wd the mortal wound, he did not instant
ly die", and the defendant would be ac- j
quitted. .
To the 3d, 4th, and oth poiuts, we
answer in the negative-
Mr. Purvianee requested the Lourt to |
instruct the jury on the following points:
Ist That the jury must be satisfied ;
be von d a reasonable doub . oft tie guilt
of the defendant, before they are justi
fied in rendering a verdict of guilty;
aad that if a reasonable doubt exists in
the minds of the jury, it is their duty
to render a verdict #f not guilty.
To the fist point wc answer. — >Ve af
firm the law to be as stated therein
2d. That in a ea-e of circumstantial'
evidence, every circumstance
relied on by the Commonwealth, forms
in itself an independent issue, and the
« law requires that ouch circumstance
shall be established clearly and beyond
a reasonable doubt. '1 bo .circumstances
should, to a moral certainty, exclu-i
--every hypothesis but the one proposed
to l« proved by the Commonwealth.
TJ the 2d. point we anwer : That every
material circumstance relied i n by the
Commonwealth to make out the charge
must be clearly established, beyond a
reasoneble doubt, arid that, in order to
a conviction of the prisoner, _it is neces
sary not only that the circumstances
all concur to show that he committed the
crime, but that they l e inconsistent with
any other rational conclusion. ,
3rd. If the mortal wound weie in
flicted —by whomsoever done —under
the belief "that it was necessary to save
the life of a friend, it would be homicide
in self defense
To the 3d point, wc answer: That
this point is so general and indefinite,
and not applicable, as we comprehend
its language, to.this case, that \ve are
compelled to dejline to answer it.
4th. That the possession of a knife by
the defendant before the eommis\on of
the homicide, was received for the pur
pose of showing the defendant bad tho
means of inflicting such wounds as those
found en tho bodies of deeeased, but
not as a fact from which it might be in
ferred that the defendant would hare a
tendency to commit the deed.
To the 4th point, we answer in tire
affirmative.
sth. That the possession of a knife is
not competent to be shown for tho pur
pose of prejudicing the character o! the
defendant, or from which the jury might
infer that the defendant probably did
the act.
To Vhe sth point, we answer : We
affirm this point so far as to say to you
that proof of. possession of the knife by
defendant, was not recfivd for tho pur
pose of effecting the character of tho dft
fendant—hut neither purpose, to wit:
to prove that he had had in his posses
sion a knife which, in connection with
the other evidence in tho cause, might
tend to establish the charge against the
defendant.
Mr. M'Candless, for the defendant,
wished the Court to instruct the jury on
the following points:
Ist. If the jury believe from all the
facts and evidence in the case, that the
homicide was committed by the defend
ant (or any one close by) at'ter Oliver
was lying prostrate on the floor near the
north room door, having been knocked
down by Cunningham, who is proved to
be a man of great strength, and while
Cunningham had a chair drawn to striko
Oliver; and the defeudant helieved, and
had reason to believe from all the facts
surrounding him, that Cunoingham was
about to kill Oliver ; then the defend
ant, or any one else, inflicting the blow,
it would be exensaole homicide, aud the
defendant must bo acquitted.
To tho first point, we answer : As wc
scmprtheud this point, we will answer it
in the negative.
2nd. 11 the jury believe the defend
ant committed the homicide at any time
during the conflict —in the heat of pas
sion— upon this sudden quarrel, it is
manslaughter.
To the 2d po'nt, wc answer.- The facts
set out in tV.is point are not sufficiently
definite to enable us to answer it definite
ly aud properly; but if it is iuten led
that at tho time Oliver was knocked
dtiwn by the deceased, and tho defend
ant being at the time a party to the con
flict, and he then in a beat of passion
inflicted the fatal blow, then we say if he
bad received a legal provocation suf
ficient to produce passion, and the evi
dence shows the absence of malice, and
death ensued, it would be manslaughter.
3rd. If the homicide was committed
by tbo defendant while tho fight was
progressing between Oliver and Cunuing
ham, or in any other combat then going
on in the room ; it delendant interfered,
from hot blows alone, occasioned by see
ing a friend attacked by a stranger, it is
manslaughter.
To the 3d point, wc answer: We re
fuse to affirm this point.
4th. That the jury arc the judges both
of the law and the facts.
To the 4th point, wo answer: We
cannot i.ffiim this point. For it i« well
settled "when a case is on trial, tlie L real :
weight of authority now is that the iury 1
are to receive, as binding on their eon- \
sciences, the law laid down by the Court, j
to them in their charge.
