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B. F. SCHWEIBR, THS C53TITUTI05 TH UNION AND IH1 ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS. Editor and Proprietor.
VOL. XXIX. MIFFLINTOWN. JUNIATA COUNTY, PENNA., JANUARY 6, 1S75. NO. 1.
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POKTRT.
THE BOASTIW HEX.
MY OEOKUE COOFEB.
'Ke-daw! Ke-daw P a young ben cried.
While strutting through a barnyard wide,
Ke-daw! Ke-daw! I" re done a feat,
I've laid the finest egg to-day
That any ben in town could lay;
So little chickens, far and near,
Jiut bow your head when I appear.
M mother heun you needn't sneer;
Tbfre never was an egg eo white,
1 shall go frantic with delight!"
Ke-daw ! Ke-daw !" rang clear and lond.
There never waa a ben ho proud.
The older bene were grave and staid.
They said : -When other eggs are laid
Kn or a dozen at the moxt
My chilil, you wont care much to boast,
Your ntturance will be more soothing
When laying egg becomes no new thing. "
Karh turned and called away ber brood.
This young hen called their actioua rude,
Jlow envious these old dames are !
My triumph, though, they shall not mar;
With bitterness my heart would sicken
If I were such a jealous chicken.
Now, while this scene was going on
hit dame ben left ber nest alone.
And, spying out a splendid chance,
A weasel threw a furtive glauce
At this same egg.
Swift as a lance
He rolled it from its downy nest
A wanton act to be confessed
Its golden freshness there to tent
l'jx k, in high feather, came our beu.
Her grief is not for tougne or ien !
She gaxed Uxu the empty shell
Of that first egg she loved so well;
Had she but known enough to cry.
Tears would have trickled from ber eye.
Now in this egg shell we may find
A simple moral left bclund.
In boaMting dou't be premature,
I--Ht disapioiutiuent work your cure,
1 re you rade your triumph round,
IV fure your egg is safe aud sound !
mwii.i.iM.
IihI illation of 'ertmncfi.
The invention of this process is as
crilted to Avicenna, an Arabian doctor.
who nonri.slied in the tenth, century.
Previous to Lis time jesins, spices, and
oils or ointments, scented by contact
with fragrant substances, were the
chief, if not the only, forms of perfume
known. To him, it is said, belongs the
honor of first separating the aromas of
plants aud flowers in snch a manner
that they could lie readily applied
where greasy nngnents and smoking
incense were alike unavailable.
To the invention of Avicenna we are
indebted for the most dnrable elements
of modern perfumery ; but onr most
fragraut aud delicate odors are pro
duced ly another process, of much
later discovery, which we will attempt
to describe in the paragraphs that fol
low. The odors of all vegetable matters
reside in a principle or constituent
known as essential oil, or, more prop.
erly, otto. Kach individual plant or
flower contains a greater or less amount
of this principle, the separation of
which from the parent substance is the
initial movement in all the most im
portant of the perfumer's operations.
As it exists in but small proportion, we
have in it when isolated a remarkable
concentration of odor, and its stability
when so separated is so great that many
varieties can lie kept for years un
changed. In the otto we not only pos
sess the fragrance of the flower long
after the season of blooming is past,
bnt by its nse can impwrt a favorable
odor to a thousand bodies scentless in
themselves.
Ottos are all in the liquid form, are
of an oily appearance, vary in color
from light straw to dark red or brown,
and possess, as above stated, the odor
of the substances from which they are
derived. The yield of this principle
from various materials ranges from six
per cent, or more down to very minute
quantities. Nutmegs, for instance, are
very rich in otto ; lemon rinds contain
it in such abundance that it be profit
ably extracted by expression ; while
roses yield so little that but three tea
spoonfuls are obtained from hundred
jKinnJs of the petals.
The well-known process of distilla
tion is the method most frequently
employed to procure these ottos. The
process, as almost every one knows,
consists essentially in vaporizing
liquid in a closed vessel, and conduct
ing the vapor to a receiver, in which it
is condensed by the application of cold
water. When a given plant or flower is
placed in the still with a proper pro
portion of water, and heat applied, its
otto, being volatile, rises with the
steam, and both being condensed to
gether, they readily separate on cooling.
When applied to this purpose the pro
cess is often conducted by passing
steam through the material to be ex
hausted instead of boiling it in the
usual way. JIarjicr's Mayazine.
Allite.
At certain seasons, as in spring, the
appetite of even the robust is apt to
fail, aud the relish for meats and heavy
food to wane. This is all right enough,
for animal diet in warm weather heats
the blood, tends to headaches, and is
generally unwholesome, nnless spar
ingly used. On the other hand, fresh
vegetables, berries, fruit and bread are
cooling, corrective, and what the palate
most craves. Don't be afraid to go
without meat for a month or so, aud if
yon like, live purely on a vegetable
regimen. We will warrant that you
will lose no more strength than is com
mon to the time, and that you will not
suffer from protracted heat, as when
dining on the regulation roast.
Many persons regard a hearty desire
for food as something unrefined, indeli
cate and to be constantly discouraged.
This is a greater and more harmful
mistake than that of coaxing the appe
tite. It is just as necessary for the
man who works only with his brain to
eat leef and mutton as for the man
who labors solely with his hands. The
stomaxili and the brain are twins ; the
former leing the elder, and having
prior right to care. Let that be well
provided for. and it will sustain its
brother. The people who strive to
check a wholesome aad natural appetite
are the people who regard dinner
merely as a feed, not the centre of an
agreeable social custom and as the
domestic event of the day. We are
sorry for them, as they must regard
eating at all aa a prosaio duty obliga
tory on them because they have a bias
in favor of living. We all know that
we mnst eat to live ; bnt we by no
means live to eat simply because we
enjoy what we eat. We are not gour
mands because we relish chops, nor
are we invalids because we want straw
lwrries. A good appetite is a good
thing ; but not if it is to be worried by
nrging or by neglect.
