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VOL 8.
aaexswrxxxwa
Published by Xlicodoro SrJionli.
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JcfcrMiiiau He publican.
From the Lewisburg Chronicle.
Bradford County.
Some two or iliree years !ince, Miss Sedge
wick .gave a glowing picture, in one of ihe Mag
azines of ihe day, of her native county in Berk-.-ime.
May tine who claims not her gifted pen,
give a blight sketch of her own county of Brad
lord I There is not, indeed, ihe tragic inter
est connected nh the history of Bradford, that
iiL-luii" to Luzerne, and Miu.e of the other
comities of Pennsylvania, yet its early, remin
iscences are not devoid of interest. Probably
i litre, is no county in the State, or indeed the
Union, hut that has some circumstances in its
history that would excite interest were ihey
iwi recorded. Campbell has rendered the Val
Jey of Wyoming almost classic ground, and re
cently lis annals have been transferred to the
page of history, by one who has passed the
most of his days, from early youth far towards
Jtle's waning, within the precincts of the Val
ley Hon. Charles Miner.
There were Tories scattered along the Susr
quehanna, during the war of the Revolution, but
the first permanent settlement made in Brad
lord was in 1778, by emigrants from Wyoming,
and mostly by those who had passed through
the horrors of savage invasion, and chil strife.
. tii . . u . :ti f . i 7 ii .. . j
which had swept over that ill-fated Yalley, and
, ill i i ti .
ihere had learned endurance. J Ills settlement
, - . ,. . i- f a
was made in what is now the township of A -
ens, ihen known as " J mga .Point, and the
adiacent valley of Shesheouiti. Col. John
. . ...
Franklin, who is styled, in " Miner's History."
the " Hero of Wyoming." was oneif this balid
of emigrants. He resided upon a farm on the
eastern side of the Susquehanna, opposite
where the village of Athens now stands, where
he died some years since, at an advanced age.
The prominent part that he took in the strife
between the " Penuemites" and the "Yankees"
at Wyoming, led 10 his imprisonment, for two
jears, in Philadelphia, under the charge of high
treason. Where this settlement was made,
what is now Bradford, and the adjoining coun
t.es, including Luzerne, belonged to the town
of Westmoreland a township lhat embraced
uearJy if not quite as great an extent of territo
ry as the State of Connecticut, of which it was
an appendage-
Bradford is ono of .of.ihe northern tier of
counties iu Pennsylvania, and is bounded on
me east by Susquehanna and on the wei by
Tioga counties. The Susquehanna enUT it at
the New York line, and takes a southerly and
nearly a central course through the county.
t The Tioga or Chemung unites wnh.,u abou
ifour miles Bmlma half below the New ok line.
Tioga rises in the mountains west of Bradlord,
md after taking its course through Tioga conn
ty, it bends around through the Sa'e of New
York, receiving on its way the Cowaneqne,'
he Cauisteo, and the Conhdcton. On its way
ihfpugh Bradford ihe Susquehanna receives a
tributaries; on the east ihe Wysox and the Wy
alusiug and oil the west the Sugar and Tow,an
da, creeks. T.he Tovvanda and thy Lycoming
have their sources rery near each other, 111
Canton, the south-west fpvi'nship of the couri
y. The Lycoming, winds ayay Uirough ns
wild and rapid course to the Wesi Branch
he Towanda make Jts way to lhb Nnh
Branch of the Susauehanna. and uufieK vi
vu 01 tue .ousquenanua, a u u.ui.us rv
It twO miles below the borough of Towandi.
There is much scenery alonn 1 Ii l stream which
V -
Js wildly beautiful. There are ledges f roclis
Jilong. its banks which would strike av jiersoti.
acctituuied only to the, prajnes of the Weft,
with awe and wonder. , ,
Athens is much ihe oldest village1 in the
-county, although it is not a pface: of na,r ihe
jiopulaiion or Justness of Towanda, jl'lie fi
, canon of the village, and the nceiiey of Jhe
'whtde valley, is very beautiful. This valffy,
w'hich dooks when- in'its qmi sunfrntfr itfeautv,
as if the angel of peace had eer folde)! it's
wings over ii.iwas the rendezvous of tlm a.rriiy
sent under the command of Geii. SilliivauViutO
ihe heart of ihe Indian counir.y, .dwring, j.he.
