JEFFERSOA'IAX HEPUBL LOAN.
it our richest mine is the barn-yard, and that
whatever temptations stocks or shares may of
fer, the best investment for a farmer is live stock
ci d plough-shares.
Another defect of our farming is that vc do
1 ot raise sheep enough. Some years since we
were among the first to import the merinoes,
and to indulge in the wildness of that extrava
gance, until we had secured vast numbers of
these high priced animals, without any previ
ous accumulation of roots to sustain them, and
then found that we should have to purchase ex
pensive food for them. That at once dison
chantcd us. It was then seen that not only
in palaces but in sheop folds "a "favorite lias
no friends." To enthusiasm succeeded disap
pointment and disgust, and these unhappy vic
tims were sacrificed to the knife, for no other
crime than their appetite. We have not yet
outgrown this horror but it was entirely our
own fault. There are many parts of the State
where sheep would take care of themselves, in
the woods, during the greater part of the year;
and the root crops would furnish a cheap and
wholesome support during the remainder.
And this leads to the great improvement
which, of all others,, we most need, which is
the multiplication of root crops.
No soil can stand a succession of grain
crops; and instead of letting it lie fallow in or
der to recruit from its exhaustation, as was the
old plan, the better practice now is to plant in
tho same field a crop of roots. These draw
their nourishment from a lower region than the
grain crops do; they derive a great part of their
food from the atmosphere, by their large leaves,
which at the same time shelter the soil from the
extreme heats; they provide a fresh and juicy
food for cattle during the winter, thus enabling
us to keep a large stock, which in addition to
the profit on them, furnish abundant manure
with which to return to the grain crops. Now
this should be our effort more roots more
cattle more manure then more grain. We
cannot much err in the choice of these roots.
Common turnips, mangel wurzol, are all good,
though in various degrees: but perhaps the su
gar beet will be found the best of all; not for the
purpose, at least at present, of making sugar;
but as the most nutritious food for cattle, and
the most milk-producing vegitable for cows in
winter. These root crops will grow abundant
ly; and what I should especially desire to see,
is that we would confide in our long and mild
autumns, and see if they would not yield us a
crop of roots planted immediately as the grain
harvests were removed, so as to be ready by
win' or for the cattle.
Another thing which we should strive to
amend, is the unfarmlike and slovenly appear
nuce of our fields. Clean cultivations like per
sonal neatness to an individual,. a great attrac
tion to a farm; but who can see without mortifi
cation, our fields of Indian corn or potatoes, just
as they are verging to .maturity, outtopped and
btifled by a rival crop of weeds, which seem
waiting with impatience for the removal of the
real crops when they and all their seed may
take exclusive possession of tiie ground! The
rule of farming should be never to let any thing
grow in our fields which we did not put there,
and the value a well as the beauty of the crop
would more than pay the expense of remox'ing
these noxious intruders.
Nor do we pay sufficient attention to our gar
dens. We are too often content with a small
enclosure where a few peas and beans and a
httle salad are left to struggle with' a- gigantic
limily of weeds, not to speak of the frequent
inroads from ihe pigs; and what can- be saved
comes at last on our tables the scanty compan
ions of the masses of animal food which form
lilmost our exclusive subsistence. For such a
wilderness, how easy would it be to substitute
the chap and wholesome luxury of many vege
tables which would grow wilhouuhe least trou
He, and, while they gave variety to our tables,
would diminish our excessive and expensive
use of animal food.
The same want of neatness pervades the ex
terior of our dwellings. We look in vain for
the icjm cass-plot, the nice border, the roses,
the ciinbing veins, and all the luxuriance of
our native wild flowers. These cheap and ea
sy works which seem trifles, make up the
great mass of enjoyments : they are the inno
cent occupations of the young members of the
family the elegant luxury of them all; and they
impress even a passing stranger with a sense
cf the taste and case- of the farmer.