IREE.
BY MTTTIR POINT DAVIS.
Ttaea kr cheek waa pals aad thlaaer ttaaa ahovM
be lot on i Tenor
kmi ker ere. o, u mj awtioaa with a Bate obaer-
vaaoa aoag." lamfmm.
It was at the Capitol in Washington
that I first saw her, sitting demurely in
the Senate gallery, gazing down with
soft blue child-eyes at the assembled
wisdom of the nation. As I entered
with my sister Constance on my arm,
the blue eyea looked up, the arch mouth
dimpled into smiles, and she nodded at
my sister one of those charming little
feminine nods that expresses these sen
timents : "I am glad to see yon am
lonely come and take seat by me,"
"Who is she ?" I whispered to my
sister, as we threaded our devious way
toward her.
And Constance answered as if not
overpleased with the reeontre, but in
tending to make the best of it. Oh I
only Irene Invernay, a boarding-school
miss.
Constance had graduated two long
years before at the Georgetown Semi
nary for young ladies, and looked down
with due contempt upon her emanci
pated dignity on the generality of silly
boarding-school misses. I smiled to
myself at the serene condescension with
which she bent to kiss the offered lips
of Irene Invernay the prettiest lips in
the world I thought then, and think
now.
"Miss Connie, I am so surprised to
see you here?" cried a fresh young
voice.
"Yes, and I am more surprised to see
you," answered Constance with a sus
picion of boarding-school escapades
and adventures in her voice, "Irene,
this is my brother Frank. Miss Inver
nay Capt, Fordham."
She bowed slightly as Constance set
tled herself in her seat, and extended
one little ungloved hand to me. 1 took
it, bowed over it a second, and seating
myself, released it, leaving my heart in
that rosy palm.
"Who'd have thought of seeing you
here," said Constance enquiringly and
puzzledly, "Are you alone ?"
A flitting flush crossed the fair, child
like face under the sharp fire of Con
nie's black eyes. I could have pinched
the rosy ears of my stately sister for
her unmerciful abruptness to the poor
little dove.
"No, not quite alone oh ! I know
you are suspecting me of an escapade,
Miss Connie" a dawning mischief in
the blue innocent eyes, "but really, I
had permission to accompany Miss
A , our music teacher, here. 1 was
so anxious to come, and 1 have not been
so very well of late," touching her pale
cheek with one taper finger, "and the
doctor said fresh air and amusement.
and so they let me come.
"Oh !" said Constance relieved, "and
where is Miss A ?"
"Oh t not far off, she saw a friend
and with this not very lucid explana
tion the sixteen-year-old child turned
to me.
"Will you show me some of the
celebrities, please ? Some of the great
men of the day ?"
I pointed out Sumner, Schnrz and
others to her awe-stricken observation,
smiling to myself at the reverential
pleasure that dawned expressively in
ber eyes. Once or twice I had to catch
the dimpled hand and force it down in
her lap. "Don't point your finger,
please ; yon will be observed ; it is not
etiquette," I vaguely remarked.
She laughed, lifting her gaze brightly
to mine.
'Thank you for reminding me. I
believe I never remember to behave
exactly as others do."
That was her greatest charm, I
thought, but forebore to say so. I only
caught up the conversation and chatted
soft nonsense to her while Constance
listened to the energetic sparring that
went on among the Senators below. I
confess that I had come to listen, too ;
but what is the united eloquence of the
world to a man when he can listen to
the silly, innocent whispering that
comes so eutrancingly from the lipa of
a beautiful, innocent child-woman ?
One or two hours went by in this
wise, and Constance signified her desire
to go. Then little Miss Invernay looked
about her in a flutter for her com
panion. In vain. Miss A was no
where to be seen, and the child lifted
an appealing glance to me from the
soft eyes framed so bewitchingly in the
fair, almost too fragile face. "What
shall I do ?"
"Im sure I can't tell," said Constance
reflectively. "I am afraid Miss A. has
gone away and forgotten yon. I know
her of old to be absent-minded. Sup
pose you go along with us and Frank
can accompany you to Georgetown and
take an explanatory note to your prin
cipal from me," and Constance looked
inquiringly at me as if to say, ill my
young exquisite of a brother take the
trouble to play knight-errant to this
poor, forlorn little school-girl, and de
posit her safely within the arms of her
alma mater ?"
"I shall only be too happy," I has
tened to observe. The bright eyes that
talked more than the lips thanked me
as we rose to leave.
"Constance," I observed, a few weeks
later, "Don't you think you can add
little Miss Invernay 's name to the in
vitations for your birth night ball ?"
And Constance answered, "I don't
know. I'm sure. Possibly it may be
effected if the principal is willing. I
will see about it myself it would do
the little thing good. She is rather
delicate for the close confinement of the
schoolroom." Then with an arch glance
at me, "Are you smitten, brother ?
That was how I came to be standing
alone watching the little fairy as she
floated round the ball-room in her white
robe and her fair, soft curls, that I
could not bear to see blowing against
and twining around the arm of her
partner.
"The next waltz is mine, I said to
her after the perfumed Adonis had re
leased her, and, happily for me, given
her a seat near my corner.
"Yes," she said, flushed and breath
less, but with a certain wistfnl pleading
in her voice and eye ; "and I was about
to ask vou if you would find me a nice
place to rest instead, and I can give you
the waltz later."
"Are you weary, Irene 7
"A little," saying it shyly, as if
shamed of her weakness, and looking
at me still wistfully, and gently, "That
was a long waltz, you know.