mmier of 4779, to endeavor, to ensure, Safety
toltMir frrmtter.. . , ;
SulliVanwith part .of.yheXrray!rlt.i.r)bfjip ijr
ihn expedition, was detacb4 &)' 'be way of
The wholeart
STBfoUDSBukG,
the Delaware to Wyoming, whence he ascen
ded the river to Tioga Point. Here Ji'o arrived
on tht llth of August, and encamped, awaiting
a reinforcement which arrived on the 22 under
Ihe com'maud of Gen. Clinloru Sullivan now
numbered nearly five thousand menquite a
formidable army for the object to which it was
destined. A fort was erected in what is now
the Southern pah of the village of Athens,
which was garrisoned frfr the protection of
tores for the army on its return, and was de
signed also as a rendezvous to send those who
were wounded or who sickened by the way.
On the 30th of Sentember. the armv rpmrnpil
i ' j
to Tioga, and on the 3d of October took its de
parture down the Su.quehauna to Wyoming,
attd thence to Easton. Before the army left
Tioga, ihe Susquehanna became so low as to
render the boats useless which had conveyed
the artillery thither, and as it was impossible
for them to remove it further, it was sunk in
;he river. This was done secretly, and per
haps the spot where it lies is not now' known
to any person living. The successful result of
Sullivan's expedition is known to all. Its de
vastating policy seems to us hardly consistent
with humanity hut it received the sanction of
Washington, and was the only .way to preserve
the frontier from a recurrence Of ihe horrors of
Cherry Valley and Wyomirt"
In J789, a treaty was held at Athens, be
tween the whiles and several Indian tribes, in
relation io ina-acres which had b'eerl commit
ted. upon the Weal Branch after 'the declaration
of peace. Col. Pickering was the commission
er of the whites ; "and the celebrated chief of
Senecas, Red Jacket,. was the principal Indian
orator. The treaty terminated amicably, but
the murderers were.not Brought to justice until
a la'er period. As "the settlements increased,
ihe Indians drew away to the West, where
their hunting grounds might be undisturbed by
the foot of ihe while man ; but. they must ha
turned with sorrowing memories to that lovely;
valley, and their fathers' graves in the grove
of oaks'upon the bank of the Tioga;
The valley ofSheshequin was the birthplace
of the potess, Julia H. Scott, whose early de
cease has been so much lamented. Her grave
is be.-ide her " native river," in the place lhat
was the home of her married life Towarida.
Her friencb were looking forward with hope to
' nut iuiuic ineidiy udiuei, vrueu iiui nisi wuiii,
... . i , , ,, .
; andat that time her only child; was suddenly
j , . . , , . ' .. .
taken from her by death, hver after: lt'seeraed
! , , - , ' ,
, , , ., 7
1 111 iif wan 1 : if 1 in rpc in ni n a r k np 1 iiprt
u she was laid to rest in its darkn'ess. There
are many legends from her, pe,n to throw a ro
mantic interest around her own loired " river of
the hills."
Mrs. M. St. Leon Loud has given Jegendary
interest 10 ihe valley of ihe Wysox, or Wysau
ken. as it was. Called at an early day.. The
hut of Fernslaer, the 44 Hermit of the Wysau
ken," stood, when the first settler came into
the country, upon the spot where afterwards
rose her paternal home.
The township of Asylum, in ihe lower part
of the county, W.as so named from the circumstance
of its becoming1 the home of a colony of refugees,
who .fled from tlie horrors of Jhe French Revolu
tion. Somejof them were nobles of high rank.
Most of them returned to France as soon as they
could do so with safety. The present Surveyor
General of our Commonweath, is the son of one of
the. French emigrants who remained in the-township
of Asylum., .
Towanda, the county town of Bradford, is situ
ated upon the western side of the Susquehanna,
a"hd near the centre of the county. It is a flour
ishing town, and a place of much business.' The
village of H joy in the western part of the county
Is also a place of considerable business.
