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The whole art op (tovernMent consists in the art of being honest. Jenerson.
i -
jOL. 10,
STRO UDSBURG, MONROE COUNTY, PA., THURSDAY, AUGUST 1, L850.
Na:- 4'
sr t
Published by Theodore Schocli.
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Beautiful Lines.
" The following beautiful lines, written by Benja
jnih F. Niles, of Philadelphia, were -sung by two
interesting daughters of Mr. Eberbach, during the
removal of the pall and placing the lid permanent
ly'on the coffin of General Taylor:
v Hie triumphs are over, he is gone to his rest,
To the throne of his Maker the home of the blest;1
How peaceful and calm he now rests on the bier, i
FJach heart droops in sadness, each eye sheds a tear; !
JFhe, Hero the Statesman the journey is done,
All. his cares are now o'ei; his last battle won ;
. How sweetly he rests from his sorrows and fears,
And leaves a proud nation in sadness and tears.
Oh ! bear him full gently disturb not his rest ;
j&id let the turf lightly be heaped on his breast,
,F;oroh! he was noble, and gentle, and kind;
vAnd was deep in the hearts of his people enshrined,
Lei the flag which he loved envelop his form,
Which often streamed oer him in the battle's fierce
storm !
Oh, calm let him rest with his deeds and his fame,
Andjialos of glory encircle his name.
, - From the Newark Daily Advertiser.
Geolcsy-r-Tlie Interior Heat of Hie
. Globe.
In speaking of some Geological lours a few
months since, we were led to make mention of the
.unstratified rocks, and of their origin by cooling
and solidifying from a previously healed and mel
ted condition. This sounds wonderful to all and
hence we now offer a concise view of the many
glasses of facts which illustrate the interior heal
of our planet.
I. The volcanoes. These are three hundred
in number, and they are situated on every side of
the globe. If we take a round ball, and with a
pencil mark on its outside 300 dot3, we will perceive
that the bail is very thickly dotted over. So
with our earth, on every side it is pierced with
some of these three hundred openings, and the
Jiery interior shines out most brilliantly ; often its
.molten contents are expelled to the terror of thou
sands of our fellowmen. This large, number of
volcanoes, their huge streams of lava, and the lofty
mountains they have thrown up all the interior
; heat. of our globe announce that the amount of
that heat is most intense, widely diffused and !
great beyond conception. .
II. Earthquakes .The cause of these are the
same as the cause of volcanoes. This we know,
for all their phenomena are the same. First, there
are strange, alarming noises from beneath then a j
quacking of the ground often risings and fallings
ofithe surface, like long waves of the sea then vi-
oleht rents in the solid earth then emissions of
flames, vapors, smoke and melted rocks. If after
few weeks all ceas.-s, and the natural calm fol-
lows, ihen we say there has been ah earthquake ;
but if the emission lasts a while-longer, then we
call it a volcano often men are in doubt whether
fo name it a short-hand -volcano or a prolonged j these other rocks have been of a burning nature
earthquake. There are every conceivable grada- turning chalk into marble, sandstone into quartz,
tion and intermixture among these phenomena, bituminous coal into anthracite, and slate into mi
and the interior heat of our planet in some-wayjea. Their texture is crystalline such as a mol-
produces bolh these classes of terrific wonders,
Permanent volcanoes are indeed thickly set around
the globe, but not in every district ; earthquakes,
however, occur In every region, and nence tney
reveal the great fact that the internal' heat of our
globe is glowing beneath every spof of ground
wherever we may tread.
'ill. Hot Springs. These also occur in every
country on Ihe globe. They abound most among
molmtains, because there the crust of the earth
Kalfbeen broken and elevated, ana" a more ready
escape for the internal heat has been formed.
Hence in the United States they boil up most nu
merously among the Alleghanles, the Ozark and
Rocky Mountain. In Europe they mostly rise out
of the Alps, the Pyrennees and the Appenines
although there as well as here, they often spring
up from level plains. It is the same in Asia, Af
rica, Oceanica, and both the Americas. They are
hottest when vplearioes are most active some
times reaching the boiling point, though in all ca
ses they must be greatly cooled by the waters and
the rocks near tha surface. The great numbers :
of these springs, and their universal diffusion, j
orova a1n i hp. hnrvarsalitv of the internal heat of,
- i
ouriglobe.