I found her a cosy retreat, with a great
cushioned arm-chair, and leaning over
the back of it looked down at the fair,
pure beauty with a sharp pang at my
heart aa I noieu now irwguu "-t
and how the quick breath fluttered be
tween the parted lipa. Was life, in
deed, to be bnt a fleeting morning to
eroatnre who had eo entirely
crept into my heart that I wondered
how I had really existed five and twenty
years without her? Waa she indeed,
as a flower that cometh np and is cut
down in a day ? Great heaven ! what a
pang is that which strikes to loving
heart when it sees its idol fading day
ry aay Deiore love s helpless eves 1
With one of those passionate, unoon
querable impulses that comes to strong
mannood in its hours of love and gnef,
I threw myself on my knees by the aide
of the chair and lifted one of her snowy
-.1 . . ..
iiuie nan as to my lips.
"I can't help it, Irene" I said, look
ing np into the soft, surprised eyes,
Dent on mine. "Aly darling, when
see you fading thus before my eyes it
laces au my mannood from me 1 Do
you always get tired so easily, Irene ?
Are you often languid and listless like
mis? '
"I languid? I listless?" the soft
surprise deepening in her eves, a con
fused glimmer of color staining the
satin-smooth cheek. "Captain Ford
ham, what makes yon talk so ? I am
not ill ; I am only worn out by too hard
study ; next month my uncle means to
take me to Italy. He says I shall get
well there, and come back in two yeais
witn perfect health and never
get tired and languid and pale
any more. Ah, mo !" she sighed be-
in nd ber glittering fan. "how I shall
think of this happy evening in those
long days of absence."
"And me ?" I hazarded, still clasping
tne sum, white Hand, so childishly
small and dimpled ; "Irene, will you
give one thought to me T
The small head shifted restlessly on
its velvet cushion, and turning a little
one side, left me only a view of her pale
clear-cut profile, but 1 saw the soft.
E lamed fan that nestled against her
reast flutter slightly as if with the
quick throbs of her heart. Leaning
again over the back of her chair, I
looked down at the sweet face she was
striving to hide from my sight.
"Irene." I persisted, unable to keen
the peace, '-if you are going away for
two years, even perhaps if you were
not, it may be useless for me to tell you
what is trembling on my lips, but
think it cannot do you any harm to
know it If it gives you no pleasure, it
can at least give you no pain ; forgive
me, even if you cannot think kindly of
me for having dared to love you in your
pure child loveliness.
Then I almost hated myself for having
said so much, for she flushed deeply.
vividly, from her fair throat to her
brow. She bent forward, hiding that
lovely roseflush in both hands and
trembling slightly but perceptibly.
"Irene." 1 whispered.
One little hand stole away from her
face and reached up to me as I bent
over her. As I clasped it close in mine,
1 whispered entreatingly :
"Speak to me. Irene tell me if yon
do, or if you ever will learn to love me?"
"Oh ! Frank," came in the lowest.
sweetest whisper that ever blessed a
lover's ears, "I am so young I scarcely
understand my own heart, but I have
felt so differently since I knew you that
1 think, yes, I am sure that I love yon.
"And, Ilenie, if you come back from
Italy well, or if you come at all, then if
you love me still, I may have yon may
I for my own" my lip trembled over
the passionate sweetness of the name
"my own peerless wife ?
"If Ood so wills," she softly made
answer.
I touched my lips to her childish
brow, and taking the white rose from
her hair put it in my bosom as a sou
venir. It was fading and drooping,
even as she was, poor little girl, but its
fragrance was more penetrating and in
tense than when it bloomed on its parent
stem. by is it that ail things grow
sweetest when fading from us, and
where in the end is all the last sweet
ness of our lives garnered up? We
cannot believe it wholly perishable
but only
"Cod kaowi
When all the .weetawa f oaa."
She went'away to Italy with a solitaire
diamond blazing on her wasted finger
my gift and given with a proviso :
"Irene, if you come back and have
not forgotten, let this ring tell the
story. Send it to me or wear it when I
come to yon. Then I shall know if you
are mine still. I shall be faithful
through all things, Renie, bnt hold
you to no promise. Let your heart
follow its own dictates, but whenever
you come back yon will find me wait
ing." "And living or dying, I will come
back to you, Frank," replied the child.
The long months in which I waited
for one line to tell me she had reached
her destination passed away as pass the
"long, sad hours that bring ns all things
ill." Not a sign, not a token came to
tell me if the young soul that had
crossed my own so suddenly and glori
ously still kept its frail tenure on life.
Why need 1 speak oi my anguish during
those months of suspense ?
"W bear the blowi that never
We caaaot weep forever."
I was ordered to a distant station
with my regiment, and in the gay life
of a young army officer, tried to forget ;
and months passed, bringing years
two years, three years and no word
came from her who still held my heart
to the exclusion of all others. Irene
had broken faith "hving or dying"
bad not come back to me. Ordered
home again. I sat thinking of her not
so very long ago ; sat in the same chair
where her fairy form had rested on tne
night of my sister's birthnight ball
not thinking of her harshly or coldly,
but with a sad grieving tenderness.
The enchantment of her presence seemed
all around me, and memory bells rang
dirges in my heart, She had been true.
I felt intuitively, tier nature was all
innocence, purity and truth. Whatever
had happened to part us, whatever had
imposed such strange silence between
us I could never blame my little Irene.
What did I know of her fate? She
might have faded and died like the frail
flower that she was ; but then she had
promised to come to me living or dead.
I could not solve the strange problem
try as I might, so I gave np thinking,
and sighing wearily closed my eyes,
leaning my head back against the velvet
cushion my darling's cheek had piessed.
"Bat whoa violet vslvet Using, with the Uuplifh
jrlnalioif o'er,
Shi shall prwea, ah, aevermore I"
I thought I saw a face like hers that
night as Constance and I sat at the
opera listening to the divine Nilsson in
the second act of the Huguenots. Up
in one of the private boxes sat an
elderly gentleman of fine figure and
patrician bearing. Beside him in the
pnde oi her stately beauty a gin oi
perhaps nineteen years sat gazing with
quiet eyes over the crowded house. I
should have said a statue rather, for
the calm, moveless poise of the graceful
head, the soft sweep of her white silk
robe ; even the pale-gold curls lightly
crowned with ivy leaves suggested the
idea ; but still in that rehned loveliness
that rounded perfection of beautiful
health and strength lingered an inde
finable resemblance to my fragile Irene;
and with a sensation, half pleasure,
half pain, I continued to gaze at her
until the blue eves in their listless
wandering dawned on my face.