This case has been stated in .the argu
ment toloe one of circumstantial evidence,
because no one was seen inflicting the
wound upon the body of tho deceased ;
and much has been said upon the relia
bility of the evidence, and that it would
not justify the jury in convicting the de
fendant. How is this, gentlemen ?
Does the evidence so surround tho de
fendant, and point to him so certainly as
having done the deed beyond all reasonable
doubt, as to induce you to believe he was I
the person who csused the death of Sid
ncy B. Cunningham ? The timq was ■
brief withiu which it must have been
inflicted; and the place, we presume, j
you will conclude, was iu the sitting ,
room or hall. Was the defeudant in
possession of a knife at the time ? What
was its character ? Aud, does the knife, j
compare with the description of the i
wounds found upon the body of the de i
ceased ? And was the defendant suf- | l
fieieutly near, so that, if he bad desired ! ]
so to do, he could have struck the blowF? ! t
; and could they have been so struck at ,
any time during that period without the *
I witnesses, who were there, having seen
! him strike ?
These inquiries are for you, and you
alone. Nothing wc should say—it'we
were to toko up, in detail, the facts
; which have been proven to you —we do
not believe would a : d you in coming to
i a result. If—after the len.thj' and ablo
arguments ot eight counsel, for the last
two days, elaborating the facts and prrs
sing their conclusions upon you—Chey
• will not assist ytu in discovering tho
truth in this ease, any remarks from t-he
Court would, in oar judgment, be entire
■ ly unavailing; and, therefore, we shall
leave the facts entirely with you. And
as the character and reliability of circum
stantial evidence has been so fu'l/ dis
cussed, in the argument of the cause, it
may be-proper— as well as profitable—to
| address you on that question. We will,
! therefore, read to yuu the opinions of
i some of the most profound and eminent
; Judges of this country upon the impoit
ant question of circumstantial evidence:
" The distinction, then," say 3 Chief
' Justice Shaw in the Webster case, '-be
tween direct and circumstantial evidence
I is this : Direct or positive evidence is
! wheic a witness can be called to testily to
i the precise fact which is the subject of
j the charge in the trial; that is the Horn
i icitle that the party accused did cause the
death of the deceased- Whatever may
be the k ud, or force of evideuce, this is
tiits fact to be proved. But suppose no
person present on the occasion ot the
death, and of course no one can be called
to testify to it, is it wholly unsusceptible
of legal proof? Experience does show
thU circumstantial evidence maybe oft
eicd in such c i icc, that is, the body of
: facts, quite as strong and certain as that
on which discreet men aro accustomed
to act in relation to their most important
' concerns. It would be injurious to the
• best interests of society, if such proof did
i not avail in judicial proceedings. If it
were necessary always to have positive
: evidence, how many criminal acts com
mitted in the community, distructive of
i its peace and subversive of its order and
security, would go wholly uudetccted
, j and unpunished ? Tho necessity, there
fore, of resorting to circumstantial evi
dence—it it be a safe and reliable pro
ceeding—is obvious and absolute. Crimes
are secret. Most men conscious id'crim
inal purposes, and about the execution of
criminal acts, seek security of secrecy
and darkness. It is, theretoe, necessa
ry to use all other modes oievidence be
side that of direct testimony, provided,
| such proof's uiay be relied on as leading
| to safe and satisfactory conclusions—and,
thanks to a benificent Providence—the
laws of nature, and the Telaticns of things
to each other, and so linked and combin
ed together that a medium of Troot is
1 often furnished, leading to inferences
| and conclusions as strong as those aris
ing from direct te timony."
Chief Justice Whit mi re siid.in charg
ing a jury in a case of gieat interest, "Cir
cunistantial evidence is stronger, often,
and more satisfactory than direct, bo
cause it is not liable to delusion or fraud."
' The eye of Omnicience," s»id Mr.
Justice Parker, "can alone see the truth
in all cases—circumstantial evidence is
■ there out of all question but clothe i as
1 j we are with the infirmatice of human
i i nature, how art we to get at the truth
• | wi bout aconcatanation of cii-eumstancesl'
; ! Though in human judication, imperfect
I j as it must be, it sometimes happens, per
• Inpp, in the course of-one hundred years,
that a lew solitary instance*, owing t.i
the minute and curious circumstances
. which sometimes envelope human trans
act ions, error has been c uimitted from
reliance on circumstantial evidence; yet
■. this species of .evidence, in the opinion
I of those who are most conversant with
the administration of justice, aud most
skilled in judicial proceedings, is much
more satisfactory than the testimony of
a single individual who swears that lie
has seen a fact committed."