'Artesian Wells. These have,been bored
iaUlmoflt every country to 'the depth of many hun-
drSsffcet'for obtaining Sbpious stream. They
are'DUta few inches ;pide, tndja tube lei al) the
way down to prevent jth Iateralescap .of tb wa
ter. (This water which boifgjip).alway8 warm.)
At Wurtenburg in Germany, they .ar'c u&e3 to warm
the wattr which drives factories, an this prevents 1
1
tneir stopping by ice in winter. The same is the
case in Alsace and Stutgardt. In China they are
not Uncommon: And .every where the deeper
ihey are sunk, the warmer is the water they bring
up, and they furnish an additional proof of the u
niversality of the interior heat of our palnet.
V. Deep Mines. After descending about 40
feet the temperature of the earth remains the same
both in summer and winter, below that depth it be
comes warmer as we descend. This increase of
heat downwardly advances with perfect regularity
a little faster in some places, and a little slower
In others, but in all, without any exception, there
is an unvarying advance. On an average around
the globe this increase is one, degree of Fahren
heit for every 50 feet in depth. At the bottom of
the mines in Cornwall, the thermometer stands 88
degrees this is 1200 feet below the surface and
much warmer than summer weather there. We
can conceive of nothing calculated to stop this ad
vance of heat in the direction towards the centre
of the earth, and if it continues to increase accord
ing to the ascertained -average rate, then all
known substances must be in a melted condition
20 miles below the surfaced At this rate we must
cease wondering at the numerous earthquakes and
volcanoes, for the crust of the earth must be a
shell resting on a molten flood ! Earthly materi
als are non-conductors, and therefore this internal
heat cannot escape, or affect us at the surfaces.
In the same manner streams and pools of lava
become cooled and hardened on the surface, and
thus their heat is confined, and their interiors after
remain many years in a fluid stale.
VI. Fossil Remains of Plants and Animals.
These remains show that tropical plants and ani
mals in former geological eras flurished in the!
Polar regions. The ivory of the elephant is dug
up, and furnishes an important branch of industry
on the extteme Northern shores of Siberia, and
delicate corals of the present warm and mild o
ceaus, displayed their glories during former peri
ods in what is now ice-bound regions of the Arc
tic 'one. Thousands of facts like these from ev
ery department of animated nature, proclaim a for
mer high temperature in all high Northern latti
tudes, and this uprated temperature can be ac
counted for in no other way than from the influ
ences of the internal heat of the earth. It has
cooled gradually by radiation to its present slate,
and further sensible cooling is prevented by the
non-conducting crust in which it is enveloped.
VIT. Extinct Volcanoes. These by far out
number the present active ones. In North Amer
ica along the whole line of the Rocky Mountains,
and through the West Indies, they stand thickly !
as monuments of the past. Their craters are sym
metrically formed, and they exhibit the same lava
streams, though in a hardened slate, as those now
burning. In Germany along the Rhine, travellers
speak of "the castled crag of Drachenfels," the
Eipel, and many others presenting the same phe
nomena. The centre of France is studded with
them, especially about Clermont. Tn Italy the
town of Cumea founded a thousand years before
the Christian era, is built in the centre of an ex-
tinct volcano. There is a space of 60 miles in'
, , . .
lc"Bl" a"u "f. aijr auuu
craters, one of which is two miles in diameter. All
these with others in every quarter of the world,
should be joined with the 300 that are now burn
ing, if we wish to have the full proof of the fiery
wonders in the interior of our globe.
VIII. Igneous Bocks. By these are meant all
rocks that are not stratified, such as the granite,
sienite and trap. They exist . abundantly the
granite as we have before remarked forming the
gieat foundation rock around the whole globe !
The evidence that they have all had their origin
from a liquid fire, are complete. Their position is
beneath, or rising from beneath, the very region of
intense heat. Their shape shows a former liquid
condition having been ejected in veins, cracks
and crevices of other rocks. Their effects on
ten liquid naturally assumes in solidifying, Their
composition is identified with that which now
streams from volcanoes such as felspar, horn-
blend ana silica, me transition is graauai ana
perfect from modern lavas into all the varieties of
igneous rocks. And artificial experiments have
shown that these igneous rocks when melted by
great heat in furnaces, assumes on cooling in the
open air the same characteristics as lava, and it is
known that cooling under great pressure as in a
volcanic cone, and afterwards rent by earthquale
forcesand exposed to view presents the exact
form of trap. This latter fact is eshibitod on a
grand scale at Mount JEtna in the Val del Boye.