In fruits, too, we are deficient. Our climate
iiviies us to plant; and there is scarcely a sin
gle fruit which will not grow in the open air,
and all of them .prosper with a little shelter,
lidoubledly there are insects which infest
t ';em : but these, care will exterminate. Un
doubtedly some species are short-lived: but it
is easy to provide a succession and even ma
ty productions which we used to think uncon
genial to our-climate, will succeed if we will
only try them.- For instance, 1 am satisfied,
fiom my awn experience, that every farmer may
t.wn experience, that every farmer may have
Lis patch of grapes quite as readily as he can
his jaich of beans or peas. He has only to
j'5am1is cuttings, as he would Indian corn, at
M.fiicuMU distances to work them tviih the hoe-
J mtow. They will live through the winter
1 Jjout any covering and wita less labor than
3 iittiKH cum, because the corn requires replant
ing evciy vear, while the vines will kst for a
century. He will thus provide a healthful
p 2aiaist fruit for his family use, or a profitable
article for the market.
was about to name one more improvement,
hut I hesitate about it I mean the substitution
of oxen for horses on farms. AlUhe theory is
in fvor of the ox. He costs little, works hard
he cats Jhtle, and when we have done with him,
he $ worth more than when we began; where
;is a horse costs much, eats much, and when
he dius i wprih comparatively nothing. Yet,
after all, jt wfll be liffipult to bring the ox -into
fashion. Ho has a failing which, in this coun
try, is more fatal than madness to a dog he
cannot "go ahead;" and it seems a severe trial
for our impatient American nature to creep be
hind an ox-plough, or to doze in an ox-cart.
Andthen there is a better reason, in small
farms, where both oxen and horses cannot be
kept, for the preference of thts horse. The ox
can do only farm work, and is utterly useless
for the road. He is of no benefit to the far
mer's family. We can neither make a visit
with him, nor go to church with him, nor go
to court with him ; and if the present immense
political assemblages are to continue in fash
ion, they would be like the buffalo meetings in
the prairies, and it would be more difficult than
it now is in political conventions to find out
whose ox gored his neighbor's.
There was one caution which I would have
ventured to olfer some years ago against the
indulgence of expensive habits of living, and
an undue preference of things foreign, over tho
fruits of our own industry; but which I rejoice
to think, is no longer necessary. Long may it
continue so. Simplicity and frugality are the
basis of all independence in farmers. If our
nioda of living be-plain, it belongs to our condi
tion; if our manners seem cold or even rough,
they are at least natural and their simple sin
cerity will gain nothing by being polished into
duplicity. Though Italian mantelpieces and
folding doors are indispensable to happiness in
cities, they are not necessary to the welcome
ol country hospitality. If a finer gloss be giv
en to foreign fabrics, let us be content with the
simpler dresses which come from our own soil
and our own industry; they may not fit us quite
as well, but rely on it, they become us far bet
ter; and if we must needs drink, let us prefer
the unadulterated juice of our own orchards to
all exotic fermentations even to that bad trans
lation into French of our own cider called
champagne.
I have spoken of farms and of farming, let
me add a few words about the farmer. The
time was, when it was the fashion to speak of
the Pennsylvania farmer as a dull, plodding
person, whose proper representative was the
Connestoga horse by his side; indifferent to the
education of his children, anxious only about
his large barn, and when tho least cultivated
part of the farm wa3 the parlour. These cari
catures, always exaggerated, have passed away,
and the Pennsylvania farmer takes his rank
among the most intelligent of his. countrymen,
with no indisposition for improvements beyond
the natural caution with which all new things
should be considered before they are adopted.
But an unwillingness to try what is new, forms
no part of the American character. How can
it be, since our whole government is a novelty;
our whole system of laws is undergoing con
stant changes and we are daily encountering,
in all the walks of life, things which startle
the more settled habits of the old world. When
such novelties are first presented, the Europe
an looks back to know what the past would
think of it the American looks forward tq
find how it will affect the future the European
thinks of his grandfathers; the American of his
grandchildren, There was once a prejudice
against all these things ; against what called
theory and bock-farming; but that absurdity has 1
passed away. In qll other occupations, men
desire to know how others are getting on in
the same pursuits elsewhere; they inform them
selves of what is passing in the world, and are
on the alert to discover and adopt improvements.