1 knew ber then. Irene I Mine,
perhaa, no longer, but Irene herself
in uia Birengiu oi ma neaitn sne nad
crossed the seas to win beautiful.
radiant, and looking down at me with a
sudden glorious smile in her eyes that
I remembered well ; and while the light
still lingered there she lifted a round
white arm and seemed to be brushing
back a stray ringlet. On her taper
nnger a diamond Hashed ont a silent
greeting and entreaty to me, "Come,1
and I went.
"Irene I"
"Frank 1"
"I told yon I would come back to
yon r
"But why why did yon not write V
Her happy, laughing glance lifted to
ins genial lace oi her uncle invernay,
who was cordially shaking hands and
exchanging greetings with me.
'This naughty nncle of mine forbade
it positively ; wanted to test your love
by absence and silence. He wanted to
have his way ; I could not change him,
and we were so long before I recovered
my health that we stayed three years
instead of two," and pleadingly, as Mr.
Invernay, very discreetly for a bachelor
uncle, turned toward the stage again,
"Has the test been too much for your
love, Frank 7"
With Nilsson ' silver notes in my eari
and the scarce less musical voice of my
idol whispering to me I answered
any other man would have done in my
place :
"Twenty years would not have
changed my devotion, Irene! The
question is, has it changed yours ?"
A soft shade of pensive tenderness
touched the lovely young face as she
whispered back : "No, Frank : I am
the same little Irene who left yon, only
that I come back to yon healthy and
hopeful. 1 was neither when 1 went,
Are yon content with me, Frank ?"
And a grand, glorious, triumphant
burst of melody, fiilling all the arches
of the house, drowned my passionate
answer to all bnt her to whom it was
whispered. "Ah. Irene 1 the sum of
my earthly happiness will be attained
when X call yon my wife 1
And when the curtain fell I brought
my sister to the box to hear onr blissful
story. She was surprised, bnt pleased ;
and, laying aside a portion of her inevi
table dignity, was quietly happy in onr
happiness.
Claims mt Uhsr.
The workingman, as soon as he
emerges from a condition of abject ig
norance, demands an eqnitable share of
the prohts of his industry. He feels
that in return for faithful and persistent
labor, and the practice of strict economy
and prudence, he is entitled to some
thing more than a bare subsistence. He
should have the satisfaction and reward
of accumulation. The results of his
toils, after a reasonable length of time.
should be such as to place him in a
position of comfort and independence.
He does not childishly ask to be made
rich by act of legislature, but merely to
be allowed to hold what is properly his
own. The farmer wants to know, when
he brings his wheat and corn, his vege
tables and fruits, into market, why he
can get barely the cost of production,
often less than the cost, while on every
thing he buys his tea and sugar and
cloth, his tools and implements he has
to pay a profit of from thirty to one
hundred per cent. The working men
and women are acquiring the disagreea
ble habit of asking why the merchant.
the banker, the speculator, who add not
one dollar to the available wealth of the
community, should grow rich, while the
majority of those to whose faithful toil
the world is indebted for all the wealth
there is, are put to their wit's end to get
the barest subsistence, in a word, why
should the creators of wealth get the
smallest share of it ? This is a simple
question, bnt it goes to the bottom of
onr social organization and touches
the fundamental injustice. It is fairly
launched upon the current of public
thought, and nothing can prevent its
being carried to its logical conclusions.
It involves a radical investigation of
our entire system of production and ex
change, of banking and currency, of
land tenures and interest ; and it points
to the substitution of some system of
eqnitable co-operation in place of the
present absurd and ruinous principle of
competition and profits. PhremAogical
Journal for jjecemoer.
A HealthylBMllvld.ad.
The following is the last thing written
by the late "Artemus Ward:' Ontil
quite recently I've been a healthy indi
vidooaL I'm nearly sixty and yet I've
got a muskle in my arm which don't
make my fiats resemble the tread of a
canary bird when they fly about and
hit a man. Only a few weeks ago I
was exhibitin in East Showhegan, in a
bildin' which had formerly been ocke
pied by a pugylist one of them fellows
which hits from the shoulder and
teaches the manly art of self defens.
And he cum and said he waa goin' in
free in consequence of previsly ocke-
Sing sed bilding, with a large yellow
og," He sed, "O yes.,' I sed, 'O,
no." He sed, "Do yon want to be
ground to powder ?" I sed, "Yes, I do,
if there is a powder grinder handy."
When he struck me a disgustin' blow
in the left eye, which caused the con
cern to at once close for repairs ; but
he did'nt hurt me any more. I went
for him energetically. His parents
lived near by. and I will simply state
that fifteen minutes after I had gone
for him his mother, seeing the prostrate
form of her son spproachin' the house
on a shutter carried by four men, run
out doors, keerfully looked him over,
and sed, "My son, you've been foolin'
round a thrashin masheen. ion went
in at the end where they pnt the grain
in, eeme ont with the straw, and then
got np in the thingumajig and let the
horses tread on yon, didn't yon, my
son ?" Yon ean judge by this what a
disagreeable person I am when I'm
ngry.
A Simple Plan T Veatilavtlea.
The following simple method for ven
tilating ordinary sleeping and dwelling
rooms is recommended by Mr. Hinton
in his Phytiology for Practical Use :
A piece of wood, three inches high and
exactly as long aa the breadth of the
window, is to be prepared. Let the
sash be now raised, the slip of wood
placed on the sill, and the sash drawn
closely upon it. If the slip hss been
well fitted, there will be no draft in
consequence of this displacement of
the sash at its lower part ; bnt the top
of the lower sash will overlap the bot
tom of the upper one, and between the
two bars perpendicular currents of air.
not felt as draft, will enter and leave
the room.