Here then we have a grand, and magnificent evi
dence of the interior heat of the globe the igne
ous rocks, entirely belting around pur planet, form
ing the foundation pf the earth, rising into lofty
mountain peaks and mountain chains, and yet all
having their birth from a former melted condition.
In this truth all geologists areagreed and confirmed.
The southern shores of that peninsular presents
. t ;t r I -f Mi:
similar appearances uotn oi, rising arm oi lamng.
Ancient temples standing on the shore have been
so far let down that the tops of lofty columns now
rise only a few feet above the water. This has
happened in the Bay of Baice, both to the temple
Lof Neptune, and the temple of the Nymphs. The
temple of Jupiter Serapis; on the coast of JN aples
was gradually lowri down Vneath the waves,
sd shell &sk attached Mky 9Sh
gorgeoi rfelt ijjlaranyagam .that sa
temple Wh W adjoining coast has sep so fen
tly raistd up that marble pillars 'are still standing
and the remains of the shell fish still attached, are
now elevated thirty feet above the level ol the sea.
In South America the coast of Chili for distances
of a hundred miles, has been seen to spring up
suddenly with tremendous commotion both of the
land and of the ocean. Harbors have been destroy
ed, the soundings rendred shallower, and a3 a
proof that the interior of the country rose still
higher, the streams and brooks showed an in
creased descent, and more violent rapids. The
most noted of the upheavals occurred so lately as
in the years 1833, '35 and 37.
Another class of proof of these risings and de
pressions, occurs in mines. The strata are bro
ken by a smooth crack, and on one side of this
cleft they are sometimes raised up or settled down
many feet, so that the beds of ore or coal come to
a sudden stop, and the miners with much difficul
ty are obliged to reach upward and downward to
find their continuations.
A still more stupendous class of evidences are
presented by both continents and all large islands ;
for without exception they have all-been repeat
edly submerged beneath the ocean. And as the
ocean cannot rise up above its universal level, the
continents must bodily have been lowered down.
And these astonishing undulations, both of rising
and falling, bespeak a fluid interior a heavy flu
id of molten rock on which the hardened surface
may float, and admit of being elevated and de
pressed. This external hardened shell would be
too large from time, as the interior cooled and
contracted, and hence like anaich, it would press
latterally against itself, rise up into mountains,
sink down into valleys and ocean beds, and be
come fractured : for with' so flat and thin an arch
it would not bear its weight.
X. The Specific Gravity of the Earth. By as
tronomy the earth can be weighed, and its density
ascertained. And its known density is not so great
as the presure of its materials resting one upon
another would naturally produce if these materials
were at the ordinary surface temperature. This
deficiency, of natural density is so enormous that
it bespeaks the continued operation of a great and
general cause a cause co-extensive with the
whole interior of the globe; and the only adequate
cause of which we have the best knowledge is this
interior heat. Heat expands all bodies and makes
them lighter in proportion to their bulk.
XI. The Shape of the Globe. This is nearly
round : it is some what depressed at the poles,
and raised up about the equator precisely in the
form which a fluid receives when whirled around.
It is the shape the present ocean takes having its
polic diameter 26 miles shorter than its equation
al diameter. And this peculiar form of the pre
sent solid parts of our globe, indicates a former
state of fluidity a fluid caused by natural interior
heat.
XII. The Nebular Theory of the Solar Sys
tem. This theory rests for its foundation not up
on nebular appearances properly so called, for
these by glasses may be resolved into1 stars, but
upon a multilude of facts in the constitution of the
solar system. The solar system is a single piece
of mechanism. Any one of its parts is incomplete
alone. It must be regarded as a unit. A single
Intelligencer, with one most simple design, has
called it into, being, and that by natural means.
Its whole structure corresponds with the nebular
theory of its origin. None other is conceivable.