The farmers have few of these advantages ;
they do not meet daily at exchanges to con
centrate all the news of commerce; they have
no factories, where all that is doing among
their competitors abroad is discussed; no agents
; to report the slightest movements which may
affect their interests. They live apart they
rarely come together, and have no concert of
action. Now, this defect can be best supplied
by reading works devoted to their interests, be
cause these may fill up the leisure hours which
might otherwise be wasted in idleness or mis
employed in dissipation, and as some sort of
newsnaper is almost a necessary of life, let us
select one which discarding the eternal violence
of party politics, shall give us all that useful
or new in our profession; This Society has
endeavoured to promote such a one in the
Farmer's Cabinet, a monthly paper, exclu
sively occupied with the pursuits of agriculture
where we may learn what is doing in our
line, over all the world, at so cheap a rate, that
lor a dozen stalks ol corn, or a bushel of wheat
or potatoes, we may have a constant source of
pleasing and useful information.
I think, however, that we must prepare ott
selves for some startling novelties in farming.
We were taught in our youth to consider fire
and water as the deadliest foes. They are at
last roconciled, and their union has produced
tne master power ol the world. Steam has al
tered the w&ole routine of human labour it
has given to England alone, the equivalent in
labour ol lour hundred millions of men. As
yet, commerce and manufactures alone have
felt its influence, but it cannot be that this gi
gantic power will long be content to remain
shut up in factories and shops: Rely upon it,
steam will before long run off the track into the
fields, for, of all human employments, farm
worii is ai mis moment tiie most dependent on
mere manual labour. Be not, therefore, sur
prised if we yet live to see some steam plough
making us nunured lurrows m our fields oi
some huge engine, like the extinct mammoth
roving through the western forests, and moving-
down the woods, like a cradler in tho harvest
field. Wild as this seems, there is nothing in
it stranger than what we have all witnessed
already. When Fulton and Oliver Evans, first
talked to us about tho steam-boat and the rai
road, we thought them insane, and already we
enjoy more than they ever anticipated in their
most sanguine moments. One of these appli
cations of steam the raising of water for ag.ri
culture I have already attempted, in my own
small way. You know that the greatest enemy
of our farming is the brought of midsummer,
when all vegetation - withers, and the decaying
crops reproach us with suffering the magnifi
cent rivers by their side to pass away. In the
southern climates of the old world, men col
lect with great toil the smallest rills, and make
them wind over their fields the hand bucket
of Egypt, the water-wheel of Persia, all the
toilsome contrivance of manual labour, are put
in requisition to carry freshness and fertility
Lover helus not wanting mem more man our
own. With far greater advantages, absolutely
nothing has yet been done in that branch of
cultivation; may we not hope that these feeble
means of irrigation may be superseded by
steam, when a few bushels of coal may dis
perse over our fields, from our exhaustless ri
vers, abundant supplies of water.
All these improvements which may adorn or
benefit our farms, are recommended to us not
only by our own individual interests, but by
the higher sentiment of our duty to the country.
This is essentially a nation of farmers. No
where else is no large a portion of the com
munity in farming: no where else arc the cul
tivators of the earth more independent or so
powerful. One would think that in Europe the
great business of life was to put each other to
death; for so large a proportion of men are
drawn from the walks of productive industry
and trained to no other occupation except to
shoot foreigners always, and their own country
men occasionally; while here, the whole ener
gy of all the nation is directed with intense
force upon peaceful labour. A strange specta
cle this, of one, and one only, unarmed nation
on the faco of the earth! There is abroad a
wild struggle between existing authorities and'
popular pretensions, and our own example is
the common theme of applause or denunciation.
It' is the more important then for the farmers of
this country to be true to their own principles.
The soil is theirs the government is- theirs
and on them depends mainly the continuance
of their system. That system is, that enligh
tened opinion, and the domestic ties, are more
stable guarantees of social tranquilty than mere
force, and that the government of the plough is
safer, and, when there is need, stronger than
the government of the sword. If the existing
dissensions of the old world are to be settled
by two millions of soldiers all ours will soon
be decided bv two millions of voters. The
instinct of agriculture is for peace for the em
pire of reason, not of violence of votes, not
of bayonets. Nor shall we, as freemen and
members of a domestic and fireside profession,
hesitate in our choice of the three great master
influences which now rule the world force,
opinion, and affection the cartridge-box, the
ballot-box, and the band box.
