enact the law of conscription', so as to force all in the service..' Through the influence which women had; thousands wore forced into the field, and thencti to them-.. graves, who never would have left amie. Playing ihto'tho hands of thifileviN'by Otis filling his faiths, they had his'apprOval all the time.. Wives ~.ave up,,theit_liabands, sisters their: brothers, and mothers sens--willirig, nay, anxiods to- immolate -'their lives to the:Malik:lt -Of War.' Men were willink7Mwetv?lofpesiiiin;-:readt , to dispense with the luxuriestg-,.table tot. 4 let i ready tollingg all their jevveliifhte the Confederate crucible; ready to; unkfirlfteiti solves for the cause, of the-devil! grid alfe' Qpnfederaey." '• . . „it 7a IZIZETI to be Developed
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