Pucn a ieoryjs enureiy conservam wim au wie
known laws of matter: there is' not a single juc
c i .1 11 .1
not a single difficulty. The facts in ils favor can-
nol be given here they would occupy at least a
column, and ihey, in order to be distinct, should
stand alone. Moreover the natural condition of
matter as we chiefly behold it is fiery condition
The sun we must regard as a great ignited mass
so also the fixed stars. Some of the fixed stars
go oul they loose their brightness and shine no
more, like our earth. The mighty changes going
on among them should prepare us for our present
argument, uur sun, too, nas occasional spots
probably of solid material floating on its surface.
Some of them are 30,000 miles in diameter, and
occasionally they split and break into fragments
like a piece of ice. borne pnilosophers supposed
( that they were openings, in a shining envelope
through which the dark body of an obaque sun is
seen. Such openings might close up from the
sides, but could not present appearance of a split
ting breaking solid.
Thus while astronpmy teaches us that our earth
is a planet, and shines with reflected light like Ju
piter and Venus, geology by her doctrines of in
terior heat, leads us to suppose that it once shone
by its own native lustre, was a burning, glowing
glittering star. t).
Amusements iii Congress.
The latest and. most fashionable amusement
among the grave and revered members of the
House "of Representatives is wafer snapping! The
wafers used by Uncle Sam are white, and about
the size of a quarter, and every desk is abundantly
supplied with them. Held horizontally between
the thumb and finger of the left' hand, and skilfully
snapped by the right, they sail gracefully through
the air, describing all, sorts of parabolic curves un
til they come in contact with the eye, nose, cheek
or forehead, for which fate had predestined them.
To stand behind the bar of the House and look
over the heads of members during a dull speech
or a manoeuvre, the wafers flying in all directions
look like ah inverted snow-storm, with the flakes
going up instead of down. Several of the more
dignified members, whose probosces are uncere
moniously greeted by these wandering missiles,
have loudlv arid angrily protested against this Un
dignified and childish amusement; but the big boys
only laugh and snap their wafers in their faces the
more industriously.
This new species of national amusement is ra
ther costly not so much on account' of the ex
pense of the wafers, though that is some; but prin
cipally because of the high, price paid forthe time
of Congressmen at Wasbingtpn. Hbweyer,"when
the great men of' the nation are-engaged in snap
ping wafers,1 they are likely doing no other mis
chief.. () You may cure galls in- horses with perfect
ease, by the use pf wh'itfe
, There is at p$&jfi tree in Berks cpunty Pa.,
upVardV of one hujjo'.red years old. It still bears
fruit.
i :
i .... . : : : .
Wonderful Case.
In ihe July number of the American Journal
of Medical Sciences, we find a full accnunt of
one of the marvellous surgical cases cases of
tremendpus injury to the moat vital organ, fol
lowed by unexpected recovery and restoration
to perfect'heahh which every one feels' to be
so incredible per se a. to require the most ab
solute and overwhelming proof in every partic
ular before yielding belief.
"The times have been
That, when the brains were out the man would die."
By and by, we shall begin to believe it pos
sible for a man to live, and be wise and witty
too, without any brains at all ; a notion that
seems to be somewhat of a growing one in Con
gress and in some parts of the South, where it j
is quite evident that the emptiest heads are get
ting uppermost and carrying off all the honors
of disunion and disloyalty.