Salaries of Governors.
That "bright penny," the Baltimore Sun, has
been curious in comparing the salaries of the
different Governors, in the various States of the
Union. From the Sun's ravs, we are able to
raise the following list of compensations
Governor Roman, of
Louisiana,
$7500
4200
Grayson,
Seward,
Porterr
Kl'Donald,
Morton,
Hennigan,
Gilmer,
M'Nutt,
Letcher,
Reid,
Dodge,
Maryland,
New York,
Pennsylvania,
Georgia,
Massachusetts,
South Carolina,
Virginia,
Mississippi,
Kentucky,
Florida ter.
Wisconsin,
4000
4000
4000
3666
3500
3333
3000
2500
2500
2500
Lucas,
Iowa,
2500
2000
Pennington, New Jersey,
Moorehead, North Carolina;
Conway, Arkansas,
Polk, Tennessee,
2000
2000
2000
2000
Woodbridge, Michigan
Reynolds,
Missouri,
2000
Fairfield,
Shannon,
Bigger,
Carliri,
Cbmegys,
Page,
Ellsworth,
Jennison,
King,
Maine;
Ohio
Indiana,
Illinois,
Delaware,
N. Hampshire,
Connecticut,
Vermont,
Rhode Island,
1500
1500
1500
1500
1333
1200
1100
770
400
Pwir Hears taken.
The Greenville, Mass. Democrat, gives the
following account of the capture of four bears
in Berkshire county:
Messrs. Luther Clark and D wight Dickin
son, of Florida, on Friday morning of week be
fore last, discovered tracks in the snow which
had the appearance of having been made by
bears! Arming themselves with common tram
ing guns and accompanied with one dog only
they started in pursuit, and after having follow
ed the tracks six or eight miles; succeeded
burrowing the gama, (which' proved to be an
old she bear and three cubs,) in a snug retreat
in one of the mountains in Charlemonr. After
giving these unusual visiters several touches o
their quality, in the shape of bullets and slugs
they barricaded the den so as to prevent the
egress of Mrs. Bruin and family, and left thorn
for the night to their solitary .reflections. On
the succeeding day our determined hunters re
newed their visit to the worthy strangers, and
succeeded in despatching the old b'ear and two
of the cubs, and m capturing another. 1 ho ol
bear weighed 175 lbs. and the two cubs 52 lbs
each.
Altered Notes. There are now
in circulation notes on the Nov Hope
Delaware Bridge Company altered
from two to twenty dollars. It would
be well to be on the look out.
From lho PennSylrsfnft Inquirer. .
The Presidential Election.
GLORIOUS KESULT.
The returns from all the States having been
received, we are now able to announce in a pos
itive manner the glorious result of the recent
residential Election throughout the United
States. Tho victory is the most signal that has
taken place in this country since the election of
GeneraL Washington. LiKIS. iiAKItlSUiN
IAS RECEIVED TWO HUNDRED AND
THIRTY-FOUR, AND MR. VAN BUREN
SIXTY OF THE TWO HUNDRED AND
NINETY-FOUR ELECTORAL VOTES
throughout the Union.
The HARRISON MAJUK1J l, in&tt-
FORE, IS ONE HUNDRED AND sjsv uin-
TY-FOUR ELECTORAL VOTES. He lias
received the vote of every Stale in the Union
except 7, namely, New Hampshire, Virginia,
South Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri
and Illinois.
Of the popular vote, as far as ascertained,
Gen. Harrison received a majority ot about
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIVE
THOUSAND.
This Electoral majority is greater by 4 votes,
ban the entire vote received by Mr. Van Bu-
ren. in- loJo.
The whole number of votes polled will not
vary much from 2,400,000; while in 1836, the
ote was only 1,498,885. The revolution is
i t i mi I
inueeu overwnetmiirg. l ne people nave i
umphantly vindicated their principles, and shewn
that they are capable of rebuking the highest of
their public servants.
TTEIE EJLECT&KAI. VOTE.
1840.
183G
4 -d krl ft
5, . . H g
STATES. I l " "
' s. ? ?