! And the late distinguished Chief
[Justice Gibson, said, (Com. vs. Ilorton
- j4, Bar 2G9,) " Circumstantial evidence
• !in a capital case is, in the abstract,
j nearly, though perhaps not altogether.
i jas stnng as pis live evidence; in the
! ; concrete it may be infinitely stronger. A
- i fact positively sworn to is not so satis
factorily proved, as a fact which is tho
i nect ss iry consequence of a chain of other
; facts sworn to by many of doubtful cred
ibility. Indeed, I scarcely know whether
there is auy such thing as evidence pes
itive. The only difference between pos
itive and circumstantial evidence is that
the former is more immediate, and hit
i fewer links in the chain of connection
between the premises and the conclusion.
All evidence is more or less circumstan
tial, the difference being on in the de
gree; and it is sufficient lor the purpose
: when it excludes disbelief—that is, ac
tual and not technical disbelief; for he
j who is to pass upou the que-tioo, is not
at lilcrty to disbelieve as a juror while
j Its. believes as a man. It is enough that
i his conscience is clear."
! As the facts and circumstances in each
particular.case, iD sffitic respects neccs
: sarily ar-e peculiar, and different from all
■ otheie, it is difficult to lay down general
; -ules for the guide of jurors in each case,
j There is one rule ought never to be de
parted from, it is said, and that is no one
; should be convicted of murder on cir
i cunistantial evidence, unless the body of
the person supposed to have been mur
dered is found Here there is no ground
for that rule, as you have the deceased,
Sidney B. Cunuinghai, proved to you to
have been slain in the house of John
Oliver, in this county, on the 24th of
December last.
Again, each circumstance should be
satisfactorily established by the evidence,
and it should not be presumed by an as
' sumption of the fact that the defendant
|is guilty. And the jury should give as
much weight to each ciicumstanee which
makes in favor of the defendant as they
do to circumstances of the same import
ance against htm. If any fact material,
the existence of which is not established
beyond a reasonable doubt, you are to
give the defeudant tho benefit of that
doubt. " Every man is presumed to be
innocent until he is proved guilty;" and
the presumptions of ihe law are always
probable on that which is a maxim of its ,
own creation. In civil eases tho jury 1
j are to decide upon the weight of all the
I evidence} but in criminal cases the jury
must find upon alt the evidence—being
satisfied 'of hi* guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. Sueli doubt, however, must not
be a fanciful,, or an imaginary and spec
ulative doubt, or a mere passable doubt,
but something actual aud substantial.
It is said, by some of our eminent writers,
to be thai state of the mind when the
jurors cannot say they have au abiding
conviction to a moral certainty of the
ehargo.''
And nojv, gentlemen. +e have done,
and will submit this case to you. We
have endeavored to discharge our duty,
feeling tho r osponsibility which has
rented on us under IUo solemn obligation
of our olliciii We have no reproach to
lay upon ourselves, knowing that through
out this case wa htvo acicd conscien
tiously, and endeavored to administer tho
IJW according to the be»t of our judgment;
and whatever may be the verdict to the
prisoner at t-he bar, or to the public, we
shall feel acquitted in our conscience for
t e part we hive ait-din this iuipjr *it
trial.
'! he case is with you —and its final
decision is for you.
The jury retired at half-past si* o'cloak
P. M , when the Court adjourned to
meet on ringing of the bell.
At 91 P. 51.,—just three hours—tho
Court convened, and the jury returned a
verdict against John li. Adlington, of
uuif»v in manner and form as he stood
indicted, of murder in the-first degree.
Tho defendant's counsel filed a general
exception to the charge of the judge, be
fore the verdict of the jury was received.
Fit! DAY MORNING, March 22, 1867.
The counsel, on behalf (Jf defendant,
John Adlington, moved for a new
trial for tho following reasons :
I. The jury erred in finding tbo de
fendant guilty, as the evidence was not
sufficient to remave all reasonable doubt.
11. The defendant's counsel also urge
additional re i sons, which they allege
were errors of the Court, as follows :
Ist. In refusing to quash the array of
Grand Jurors.
2d. For refusing to quash the array of
Petit Jurors.
3d. In relusing to quash the indict
ment ; aud
111. In error in the several bills of
exceptions, sealed by the Court, at the
instance of Defendant's counsel, during
the trial on the exception of evidence;
which several exceptions are hereby beg
ged to be made part of these reasons as
fully as it is repeated and iucorpcrted
herein.