Bradford isla good agricultural county. The
valleys of the Susquehanna, and, its tributary
streams, are fertile, and the uplands, too, are a
vafiable for tillage, and amply remunerate their
cultivators. Lutiiber is one of the staples of the
county. During a rise of water, especially at the
lime of the. spring floods, the Susquehanna is al
most literally covered with arks and rafts seeking
a market at the lower towns upon the river, or
n'nilititc in It t mnro r t 1-5 1 1 o I ol nl i ti fPhocJ
come from every navigable stream tributary to the
Susquehanna. The lumbering business is one of
'much risk and danger,' and requires and developes
much .hardihood of character in those who pursue
it. ,Sqme of the townships west of the river, in the
northern part of the county, have larce settlements
oMrish, who came into the county as laborers on
our ill-fated canal. They have purchased small
, rrtie 0fi hnvp hponn iri oriibpr arnnh'd tbpm tin
the
' -fl r nprmnnfint nnd ihdpripnrtant home
I MIIIIUI lij W " " " " I- -- -"-
Thb'v are generally destitute 01 education, out
seem Jesirous that their children should haye an
opportunti;'' of acquiring tin's iilessing which has
been denied Jo thdm. Much mineral wealth, has
been developed iti the lower part of ihe county,
-. . . ' . 1 . 1 1 1 . :
and
ind. it is supposed that nearly all our mountains
contain coal and iron, uur mounmm scenery i&
beaitiful--oftengtandly o. These mountain ran
ges skirt the river on either side, sometimes bend
fhg" arouiid valleys, and ag&in' corning abruptly
noon the river, for rams those Narrows which are
:ofteri so .alarming to the unaccustomed traveler ;
' i t j
overhu.ng as .they generally arepy ledges 01 rocus,
and-with a high and precipitous descent to the
river.
The Nrth Branch Canal, upon w;hich so much
half completed work is left to go to destruction,
was designed to' terminate at Athens, three miles
below the New Y6r lihe. The-dam across the
t; .WriTnidtipH sAvp.Fal vears atro. and was
8t-ppo8i o be well built, until one night, becom-
ok Government consists in the art being
MONROE COUNTY, PA., THURSDAY, JUNE'-15;;1848.
ing weary of waiting for the completion of the ca
nal, or from some other cause, it moved off down
the 'river.
I will say no more of rhy favorite, county, ex
cept that its name was in honor of an early Attor
ney General of this Commonwealth, a gentleman
of superior talents and acquirements.and one.who
was favored with the personal friendship of Wash
ington. R. K. W.
Athens, Pa. t k '
From filakeW Family .Encyclopedia.
, Fixed Stars. '
The universe,' so far as human observation
has extended, consists of infinite or boundless
space, in which are numberless fixed stars, of
the nature, bulk and properties of the sun but
because they afre at such immense distance
from the earth, they appear to our eyes only
as so many beautiful shining points. They are
called fixed stars because they do not change,
like ;he. planets, their relative position ; and
they are distinguished from the planet's by their
twinkling light.
! It is supposed that the fixed stars have pri
mary and secondary pjaneis reviving round
ihem as ihe planets of our system revolve round
the sun. Were5 The sun as far from us as these
stars are', it would doubtless appear as they now!
do. It is certain that they' do 'not reflect the
sun's light as do the planets1, for their distance
is so great, thai they would nut, in that case,
be Visible.
All the fixed stars, with the exception of the
polar or north star, notwithstanding they do not
change their relative position, appear to have a
motion like the sun and moon, rising in the east,
increasing in altitude until they approach the
meridian, and declining to the western horizon,
where they disappear. This apparent motion
fs caused bythe revolution of the earth on' its
axis from w'fcst to east.
The immovable appearance of the polar star
is occasioned by the axis of ihe edirih pointing
directly to it. lis elevation above the horizon
of any place is alwaj's equal to the latitude of
.1 i . ir- . 1 . . ...i
mat piace, or its nearest utsiance to tne equa
tor. '
The number of fixed stars visible to the na
ked eye, iti either hemisphere, ismoi more than
a thousand. They seem indeed to be innumet'
able, when, iu a clear winter's evening, we
turn our eyes towards the heavens. But by
looking attentively, we shall find thai most df
those bright spots, which appeared 10 lie star.
vanish from our view. This illusion is owing
10 the twinkling light with which the fixed
siars are seen ; and, to our viewirm them "con-
fusedly, and not reducing them-io any order;
By the the aid of a telescope we are enabled
discover myriads of stars, which were before
invisible to the unassisted eye; and, as we in
crease the power df ihe instrument, more aiid
more sliars are brought into viewj so thaC the
number may be considered infinite. Dr. Her-
schel was enabled, in one quarter of an hour,
to count one hundred and sixteen thousand.
which passed through" the space' embraced by
hii powerful glass.