Jack was called np by the schoolmas
ter to account for his possession of
some apples. "The apples," said onr
hero, "were Tom a, and l don l know
how he got them ; and now they're
mine, and be don't know how I got
them."
31ra
Though not without a bitter resistance
on the part of the clergy, men began
to think that pestilenoea are not punish
ments inflicted by Ood on society for
its religions shortcomings, bnt the
nhvsical eonseaueneea of filth and
wretchedness ; that the proper mode of
avoiding them is not by praying to the
saints, bnt by insuring personal and
municipal cleanliness. In the twelfth
century it was toned necessary to pave
the streets oi fans, the stench in them
was so dreadful. At onoe dysenteries
and spotted fever diminished ; a sani
tary condition approaching that of the
Atoonsn cities oi Spain which had been
paved for centuries, wss attained. In
that now beautiful metropolis it was
forbidden to keep swine, an ordinance
resented by the monks of the abbey of
St. Anthony, who demanded that the
Diss of that saint should a-o where thev
choose ; the government was obliged
to compromise the matter by requiring
that balls should be fastened to the
animals' necks. King Philip, the son
of Louis the Fat, had been killed by
his horse stumbling over a sow. Pro
hibitions were published against throw
ing slops out of the windows. In 1870
an eye-witness, at the close of the pon
tificial rale in Borne, found that, in
walking the ordure-defiled streets of
that city, it was more necessary to
inspect the earth than to contemplate
the heavens, in order to oreserve per
sonal purity. Until the beginning of
the seventeenth century, the streets of
Berlin were never swept. There was a
law that every countryman, who came
to market with a cart, should carry
back a load oi dirt I
Paving was followed by attempts.
often of an imperfect kind, at the con
struction of drains and sewers. It had
become obvious to all reflecting men
that these were necessary to the pre
servation of health, not only in towns.
bnt in isolated houses. Then followed
the lighting of the public thorough
fares. At nrst houses facing the streets
were compelled to have candles or
lamps in their windows ; then the sys
tem that had been followed with so
mnch advantage in Cordova and Gra
nada of having public lamps was
tried, bnt this was not brought to per
fection until the present century, when
lighting by gas was invented. Con
temporaneously with public lamps were
improved organizations for night
watchmen and police.
By the sixteenth century, mechanical
inventions and manufacturing improve
ments were exercising a conspicuous
influence on domestic and social life.
There were looking-glasses and clocks
on the walls.mantels over the fireplaces.
Though in many districts the kitchen
fire was still supplied with turf, the nse
of coal began to prevail. The table in
the dining-room offered new delicacies ;
commerce was bringing to it foreign
products; the coarse drinks of the
North were supplanted by the delicate
wines of the South. Ice houses jwere
constructed. The bolting of flour, in
troduced at the wind-mills, had given
whiter and finer bread, By degrees
things that had been rarities became
common Indian-corn, the potato, the
turkey, and, conspicuous in the long
list, tobacco. Forks, an Italian inven
tion, displaced the filthy nse of the
fingers, it may be said that the diet
of civilized men now underwent a radi
cal change. Tea came from China,
coffee from Arabia, the nse of sugar
from Spain, and these to no insignifi
cant degree supplanted fermented
liquors. Carpets replaced on the
floors the layer of straw ; in the cham
bers there appeared better beds, in
the wardrobes cleaner and more frequently-changed
clothing. In many
towns the aqueduct was substituted for
the public fountain and the street
pump. Ceilings which in the old days
would have been dingy with soot and
dirt, are now decorated with ornamen
tal frescoes, Baths were more com
monly resorted to ; there wss less need
to nse perfumery for the concealment
of personal odors. An increasing taste
for the innocent pleasures of horticul
ture was manifested, by the introduc
tion of many foreign flowers in the
gardens the tuberose, the auricula,
the crown imperial, the Persian lily,
the ranunculus, and African marigolds.
In the streets there appeared sedans,
then close crrriages, and at length
hackney-coaches.
C'hlaese Pollleaeas.
Rules of politeness are all regulated
at Pekin by the tribunal of rites. In
case von wish to pay a visit to a man
darin, the proper thing to do is to send
in your card, on a small piece oi red
paper, on which is your name, followed
by a polite sentence, as this :
"The tender and sincere friend of
your lordship, and the perpetual dis
ciple of your doctrine, thus presents
himself to pay his respects and to bow
before yon to the earth."
If the mandarin is willing to receive
yon he asks yon to pass before him.
Ion are expected to make the hnmble
reply, "I dare not ;" and, after an
infinity of gestures, which are all ar
ranged, and obligatory phrases, the
master of the house bows to a chair,
and slightly dusts it with the corner of
his robe, upon which yon are at length
seated.
The difficulties are mnch increased
when ten or a dozen mandarins call upon
an Englishman at once, and, according
to custom, tea is offered, beginning at
the one of the highest rank. He pre
tends to offer to the next, then to the
third, and so on to the last. All having
politely refused, he permits 'himself to
drink it. The second, in his turn, has
to offer his cup to the others, and thus
the farce proceeds, until all have gone
through the wearisome task.
T Oftea Trar
Some men take too much money ont
of their business to expend in house
hold expenses and lavish display, and
speedily bring themselves to the verge
of bankruptcy. One old gentleman,
who had commenced life as a poor boy,
had, by mastering the difficult steps to
final success gained considerable wealth
as a merchant, When he arrived at
old age he retired to private life to live
in ease and comfort on his income,
leaving a prosperous business in the
hands of bis son. In three years the
young man was bankrupt. He had
failed in business and was compelled to
take a position aa clerk in a stranger's
store.