TVIaine, - - - 10 10
New Hampshire, - - .7 7
Vermont, - 7 7
Massachusetts, - - 14 14
Rhode Island, - - 4 4
Connecticut, - - . 8 ; 8
New York, - . - 42 - 42
New Jersey, - ' - .8 8
Pennsylvania, - - 30 - 30
Delaware, - 3 3
Maryland, - - - 10 10
Virginia, 23 23
North Carolina, - - 15 15
South Carolina, - - 11
Georgia, - - - 11 11
Alabama, - 7 7
Mississippi, - 4 4
Louisiana, - - - 5 5
Arkansas1, - - , - - 3 3
Missouri) - --.44 '
Illinois, - - -.55
Indiana, - - - 9 9
Tennessee; - - 15 15
Kentucky, - - - 15 15
Ohio, ---- 21 21
Michigan, - - - 3 3f
234 GO 170 73 26 14
60
Harrison's majority, 174
11
11
Whole number of Electoral votes, 294. Ne
cessary to a choice, 148.
Although but few returns are yet in from Ar
kansas, and although those from Illinois are not
complete there is no doubt that both States have
elected Van Buren Electors. The votes of
South Carolina are also placed in tho Van Bu
ren column.
The Popular Vote.
We find prepared to our hands in the New
York Journal of Commerce, the annexed state
ment of the official ote of 16 States for Presi
dential Electors, and the approximate majori
lies in the remainder, except South Carolina,
where electors are chosen by the Legislature.
The last two columns exhibit the Electoral vote
of T836. In the 16 States of which we have
full returns, the aggregate number of votes is
greater by 637,549 than in 1836, and 392,940
greater than the whole number of votes then
polled throughout the Union, which was 1,498,-
885.
1840.
136.
Harrison.
33,529
144,006
5,213
20,434
315598
148,157
32,440
72,913
225,812
40,201
40,612
5.903
58,489
33,302
40,370
05,270
1,010,441
V.B.
28,754
143,705
3,203
32,070
25,282
124,762
18,018
52,308
212,519
31,933
40,202
4,872
32,010
31,034
33,782
53,561
675,331
7,000
2,500
Harrison.
25,852
87,111
2,710
0,228
18,406
105,405
20,991
41,093
138,543
24,930
15.239
4,738
30,955
20,892
23,020
41,281
020,000
8,337
1,238
9,088
3,383
35,902
4,080
23,308
V.B
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Ohio
Vermont
Massachusetts
New York
Georgia
Maine
Delaware
Kentucky
Npw Jersey ,
Nortli Carolina
Indiana
22,107
91,475
3,904
18,722
19,234
90,948
14,037
33,501
100,815
22,120
22,900
4,155
33,435
20,347
20,910
32,460"
034,210
10,905
2,400
9,979
3,653
Missouri
Arkansas
Mississippi
Louisiana
Tennessee
Michigan
Virginia
Illinois"
Alabama
South Carolina
2,000 .
3,500
12,000
1,800
20,120
7,370
1,400
1,900
5,547
30,261
18,097
J4,US3
15,037
1 . - I . . ' w
10.008
qnoscn. oy, uie legislature
li035,744
6iW,728
93,728
730,730 702,149'
-li-
"Whig majority
112,010
25,413
AVlu'g gain since 1836 107,429
A message was received bv the
House of Delegates of South Caroli
na, from the Senate on the 28th, in
which the House concurred, proposing
to go into an election for Electors of
President and Vice President of the
United States -on the following Tuesday.
electoral College.
The followingproceedings of ihe meeting of
the Electors, of President and Vice President
for this State, are extracted from a letter to the
Ediior of the United Slates Gazette, dated Har
risburg, December" 2, 1840.
This being the day fixed by law for the meet-in"-of
the Electors of the several States for
President and Vice President of the United
States, those of the 'Keystone' assembled to day
in the Senate Chamber, at the hour of 12 o'clock,
and organized by appointing his Excellency
John Andrew Shulze, President of the College
and Alexander Ramsey, Esq. of Harrisburg
Secretary.
4J.As soon as the College was organized the
Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth (Mr.