Many stars, which 10 an observer unaided
by instruments appear single, are found, on be
ing examined by a telescope, 10 consist of two,
and sometimes of three or more stars. Dr.
Herschel discovered four hundred of ihis de-
scripfion. lther asirjiiomers have discovered
a much greater number.
Upon viewing the heavens on a clar night
we discover a pale irregular light, au'd'a num-
bef of stars whose mingled rays form the lu
minous tract called th'etiilky way. The
stars themselves are at too great a distance 10
be perceived by the naked eye ; and among
those which are visible with a good telescope
there are spaces apparently filled with others
in immense numbers. Many whitish spots or
tracts, called nebulas, are visible iu different
parts of the heavens, which are supposed to be
milky way at an inconceivable distauc'e.
The magnitudes of 'the fixrAl siars appear to
be different from one another, which differeh'ce
may arise either from a diversity m their real
magnitudes, or distances ; or from birth these
causes acting together. The difference fn the
apparent magnitude 'of the stars is such as' to
admit of their being divided jnio six classes,
The largest are called stars of ijie first magni
tude, and the least which are visible to the na
ked eye, stars of the sixth magnitude! Stars
that cannot beseeh without the help of glasses
are called telescopic siars.
Somesrars are subject to periodical variations
in apparent magnitude ; at one time being at
ihe second or third, and at another, nf the fifth
o.r. sixth. Some have alternately been noticed
to appear and disappear ; being visible for sev
eral mouths, and again invisible. Several stars
mentioned by ancient astronomers, are not flow
to be found; and some are now observed,, which
are not mentioned in the ajtcieut catalogues.
It is conjectured that ihe fixed stars are at
such ail immense distance, that light, uhich
moves at the rale of IOQ.000 miles per -second,
would-be nearly, one ygarj&urjja quarter 'in pas
sing from J he nearest, fixed star to.ijip eariji ;
and a cannon ball discharged frnjna- 24 pouri
der with a velocity of' j 9 mi)es,aminuu would,
be 760,000 year
pacing, fouuta pearesi.siar
V at be fate of 13 tinlc. .a
Sound,, wjitch move
t 1 !
HoNESTjJefTersoii. '
f . . - -
minute, would bo ahtiut 1,128,000 years in pas
sing ibrotigh ihe same space.
Dr Herschel has calculated that tlie distance
of the, remotest nebulae, exceeds that of the
nearest fixed star at-least three hundred thousand
times. Upon this fact, the ihus remarks : that
from facts well known, it might be proved, the
rays of light, which enter the eye from. the star!
Sinus, cannot have been less than six years and
four months and a half in treir passage to iho
observer. Hence, he says,:"it follows lhat when
we see art object at a calculated distance, ai
which one of these very remote nebulae may
ftlll be perceived; the rays of light which con
veys its imago to the eye, rfiust have been alT
most two millions of year oh their way; and
that consequently no many years ago this ob
ject must already have had an existence in the
sidereal heavens, inr order to send out those
rays by which wet now perceive it.1
But when we have reached the utmost dis
tance to which the power or our instrument can
penetrate' who will say, that, we are approach
ing any limits of the. creation 1 Who will say
that if the disembodied spirit should travel for
ward through eternity, nurbberle.ss systems
would not be continually spreading b.efqre it?
We cannot conte'mplate ihe fixed .Mara with
out exclaiming, How inconceivably great and
wise and good is the being who made, governs
and sustains ihem ! We behold not me world
only, but a system of worlds, regulated and kept
111 motion by the stin ; not- otle sun and otic
system only, hut millions of stinsand systems;
multiplied withmiLefid. perpetually submissive
. . ,-. 1 . c; 1
in the aws which govern ihem. Such a view
guvi
of the material creation may well induce us to
adopt, as our owp, the language of the royal
Psmalist .of Israel, and say " When ! consider
the heavens, the work, of thy fingers, the moon
and the stars -which thou hast ordained ; what
is man, that thou aft mindful of him? or the
son of man, that thou visitest him V
T3ic IHormdiis. 1
We have conversed.wiih a .genilomah, who
has recently returned from, the far, West, who
was an eye-witness to, the distress and suffer
ings of these misguided and nifserable people.