His father was asked why it was that,
in a business in which he had succeeded
so well, his son had failed. He gave
this characteristic answer : "When I
first commenced business, my wife and
I lived on porridge. As my business
increased we had better food ; and
when I could afford it we had chicken.
Bnt, yon see Jonnie commenced with
the chicken first."
When are eyea not eyes ?
wind makes them water.
When th
Dwsaeatle Iaflaeaee T
Discoveries).
Twlakllac eTtae Stars.
The subject of the twinkling of stars
has engaged a good deal of attention of
late years, and some interesting results
hsve been obtained. A few years ago
the Italian astronomer, Bespight, an
nounced the discovery of the cause of
scintillation, in certain dark bands
which were seen to traverse the spectrum
of a star, indicating changes in the re
fragibUity of onr atmosphere, from hot
and cold strain, which produce some
thing of the effect of a passing mirage.
A layer of hot air would bend rays less
than the colder and denser air around,
and thus the star's light would not
reach the observer, rays which traversed
the hot stratum passing over his head,
and those which traversed the cold air
below being bent so as to fall beneath
his feet. As the rays of different colors
are differently bent in their passage
through the air (the red rays being the
leaat refracted), different parts of a
star's spectrum would be thus cut off
in succession as the relative tempera
tures of the layers of air varied. Arrgo's
not very lucid explanation of the inter-
m . i - t . . , -
lerence oi iignt, in mis way is com
pletely disposed of.
M. Monttigny, of Brussels, has been
investigating the amount of scintillation
in different stars by the help of an in
genious contrivance, to which he gives
the names of scintillometer. His plan
is to make nse of the persistence of im
pressions on the re tin, by causing a
thick plate of glass, mounted obliquely
on an axis, parallel to that of the tele
scope used, and fixed just in front of
eyepiece to rotate rapidly, the effect of
this is to displace the star's image, so
that, owing to the varying inclination
of the glass plate, the star appears to
move in a circle, which, if the rotation
is rapid enough (three or four times in
a second), forms a continuous circle of
light, just as in the case of a burning
stick whirled rapidly. The changes iu
a color of a star will be seen on this
circle, the successive points of which
give the appearance of the object at
successive small fractions of a second ;
and in this way, by counting the al
ternations of color in the circumference
of this circle of light, M. Montiguy has
succeeded in observing nearly two
hundred alternations of color in a
second of time.
The point sought to be established
was the connection between these
changes and the constitution of the
stellar light, for it is easy to see that
the rays which are deficient cannot be
acted on by undulations of the atmos
phere, and there will therefore be fewer
changes of color the more dark bands
there are in a star's spectrum. Now
Seochi has divided the stars of which
he has examined the spectra into four
types, and SI. Montigny has observed
the scintillations of stars belonging to
three of these types, viz : bluish white
star exhibiting four black lines in their
spectrum somewhat resembling a
colonade. As far as the results obtained
by M. Montigny go, it seems that the
greatest amount of twiukling is to be
found in the first type (white stars),
and the least in the third type (orange
stars) and that the more brightness of
the star has no influence on the pheno
mena. But the principle of combining
observations of different lights without
any further correction, on which M.
Montigny has acted, is highly objec
tionable and destroys our confidence in
his conclusions. The proper way ef
treating such measures is to arrange
the stars in sequences representing the
order of scintillation, just as Sir John
Harschel formed sequences of bright
ness as a basis for his standard magni
tude of stars.
Artificial Flower.
Ladies who deck their hair with mi
mic bloom have, in general, little idea
of the way in which those false flowers
grew, wear them light-heartedly in the
gayest scenes, and think not that they
are transplanted from the saddest.
They put forth their leaves and delicate
hnes in stifling garrets, in fetid black
kitchens, or in hot over-crowded facto
ries, where the health of those who
made them was withering away, where
the gas-burners are often without glass
or shade, and gas stoves are set on the
tables to heat the tools, while a
hundred women and girls, from nine
years old and upwards, bend over their
hot-house plants. Some hold the
band stcmp which cuts through sixteen
folds at a time of the muslin or silk
that is to make the leaves or flowers.
Others vein the leaves by pressing
them between dies, or paint the petals
separately, with a brush when the cen
ter is to be left white. Most of them
are busy with the finer work of con
structing the flowers. They gum and
wax, dust for bloom with potato flour.
or with blow glass powder for frost :
they twist paper or silk thread to the
stalk, and make the foundation on
which the petals may stick. Slender
wires are run through the blossoms.
and a small goffering iron gives them
their curl. All this is straining and
fidgety work, especially by gaslight,
with blistered hngers, thumb nails
worn to the quick, and the dnst of
paints and other materials inflaming
the eyes and preparing patients for the
Ophthalmic Hospital. The bright
blues and carmines try the sight sadly.
and the latter causes heaviness in the
head. Arsenic green and verdigris blue
are now seldom used ; but enongh is
left to poison the poor "flower girl's"
existence. She works in London four
teen or fifteen hours a day, and some
times longer. After thirteen hours'
work, girls often take home sufficient
for two hours more. London Jtericw.
A Whlatsleal Faahioa.
Whims sometimes become fashions.
Here is a case in point. At Mesdames
Therese and Mantle's,tbe most fashiona
ble of Pans milliners, there is a fair
haired young lady, as much bke our
poetics! ideal Goethe's Marguerite as
life can be. Of course it is this young
lady who tries on all the bonnets to
show them off to visitors ; of course
also, every bonnet looks beautiful on
that lovely head I Well, a few days ago
onr Marguerite waa trying on a charm
ing little bonnet, forming a drooping
tip in front, and a raised box-plait at
back. Suddenly, is a freak, she turned
the bonnet round ; the drooping brim
then rested on the hair at back, acd the
box-plait found itself in the front I
"Oh, how pretty I" exclaimed all the
other girls.
"It s just like a Phrygian cap I said
one.
"It's the bonnet de la Bepnblique !"
said another.