J. N. Pci VIANCE,
M'CANDLESS,
J. C. M'CARTHIT,
THOMPSON & LYON,
1 Attorney's for Defendant.
Gen. J. N. I'urviance made a few re
marks urging the Court to entertain the
motion. Said that not the slightest dis—
• respect, either to Court or jury, was re
flected by the motion ; but they thought
duty to thoir client demanded the effort
at their hands. He made a very feeling
appeal on helnJf jol' the prisoner.
The'Court, after consultation, said be
cause of the magnitude of the eonsequen
-1 ces involved to the prisoner at the bar,
' (whoss right of being present at the
1 making ot this motion had bean waived
' by his counsel, and marked of record,)
they would entertain the nuition, and fix
1 an early Adjourned Court for tho hear
ing- _ .
i Thus ended the trial at this time.
' —Favors easily repaid beget af
fection—favors beyond return eu
1 gender hatred.
—Moral truths aro prophecies of
1 ends, but not of the forms and succos
, sioti of events.
—The reason that many persons
want their desires, is because their
desires want reason.
—Wo may accept frora others
I' sacrifices to save us from martyrdom,
1 but never to purchase a joy.
! —True joy is a serene and sober
• motion, and they are miserably out
( who take laughing for rejoicing.
—The highest luxury of which
the human mind is sensible is to call
i 6miles upon the face of misery.
—The true end of freedom is to
develop manhood and womanhood.not
to wake authors., mechanics or states
men.
THERE is an efficacy in calmness
i of which we are unaware. The elcs
menl of serenity is ono which we
peculiarly need.
A WISE man prevaileth in power,
, for he sccureth his balancing engine;
. but a fool tilteth headlong, and his
i advesary is aware.
—The Maryland Legislature has
repealed the distinction of the state
codes between black and white o£.
fenders. This prevents Judge Ma
gruder from selling ir.ore negroes into
slavery, but it ought not to shield him
frora the penalty of violating the Civil
Rights Act.
—The official journal publi.-hed in
Rome intimates that in case of any
popular movement the pope,
j all the barracks are to have picket of
twenty men constantly ready. If bar
ricades arc raised, the troops will be
divided into .companies of a hundred
and twenty men,and will rilove on the
obstruction and carry it.But suppose
the obstruction carries them instead.
Such things have happened before
now..
KNOWLEDGE.— Young men, improve
your idle moments ! Don't sit doing
nothing, and wish yon had something
to do. Take a book and read,tOat your
mind may be impr«v,ed. You do soci
ety a great wronj, to grow up in
ignorance, a reproach to yourself and
a discredit to your country. Come,
take a book this instant; the effort '
iniiy be irksome at first but you will j
find pleasure and profit and hoaor J
.in it, in the loDg run.
lUe bittern.
The Largest Virculatten oj
any Paper in the County.
C. ]S. ANDERSON. - Editor.
BUTLER PA.
WEDMEBIiAY, APB. 17,1*07.
Liberty »nd Union, Now and Forever, On*
and •nseparable."—D. Webster.
Union Hopubllctin Primary
Elections and County Con
vention.
At a meeting of the l/n|on Republican
County Committee, held in Butler, on Mon
day, the 15th inst., it was
Jiesolced, That the Union Republican vo
ters of Butler county, ate hereby requested
to meet in their respective electh n diitricrs
throughout the county, on Saturday, the
first of June, next, between the hi urs of
one and seven o'clock, p. m.,*of said day,
and Vote by ballots for cundidt.tes tor nom
ination for the different offices, to be filled
at the fall election, te wit.
One person for Assembly.
One person for comity Commissioner,
One person foi Treasurer.
One person for county Auditor.
Oue person for Jury Commissioners.
And futtheV, to select oue of their number,
in each district, as delegate to convey said
vote, and meet similar delegates on the fol
lowing M< nday, at one w'cl ek, p. 111 , in
the CoAt House, for the purpose of casting
up said votes, the nominees, etc.
The following resolution was adopted :
liesolved, That the local boards, at the
primary elections, tire instruced to reefiive
the vote of no pers in not known to be a Re
publican, and that the h cat boards shall each
return to the county Convention, n o> rtfied
list of all pertous who have voted at such
elections. C. E. ANDERSON, C/I'II.
JOHN C. MOORE, Sec'y.
Announcements.
But few name* have as yet been I ended
in us candidates fur the different offices
They will appear in our next weik'i isj»ue.
livery.