The case we allude to which occurred in
New England nearly two years ago, and was
then one of the nine day's wonders of the press
was that of a man who, by a premature explo
sion while blasting rocks, had a largo bar of
iron driven through his head clear thr.ougb,
traversing face and bram without being killed
on the epot, or indeed, seeming to be very un
usually harmed thereby. The Journal has a
full, complete, and' authentic history of the case
from the time when it occurred on the 13th of
September, 1848, up to January of the present
year, when the patient visited Boston, and was
examined by various medical bodies and dis
tinguished practiiiouers, including Dr. Henry
J Bidgelow, Professor of Surgery in .Harvard
University, by whom the description is contri
buted to the Journal. The paper includes the
official statements of Dr. Edward H. Willaims,
of Northfield, Vermont, who first saw the pa
tient, and Dr. J. M. Harlow, of Cavendish,
who attended him throughout the whole case ;
as well as certificates from Joseph Adams, a
Justice of the Peace, and the Rev. Joseph
Freeman, who were witnesses personally con
versant with the facts. It is altogether so ama
zing a case, so perfectly authenticated in all
particulars, and of an interest so far above all
mere technical or professional interest, that we
thhink we cannot do beflHthan condense its
leading features for the gratification of our rea
ders. The sufferer in the case, Phineas P. Gage,
a young man of twenty-five, "shrewd and in
telligent," a contractor or head workman on
the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, bad char
ged with gunpowder a hole drilled in the rock,
and directed his assistant to fill in the sand ;
supposing which done, he dropped his tamping
iron into the hole to drive the sand home. It
happened, however through some inadvertence,
that the sand had not been poured in ; and the
iron striking fire upon the rock:, the powder
was Inflamed and the accident produced by the
iron being blown out like a ramrod shot from
a gun. The tamping iron was a round rod
three feel seven inches in length, and an inch
and a quarter in diameter, tapering to a point at
the top, and weighing thirteen and a quarter
pounds. The whole of this immense weight
and lenth this bar or bludgeon of iron was
drivm, through Gage's face and brain, as "he
stoopTd over the hole, in the act of tamping the
sand. It struck him on the left cheek just be
hind and below the mouth, ascended into the
brain behind the left eye, passed from the skull,
which it shattered and raised, "like an inverted
funnel," for a distance of about two inches in
every direction around the wound, flew through
the air, and was picked up by the workmen,
"covered with blood and brains, several rods
behind where he stood. Gage, who was also
more Or lessscorched, was prostrated, apparently
less by the blow of the iron thane force of the
explosion. He fell on bis back, gave a few con
vulsive twitches of the extremities, but "spoke
in a few minutes." His men placed him in an
ox cart, in which he rode three quarters of a
mile to his lodging, sitting erect ; got out of
the cart himself, and with but little assistance ;
walked to the piazza and afterwards up stairs,
talking rationally to 'tne physicians and giving
them a clearer account of ihe accident than his
fiiends could ; occasionally vomiting up blood,
the effort of which caused haemorrhage from
the wound, with the actual loss of a considera
ble portion the substance of the brain. The
left eye was dull and glassy, but was sensible
to the impression of light. Gage bore his suf
ferings with heroic fortitude, telling Dr. Wil
liams, "here is business enough for you," and
expressing to Dr. Harlow the hope that " he
was not much hurt."
Of course, it forma no pari of our intention
to giro a detailed account of the treatment and
management of the case, which was not varied.
by any circumstances of interest to persons
not of the medical profession. We merely
note, generally, that, for the first ten days, eve
ry thing went on well, Gage being, with some
inierrals of natural delirium from fever, pretty
rational and hopeful; thai, at the close ofthu
period, he lost tho sight of the left eye, and lay
for a fortnight in a 8emicomatose"siaie, or par
tial stupor ; that he then began to improve in
body and mind ; was, within two months, walk
ing about in the street, in defiance of instruc
tions : suffered a relapse in conseqnence ; ana
finally, being reentered from this, was, in the
tenth week, free from pain and rapidly conva
lescing. The leading feature of this case," says
Prof. Biffttlnw, Hs its improbability A phy-
siciap who holds in his hands a crowbar, three
feet anxLa half long, and more than thirteen lbs.
in wSBrt. will not readily believe it has bean
djiven with a crash through the brain of a man
who is still able to walk off, talking with com
posure and equanimity of lha hola in his head."
Prof. Bj, who justly describes tha case as one
t perhaps unparalled in the annals of Kurgery,3'
says that he was "at first Wholly skeptical,"
but that he was personally convinced Mr.
Gage, as we said, visited Boston in January,
and was for some lime under the Professor
observation, who had hU head hhaved;antl a cast
taken 4 which, with the tamping ironj is now
deposited in the Museum of the Massachusetts
Medical College. At that time, the wounds
were perfectly healed, the only vestiges of the
accident being blindness and an unnatural
prominence of tho left eye, 'with paralysis of
the lids a scar on the cheek, and another on
the Skull showing the irregular elevation of a
piece of bone "about the size of ihb palm of tho
hand," and, behind it, an irregular and deep
hollaw several inches in length, beneath which
the pulsations of the brain were perceptible.