Petriken) made his appearance in the Chamber
with a communication frQm His Excellency Da
vid R. Porter, which proved to be certified lists
of the Electors who we're entitled to seats in
the college namely the entire Harrison ticket.
The roll being called all answered to their names
except Bernard Connelly Jr., of Somerset who
it appears was prevented from attending from
indisposition.
- The College then proceeded agreeably to
our Act of Assembly to fill tho vacancy in their
body occasioned as above, whereupon Thomas
H. Burrowes was unanimously chosen in tho
place of Mr. Connelly notice of which substi
tution being duly transmitted according to law
to the Governor and he having notified Mr. Bur
rowes of his election, this gentlemen took his
seat in the College.
The Electors then proceeded to ballot for a
President of tho United States, (Messrs. Midi
dleswarth and Zeilin being appointed tellers,)
and the result was'jmnounced by the chair as
follows:
For President of the United Stales, William
Ienry Harrison had thirty votes.
Next came the ballotting for the Vice Presi
dent and John Tyler of Virginia had thirty
votes. Taking ihe whole affair into considera
tion it seemed to be a "packed" concern, for
Van Buren and Johnson were not heard of at
11.
Certificates (triplicate copies) were then, or
dered to be made out, signed by tne Electors,
according to law, directed to the President of
the United States Senate, and to the District
Judge containing, the result of the balloting and
His Excellency, Joseph Kitner was unanimous-
y chosen to bear one copy ot the same to Wash
ington City. Every thing was done according
to the true letter of the law, so that the State
has now in good faith cast her vote for "Tippe
canoe and Tyler too."
After the appointment of a few committees,
to perform the unimportant details of their busi
ness, the Electors adjourned to meet to-morrow
morning at 9 o cloclr, when their principal bus
iness will be to receive the reports of their com
mittees, and adjourn, sine die. Ihe business
would probably have been concluded to-day had
not the credentials necessary to be appended to
the return3, required additional certified copies
of the appointment of Mr. BurVowes, the making
out of which, by the Governor, required some
additional time. There being three separate
returns for each of the offices of President and
Vice President, and one copy being ordered for
each, would make the whole number required
six none of which were received when the
College adjourned.
No business of a political character beyond
that for which they were immediately assembled
to perform, was transacted; and I do not appre
hend that they will do-any thing worthy ol no
tice to-morrow. IT they should, however, it will
be communicated hereafter.
Ocn. Harrison at Lexington, Ky.
A friend has furnished us with the annexed
extract of a letter from a merchant of Kentucky,
dated
Lexington, Ibv. 26th, 1840.
"Old Tip arrived in town on Monday last,
and was teceived by a detachment of volunteers,
hundreds of citizens on horseback, on foot, and
in vehicles of evert description, with the most
lively demonstrations of popular regard. It was
comparatively a triumphal entry into the litera
ry and scientific metropolis of Kentucky. Ho
dined yesterday at Ashland, with Mr. Clay, and
a large company of friends. In the evening a
splendid ball was given in honour of him, at
the 'Dudley House.' Among the many distin
guished guests present were General Harrison,
Honry Clay, Gov. Letcher, Gen. Leslie Cdmbs,
Col. Todd, Ex-Governor Wicklifle, Washing
ton Tyson, Esq. and Gen. Montgomery, of your
cjty, Gen. Shelby, Mr. Graves, and mariyothcr
gentlemen of political celebrity. It was a splen
did affair throughout, and lasted till near day
light the next morning. This is our mode of
celebrating the "deliverance of the country."
What renders it the more interesting, are tho
bright eyes, smiles, and lovely forms of Ken
tucky's fair daughters. It takes us to get up a
political festival."
The Resumption Question.
The N. Sun says" There is a
1 -'-lii
cieciaea cnanffc m public sentimorr
i within a day or two, in relation foihe
icoumpuuu ui uiu i iniaaeipinauanks
The doubts that mav be entertain p.1
are removed, and they have become
satisfied that they will resume. The
improvement of the. rate of exchange
half per cent; and the facts that largo
Capitalists are investing in Philadel
phia funds, are strong symptoms in
favour of resumption. Letters-from
Philadelphia, indeed, speak positively
on this subject." - '