«T. & A. Mitchell have purchased the JLiy
cry establishment nf Ales, Lowry, and are
prepared to accommodate all who may call
upon them for horses, carriages and buggies,
on short notice, and at reasonable tatcs. —
John and "ALeek" are clsver fellows. Give
them a call.
Hardware.
The 1 ttention of our readers it askei lo
the advertisement of Mr. A. J. Pentecost,
148 Federal 6treet, Allegheny city, which
will be found in our paper, for the fir>stime,
to-day. Mr. P. has a large etoejc of good*,
which he offers for sale low ; and our rea«ler s
will consult thoi 1 interest by calling on him,
when they goto the city.
Carriages, Buggies, &c.
Persons wishing to purchase Carriages.
Buggies, Sulkies, or wagons, would do well
to call at the well known establishment of
G. C. lioes>ing, on Cunn'ngham street. lie
has now been engaged in the business 112 r
six yews. His work has been tried, nnd
has given general satisfaction He can sell
as cheap as the same stylo and quality of
work can be purcba>ed elsewhere. Give
him a call.
The Buckeye
The great Manufacturing House of C.
Aultman & Co. has attained a world-wile
celeb 1 itj - a reputation, I used upon the sub
stantial excellence and unparalleled success
of the Buckeye Reaping nnd Mowing Ma*
chine. We have seen its'ated that the num.
her of Buckeyes in use by the faun* is « 112
the United States is greater than that of any
other machine. At the great National tour
naments of the Reaper family the Buckeye
has won the brightest laurels. These tri
umphsspfcak volumes. Tncreade- will find
other interesting facts concerning the Buek
eye in an advertisement iu thi# paper.
Claaeicsl end Normal Sebeo'.
Messrs Titzel & Ruth, both practical teach
ers, are about opening a school in the pleas
ant viii.ige of Prospect. Professor Titzel is
a ripe scholar and a thorough eduea'or. He
wa* principal of a public schooi in Pitl*burg
for a number of years, and the founder of
the Conn"qu®neß*ing Academy.
Young men and women desir<>u« of pre
paring themselves for the profession of
teaching are n-'W offered a rare opportunity
to thoroughly qualify themselves for ihe re
( ponsible position to which they aspiie.
For terms, etc., soe advertisement.
Burned.
On Saturday night, I2tn instant, tlie sta
ble of Jidin Strutt.in Zelinni'ple, this 0011 nty,
was entirely consulted by fire, supposed to
be the wnrk of an incendiary. When the
I stable was fired there were twocinid horses,
a cow and culf, and a top bugsy therein.
One hor-e and the calf were, after being'
badly burned, rescued. The other horse
and the sow were Darned to death.
This is * severe and heavy loss to Mr_
fitrott. who is vid -to be a p >or man who
had, only a few days previously, b 'Ught the
hori-es for the purpose ojf teaming, and thus
nigking an honeft livelihood for himself and
fauiily. Total less about SIOOO ; insurance
S2OO, in Zelienople Co.
Also, on Sabbath night, 13th instant, the
large, new frame bain, belonging to the
•" Orphans' Home," at Zelienople, was to
tally consumed by fire. At the time the fire
was discovered the horses, cows and sheep,
belonging to the Home School Farm, were
all in the stables connected with the barn,
but were rescued withoutreciving much in
jury. Ram a total loss, not being covered
by insurance. Also the work of an incendi
arj.
Novelty in Medtdnt.
Tha great reason th< medical baj not in*
creased paripaatu witli (lie oth<s difficult
and learned sciences is, that ev»ry new rem
edjr, new mode of cure, or new plan of
treatment always meets with such a cry of
opposition by theregulai profession, as few
men are able or willing to withstand. This
should not be so. In true science, every
thing to be made availably that is
useful; and the investigation of diseaie and
its amelioration is surely one of tho noblest
pursuits of of mankind; nnd which, if pros
ecuted with honest aims, ehould evokp the
gratulations of nil who have at heart the
comfort and wpll-beirg of the human race.
We have been.led to these remarks by ti««
perusal of a work on Urino-Pathologv, by
Dr. L. OpDsnvc, who, fur twenty years has
been investigating the subject <»f Urinary
Deposits and Secretions—not out of curios
ity merely, but with the more laudable view
of making the application of this knowledge
u-eful in ameliorating thesufferinga of p)»n
kind.
The Doctor has been successful. And
why should be not? He ha« thoroughly
systematijed the course of study of Urino-
Pathology ;ind iradethe science acceptable
in medical schools, and the practise of it
respectaUe at home in Pittsburgh and the
surrounding country ns far as lie is known.