"Taking all the circumstances into considera
tion," says Ifrof. Bigelow, "it may be doubled
whether the present is not the most remarkable
history of injury to the brain which has ever
been recorded." This is unquestionably true ;
but considering the little real injury caused by
the passage of a tamping iron through Mr.
Gage's head, the wonder is that a pistol bullet
a buck-shot; or even a little needle can do
so much executfon on the heads of oiherpeo
ple. North American.
Human Equality.
Rothschild with all his wealth is forced to
content himself with the same sky as trie poor
newspaper writer, and the greater banker can
not order a ptivate sunset or add one ray to the
magnificence of the night. The same air
swells all lungs. The same kind of blood fills
all veins. Each one possesses, really, only
his own thoughts and -his own senses. Soul
and body these are the only property which
a man owns. All that is valuable in this world
is to be had for nothing. Genius, beauty, and
love are not bought and sold. You may buy a
rich bracelet, but not a well-turned arm on
which to wear it a pearl necklace, but not a
pearly throat with which it shall vie. The rich
est banker on earth would vainly offer a for
tune to be able to write a verse like Byron.
One comes into the world naked and goes out
naked. The diffence in the fineness of a bhofj,
linen lor a shroud is not much.
Tlie Bird and the Snake.
The Mobile Herald relates the following :
Two gentlemen of our acquaintance, of .unim
peachable veracity, witnessed a scene, the oth
er day, worth recording. They observed, at a
distance of some thirty feet from them, very
strange and unaccountable conduct on the' pari
of a bird, commonly called the "cow bird," re
sembling in color and shape the mocking bird
of this region, though somewhat smaller. On
watching it narrowly, they discovered that it
was engaged in a conflict with a snake soma
18 or 20 inches in length. In a few moments
the bird was victorious. It suddenly caught
the snake by the head, and, flying with it to an
old pine tree, succeeded, after a hard stuggle,
in fastening it to a pointed splinter, Thus pin
ioned, the snake was entirely helpless. The
bird watched it for a moment with apparently
the utmost complacency, and then continued its
repast, devouring within ten or fifteen minutes
three-fourths of the snake.
Assessment of School Tax.
The annexed letter from the Chief Clerk of
the State Department of Common Schools in
regard to the propper mode of assessing School
taxes, may be of service to the School Direc
tors in the different School districts. It was
written in reply to one asking for the official
construction of the law on this subject. We
And it in the Reading Journal.
Secretary's Office, Dep't of Common Schools,
Harrisburg, May 27, 1S50.
John S. Richards, Esq. Sir: Your let
ter of the 25th instant, enquiring what i the
proper construction of the 24th section of tho
act relating to Common Schools, passed 7th of
April, 1839,80 far as the assessment of School
taxes is concerned is now before mo. Although
there is some ambiguity in the section alluded
to, yet a careful examination of its language
and the terms used, will lead to the result in
tended by the legislature.
In levying the tax, it is the duly of the board
of directors in the first place, to assess upon all
offices and posts of profit, professions, trades,
and occupations, upon all single freeman above
the age of twenty-one years, who do not follow
any occupation.AXY sum which they might deem
proper and sufficient not exceeding tho amount as
sessed on the same for State and county pur
poses ; except, that the sum assessed on each,
(office or post of profit, profession, trade, occu
pation, and stngie freeman) shall in no case be
less than fifty cents.
Hating done this, they should in the seconS
place ascertain the balance of tax to be raised,
and apportitfn.it upon the property of thorfis
trict made taxable for State and county purpo
ses. Farming is not deemed an occupation,
as contemplated in the'School Law. .yf
Under the foregoing provisions, persons hold
ding office, &c, may be assessed more ihH
fifty cents, but never less. The properly is
liable to be assesed with the other property of
the district, for the balance pf tax to be raised,
after the first assessment shall have been com
pleted. In the foregoing, I have emphasised those
terms considered most aigificant in the section,
for the purpose pf leading the mind to a more
clear appreciation of their importance.
. Ve'ry Respectfully Yours, &c., for the Su
perintendent! 4
FRED. J- FNN, Chief Clerk!
'5
A Western editor announces that his better half,
had the previous day presented him with u a
twelfth little fa.sponsibilityVl and immediately
low makes the fgiiowinf appeal, whichtve hope,
was duly responded lo : " More subscriber want
ed at this office."