The description he gives of ihe hardhsips "and
privations' they endured, since their lawless ex
pulsion from their homes in Missouri and Illi
nois, is almost enough lo make -the-4)lood freeze
in ijie'hearts of a Christian people. . Famine
and disease haye tnade frightful ravages iu
iheii hiimhers. Strewn along the pa'h. theyj
have iravelfed, tt the ftuermeduite plains, lymg j
between the ilississioi and the Great Salt Lake!i
the graves.of a ijiousand men, women and chil-1
dren, are to be seen. by the traveller' who pas
ses that routj ipajking wilh unerring certainty
the road they hdve taken,, and ihe suffernig-
they must have endured. Their numbers havei
suffered repeated decimation, since they com
menced iheir journey towards the shores of the
P,c i r i. . i . i v.y"- iiuu uecii ocui 111 lur me purpose
acific. I ood lading, roots, grass, and cveniv ... . . ' r r a: v k
i I r 1 i r i- j , i oi getting assistance from the Government as ii
unclean reptiles have been used for food, and I :h e . . . T. . ,. "vi.cuimeMi. ns u
hence '.his frightful loss of life. Ctnt.ot s.ome-1
thing be done to alleviate iheir sufferings, and i
snatch a few .from the insatiate jaws ol famine !
.and of death. ? Many of these' deluded neonle
formerly resided in Plujadelpuia, and bore thej
character of reputable and ihdusiriou citizens.
Some were members df various Christian
Churches iu ih;s city, but from weakness of
intellect or from a high state of nervous excite
ment, they were led 10 embrace the absurdities
of i his new doctrine, and seek a home midway
between "ihe Aijantic and Pacific, where they
could follow its rites in peace. This should
not exclud6 them from the pale of civilizaiion
and humanity. Tons of provisions and thous
ands of dollars) ,have been sent to foreign coun
tries to alleviate the miseries of suffering hu
manity. Cannot some little be done for our
own people, upon our own soil? Our informant
has spent, largely of his own means, 10 assist
ihe.se starving people ; but a single person can
affect, but liule. PhiVa. Bulletin.
frlie Horse.
I will state a' few things that 1 have learned, and
they may be of benefit to your readers. A horse
that is driven on hard roads is liable to get stiff in
the joints. In 1833 I had an animal which after
.driving 3 or 4 days. got-quite Jarne. An old Bal
timore teqmster told me to' wash the mare s legs in
a tolerably salt brine,twhich was done, accordingly,
three times a day for the balance of the journey.
The stfffness disappeared in a few days, and I drovd
the mare' 1,400 miles afterwards, and there was no?
more trouble on" that account. What pleased 'me
irpost was", the mare had a' very poor-foot to hold a
shoe, when Istarted. It was very brittle. and .hard.
It would break out when a. nail was put in. But it
grew together at every shoeing. A blacksmith In
New-England remarked to me that her foot-had a
singular appearance ; where he pared it was soft and
tough. 1 account for it in this way : salt will at
tract moisture from the atmosphere; which keeps'
the foot moist all the time ; and salt has nearly the
same effect that grease Jias on a foot or a piece of
timber. The drippings from salt on a floor, if con
tinued long, cannot be got oil" ; the wood becomes
moist and tough, and so with a horse's foot After.
vasliipg the legs.turn tip the horse's foot, clean the
bVitom. pour the hollow full of brine and hold for a
(ev rrtrhntes to soak the bottom. , The'practice of
jasping the, font all overdo toughen f t is abomina
ble. Fanner and Gardener,
. Jt -.
IVeiv. York & Erie JMsill B5ad.
The President of the Company has recently
.published a statement of its. affairs, 'from which'we
gather the following interesting items : ' - ' '
The loan of $500,000 advertised for, haa'aU'Qen
taken at par. 1 '
The Board state that all trie legislation that H
necessary has been obtained, both from New Yurie
and Pennsylvania, to enable the Company to avail'
themselves of all the benefits of their charter.. '
About one drid a half millions of dolldrs have
been expended on that part of the Road between
Port Jervis and Bhighampton, a distance of about
.127 miles. The Corripnhy will commence laying
the superstructure in a few veeks, and are confi
dent that they will be aide to open the road to
Bingamptoh(luring the present year.