And quickly an aigrette and feather
were placed in front, within the hollow
of the box-plait (the aigrette to stand
np and the feather to fall over the back),
and the bonnet was completed ; and
not only completed, bnt it was sold
within the day to a great elegante as
the last gem out, And this is how
Parisian fashions are sometimes made.
London Hornet.
Tonus' roniN.
CoxFEssraa. I think a great deal of
trouble comes from hiding things, said
a little girl, putting down her maga
zine. "I have just read about that boy
in "Crooked Paths.' It was such a pity
to hide his doing naughty from his
parents.
"What would have been a better
way ?" asked the little girl's mother.
Oo and tell," said Lucv. "I think :
go and telL That takes the load from
your mind."
"It is the Bible way. said mother.
"I never read it in the Bible." said
Lucy, opening her eyes wide.
"ot in so many words, perhaps"
said her mother. "God says, 'He that
oot ereth his sins shall not prosper ; but
whosoever confemteth and forsaketh
them shall find mercy.' Confessing is
going and telling, yon know."
"les, said L.aey. "that is the way.
I am always a great deal happier to
come straight and tell you. mother.
even if yon blame me."
Cannot a great many other children
say the same thing? Then why do
others so often try to hide things from
their parents ? Are they afraid of
blame or reproof ? That is cowardly.
Yet Satan always tempts them to hide
the secret, He made Eve tell a be
when she ate the apple which God had
told her not to eat ; and he loves to
make children follow poor Eve's fool
ish example.
uod teaches you a better way. lie
knows you may go astray ; he knows
you have faults ; he knows yon will
meet with accidents : he knows you
have weak, siuful hearts : but he loves
you tenderly, and desires to set you
right again as soon as can lie : there
fore he tells you to confe, because
he that confesses and forsakes bis sins
shall find mercy." Confessing your
ianlts it Ins you to forsake them. It
breaks their power over you; and if I
your parents find you sorry, how ready
are they to forgive you !
And is not tod ready to forgive you
too 7 He loves to hear your penitent
confessions ; He loves to see you sorry.
He will forgive you your sins, and
strengthen yon to do right iu time to
some. My children, when you have
done wrong do not hesitate to vonfix it.
To Pit Awat Faults. One day I
was watching a great Newfoundland
dog. He had been to'd by his master
to fetch him a basket of tools that the
gardener had left iu the shed. The
great dog went to obey his young mas
ter. He took hold of the basket with
his mouth, but he could not lift it.
What did he do? Give it up? No,
never I Oua by one he took the things
out of the basket and carried them to
his master.
One by one ! That is what we mnst
try to do with onr own faults. Try and
get rid of them one by one. Jesus
knows how hard it is for you to do this,
and so he has given yon a word that
will help vou to do it, and that word is,
To-day."
1 will show you how. Take one fault
we will call it bad temper and in
the morning when you get out of bed,
ask God for Christ's sake to help you
"to-day" to overcome that bad temper.
Perhaps by-and-by something will begin
to make you feel angry ; then remem
ber your prayers, and try and drive
away the angry feeling, and say, "Not
to-day."
If yon have learned any bad, wicked
words, like some poor children in the
streets, who do not know any better,
then ask God for Christ's sake to help
you to-day ; then, when yon are tempted
to do so, remember, "Not to-day; I
will not say any wicked words to-day."
And do the same with all your faults.
Take them one by one, and try for one
whole day not to give way to them. It
will come easier then.
Do Something. It is sometimes a
little difficult for a diffident young man
to get a start in life and a start is all
they want ; but they need not be dis
hearted, acd above all things they need
not collapse into the pitiable degrada
tion of saying "I can't." One of a
young man's first duties is to butt
against the world ; if it does not yield
at the first trial, let him make another ;
if it does not yield at second trial, let
him make a third ; and if it refuses to
yield at the third, let him keep on
butting till it (' yield. Sooner or
later it will open its doors, and admit
him to a fair share of its riches and
honors. It does not matter a great
deal what a young man goes at at first,
provided he goes at something. If he
can not work with his head, let him
work with his hands ; there are none
of us who have a right to imagine our
selves above manual labor, aud there
are few of us who would not be sea
soned and improved by such labor.
Employment will show ns what we are
best fitted for, sooner than years lof
idleness ; and when a young adven
turer discovers what he can do best, let
him go at that with all his might, and
with the blessing of heaven upon his
honest efforts, he will find that there is
scarcely anything he can not do.
Ax Arab Legend. KingNimrod one
day cansed three urns to be placed be
fore his three sons. One of the urns
was of gold, the other of amber, and
the third of clay. The king told his
eldest son to choose among the urns
that which appeared to contain the
treasure of the greatest price. The
eldest chose the vase of gold on which
was written "Empire ;" he opened it,
and found it foil of blood. The second
chose the am lie r vase, on which was
written "Glory ;" he opened it, and
fonnd it filled with ashes of men who
had been famous on earth. The third
took the remaining vase of clay; he
opened it, and found it empty ; bnt in
the bottom the potter had written the
"Which of these vases weighs the i
most ?" demanded the kingof his court, i
Ihe ambitions replied, the vase of gold;
the poets and conquerors, the vase of
amber ; the sages answered and said
the empty vase, because that a single
etter in the name of God weighs more
than the entire globe.
Aw exchange toils us that a school
boy's toothache generally commences
at eight in the morning ; reaches its
highest altitude at a quarter to nine,
when the pain is intense to an extra
ordinary degree ; commences to subside
at nine : after that disappears with
alter that disappears
i i . . , . . , , i
celerity that must be very comfortable
to the sufferer. If at night the boy I
uwu e EO. ivur uuui ui waiuuwi n jii t-wi
out to dry np stairs, it is because there
is no place np stairs to do it.
Success in life is very apt to make us
forget the time when we were not much, t
. .. . .. 1
It is just so with the frog on the jump
be can't remember when he was a
tadpole, bnt other folks can.