The Board have contracted for the grading" df
the Road from Binghamptori to Elmirar, a distance
of CO miles : that- portion1 of the road between
Bingamplbh and Owego lb be finished within six ,
ty da.ys after the road hiill'liare been cb'mjilcterJ
to Binghamptortiand from Owego to Elmira with'
in six months thereafter..
V 1
A short road to extend from the head of Serieca
Lake, to cdnnect with die New York iind Frie
Rail Road at Elmira, a distance of some ll or 18
miles, has been chartered. The rdutejs nowber'
ing located." ? : 1
The net earnings of that portion of the road now
in use: during trip nrfcsnnf vnr will nfiili'-ifiii Ai'
1 an , eirn nnn ,, . , . .. ' ; '-,:
ceed 5150,000; the gross earnings wi Lundoubt;
1 .
euiy exceen juu.uiiu. . .
The cost of completing the road to Lake 'Erie
is estimated at S2,00q,0Q0 to 3,000.000, When
completed the road will cost the Stockholders )esa.
per mile than any oilier road in the country. The
Board entertain no doubts ai to their ability t
raise the funds necessary to cbmplete the road at
an early date.
More iudiaii Enormities- -ai tarR
upou Iho iUomious at llici City of
liic Sait Lake Men, Woiiien, and
Children killed;
From' itie St. Louis' Republican,- May 29.
The steamer Mustang arrived yesterday' morn
ing from the Missouria RiveV. Wc are indebted
to tlie officers for a St. Joseph Gazette of Tuesday
last, which contain some exciting information from
theMorman colony at the Cily of the Salt Lake.
his stated that Mr Shrader passed thrmigh that
ttntn bn tlfti previous day, on his way from For
Kearney, with information that an express had
jdst reached there from the Mormon Colony, bring
ing intelligence that the Indians" had murdered a!
number of the nien, women, and children at . trie
City of .the Salt Lake
No cause was assigned
for this outbreak.
Tlio i'nrDc c li.'1 ViAa.. pnrij .2. T .1. . ' ' '
v dS IBare-a luai U,B ,ina,ans woua 8ather "?
Iarger numbers, and murder all the emigrants at
l.hat Place- If would see?1 om the intelligence
from Oregon and 'the City 6f the Salt Lake, that
j the. Indians have determined upon a regular war
upon the colonies, though widely separated from
each other ; and there is too much reason to ap
prehend that many of them will be cut off before
aid can reach them. A military force of several
thousand men will be absolutely necessary to pro
tect our citizens; jn that quarter, and, great as trie
coast may be, it is the duty of the Government to
give them this protection.
We learn from the officers of the Mustatig,-fhat
GOO wagons, containing Mormon emigrants, were
to leave Camp Israel, sixty-five miles above the
Council Bluffs, to-day, for the City of the Great
Sali Lake. But.afierthe events ,which are stated
in the preceding part of this article, we think it
doubtful whether they will move forward without
some promise of protection from the Government'.
It is stated, that 2,000 Pawnee. Indians had
come intd Belle view, for the purpose of obtaining
provision of which they were in great want.
A report is also brought to us, that the first Uni
ted States train which left FW Leavehworth'thls
this" Spring; was attacked by Indiags at Walnut
'Creefr, and in the attacktwehty persons were kil
led. The' names bf Sisson and two Lerbys
are mentioned among tne nutnbef. We arenot
informed how this repdit was brought to the seu
demerits', bat we are inclined to belfeve that it is
muclf'exaggerated, if not altogether lncorrert
The. Mexicans who came ,in" fiorn 'S'aut.a Fe, the
latter part of last, weejf , left there or. tlie22d Apjil,
made, no mention of this affair, although, ofaufli
cient interest to have attracted their attention.
. Danish, wriier speaks of a, hut o. piuetn
blejhal it did no! know which wnyt'i fall, aj;l
so liept on (-landing. Th(s ls 'lika iji'iaiiiai
had such a. compljcatidu 'of disease, hat lt
lid not know which ip die of, and, lived on.
A lady in this vicinity?" on coiiofiing'a hwah-
bdr on the hiss- of her'sbn, wa"iw-idB.in
f.it!if' .tf if r0;,V 'Lvj' ...uLyi.! miim T
knowhe wpu t see Billy abused:
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