The government of the Corea is said
to have politely intimated its willing
ness to send to Japan the heads of all
the persons implicated in the insult to
the Japanese government.
TtRimtx
For a wedding song Love knot,
A blacksmith's game Old sledge.
If the wise erred not, it would go
hard with fools.
Perpetual motion Revolutions in
South America,
A man has been arrested for taking
things as they come.
Lawyer's maxim where there's a
will there's a way to break it.
A man clothed in sackcloth and ashes
is overdosed, so far as the ashes are
concerned.
The man who begins life with "I
won't," slides off easily enough, after
ten years of married felicity, to the tune
of "You shall."
A Kansas man got up in church and
denied that there was any Heaven.
He said he hadn't seen any reference to
such a place in any of the papers.
The body of a lady recently exhumed
at Ephrata, New Y'ork, was found to be
as hard as stone, and to weigh &X
pounds, or 3T0 pounds more than at
the time of burial.
The vexed question, 'What is the
plural of Daddy Longlegs?" is at last
answered. "There is none; it has al
ways been regarded as a singular crea
ture." Jlimtun Journal.
From a late report of our diplomatic
representatives iu Paris, it appears that
the commerce of the United states with
that city reaches an aggregate of
seventy millions of dollars per year.
In the Royal Mint at London great
care is taken of the "sweepings" of the
various rooms and cilices. Last year
the amount of gold rescued from these
sweepings realized more than $11,171).
Tons of postal cards without any ad
dress are destroyed in the Dead Letter
Otlice, because people write their mee-
sage first, and then forget to address
ths card. Always ' write the address
first.
The discovery of immense beds of
sulphur in Iceland bids fair to make a
material change in the trade in that
substance, the Italian mines having be
come to a considerable degree ex
hausted. A country girl, coming from a morn
ing walk, was told she looked as fresh
as a daisy kissed by the dew. to which
she innocently replied : "Y'ou've got
my name right, Daisy ; but his name
isn't Dew.
A visitor to the art museum asked
for the key to la mil bach's great cartoon.
The out-line copy, with the figures
numbered, was handed ont by an atten
dant. "That's not it. I want the key
with which yon unlock and go behind
it."
As to his famous bon mots, Talley
rand said to Lamariine, "People have
made of me a speaker of bon mots.
Hut I have never uttered a bon mot iu
my life. I have endeavored to say,
after deep reflection on many subjects,
not a good thing but a just one."
The process of pulping leather in en
gines similar to those nsed for beating
rags in a paper mill, is now in nse in
Massachusetts, liy rolling it into
sheets under considerable pressure, a
product of great tenacity, homogeneity,
and closenes of texture is obtained,
which is, morever, perfectly water
proof. The cultivation of olive oil in the
South, so far as the experiment has
been essayed has proven entirely suc
cessful. It is said that a single planta
tion in Georgia in which olive trees
have been almost exclusively planted,
has not only yielded an abundant sup
ply of oil, but the same is pronounced
excellent in quantity.
M. Gnizot's library, which consists
of 30, (XH) volumes, is not remarkable
for rare editions or rich bindings. It
is a collection made for work, aud con
tains the most precious documents for
the study of German and Eoglish liin
tory, in the languages of those conn
tries, snch as probably no other collec
tions in i ranee can rival.
M. Henri Robert claims to be the
original inventor of a enrions clock,
which consists simply of a transparent
glass dial suspended by two cords from
points in its border. It has the two
usual bauds, but these are apparently
free from any machinery to carry them.
If either be moved and then let go it
returns to its former position after a
few oscillations. The bands are really
moved by mechanism within them by
means of which their centre of gravity
is continually displaced.
There are some eight or ten varieties
of eels, some of which never enter fresh
water. Some of them are ten or twelve
feet long weighing lm) pounds. The
common fresh and salt water eel is from
12 to 21 inches in length. Eels have
been proven to be hermaphrodite, and
spawn like other fish. It is said that
they are able by the peculiar formation
of their gills to retain water therein
sufficient to allow them to travel on land
for a short distance. The heart, which
is situated in the tail, like that of the
salmon, pulsates about 'J I times per
minute.
A most deceptive imitation of leather
is manufactured, according to a pro
cess discovered by Dawidowski, from
parchment paper. It is as soft and
pliable as leather, and resembles it per
fectly in color and finish, and, like it,
can be glu-)d, pressed, stamped, gilded.
As. It, therefore, forms a perfect sub
stitute for fancy leather for many pur
poses. As binding of books it resists
abrasion extremely w ell, and is not af
fected by dirt or even water. It is also
free from the objections to leather as a
lining for hats, since it is unaffected by
perspiration.
The i-'ition mentioned in Irving's
History of New York, that the Hudson
,DC J1,,w,ed west of. "nJ P"" t. the
Highlands, seems to be confirmed by a
double row of sand hills stretching to
the southeast from Newbnrg along the
base of the East Mountains and through
the lUmpo Valley to this city. These
sand hills are from 50 to l."0 feet in
height, some being essay swells in the
level valley, others standing, as it were,
on edge against the rocky si. les of the
mountain, where the East and Schune
munk mountains contract the valley to
a pars of less than one the width.
There is at least one blessing in being
an uneducated working man, for which
mat cians cannot ue wu gnekciui. nu
y h t haa that th
hve h feTer 1Ie fin,,'9
that class cannot be too grateful. An
that this interesting disease ia peculiar
to the educated classes, and more com
mon in proportion to the spread of
mental culture and the intensity of in-
tUectual occupation. His experiments
lead him to the conclusion that the dis-
- 1 a t 11 m am :
plants ; bnt why this pollen should get
into the educated nose in preference to
the ignorant one he not explain. If
his theories be true, it is appalling to
think of the catarrhal possibilities in
volved in our pubiio school system
and the nasal ruin lnrking in bookstores.
! I.
V
i.