It is a subject woithy the attention pf all
those who regard scientific investigation of
disease al' paramount to that mawkish sens
sihility which precludes it on account of its
novelty.
For the benefit of those who feel disposed
to avail themselves of the advantages of
such investigation*, we would further state
that we have visile.l him at his office o"
Grant street, also, and found liira prepared
with all the uppnra'us neces-a'y to a chem
ical as well .is iniir svooic ii s'.i n gl
til* most complicated ii»s*s, His office was
one contioU"d throng of patents, from
nearly all parts of the country, who spoke
in unqualified term* in pr .ise of his success
Persons living at a distance by sending
a vial "112 urine for examination, cap hjive'ilie
necessary ifjeljcine ». i)t then;. Ilis office
and ig-idjenee is at No. J. 32, Grunt street,
Pittsburgh.
Public Holiday*.
IIAKRISBI'KU, Match 28, 1807.
SIR: It has been repeatedly dicj4e<| by
the Superintendents .I S i.ools 'l ha ks
giving dav, Clnis'inns, Washing on's I irth
ilay. nnd July 4th, are pub! c holidays) and
as such, sb ulo he allowed to t<acheis uhen
they come in A school term, but if teachers
continue fheir schools on those days, or
either of them, they will not, by so .tuning,
giiin the time to de luiit it frotg the wljole
number of days in the term. These ijeflis
ions are concurred in by the present haid
of the School department.
WJjen a holiday occurs in the school
term nnd the school is not kept open on
that day, the leather should enter the
name of the day as " Thanksgiving," or
" Christmas," &c . in the column under the
proper date in the monthly re;ort book ;
and Directors should consider such days ns
days taught. .
Yours respectfully,
J. P. WFCCKLRSUMP.
To J- 11. Cretty. Sup. Cuts, sHJflfiols.
Salihiifli School Institute nnd
Convention.
The uiidcr-igned pastors of churches and
superintendents of Snblialh schools in Jsut
ler, having been appointed a committee Cor
that purpose by a meeting of the friends of
Sabbath schools, hereby call a Convention
and Institute, to meet in liutler, in tho Uni
led Presbyterian churcji, on Tuesday and
Wednesday, the 7th and Bth of Mav. •
All the pastors,superintendents and teach
ers in the county nr« invited to attend, it
is expected that Mr. Paidea wijl conduct
the meeting, and that other distinguished
laborers will be present,
We propose to print and send programme*
in duo time to every pastor and sjupcrioi'ii
dent in the county. We desire also to oh*
tain, as accurately as possible, the religious
t/envrapliy of the county. To these ends we
want information; and a k. therefore, that
every pastor, and every superintendent of a
school that is outside of a cliurcti, (we in
clude nil thai acted as superintendents last
summer.) will send, as toon as poss b!e to
any momber of the c nutnittee, 51 letter giv
ing us 1 lie following ftctn{
1. ilis iiane and uddre-s.
2 The name nf his Church or 9»l*bath
school, and the township* in which it is lo
cated.
3 The number of teachers and cli >la s,
(not including Bible classes) and the ave
rage attendance of each.
4. The number in Bible I.lasses.
5, The number of volume*, in library.
0. The number of come s out during tlie
pa«t year.
7. Whether the sc ijol is kept up 4uri«g
tha winter.
8. The number of children within two
miles of the school who do not habitually
n'tend the Sabbath sch>ol.
9. The n-inic of any locality, iu your
tow nship, where y- u tliink anew Sabbath
-rtoo isjieijded, a id ih; prQOable number
of children to a tend -it.
10. And -the name and address uf any
individual living in or convenient to su h 1.
neighborhood, wh 1 would be Irkely io take
an in in the w >rk of a S. school.
We trust that, whether you ean lie pres.
ant at the Cuven ion ap I institute or not,
you will ootallow either app'hy.qr careless
ness to hinder you from -ending us (in an
swer to the above point* without delay
The committee extend Co yon a -hearty
greeting and invitation to lie present.
Exercises will commence on i'jiesdnf, at
i o'clock p. 111 •
J. D. LEGGIT, Chairman, M- £. Ch.
Lor.vt. JfouNO. O. S. Presbyterian.
Jons Giti.tr, U. P. '•
WILLIAM CAMCBSLL, Superintendent. \
J. C. KCDDICK, "
TJIEO. IILSELTO.V, V
_ Committee.
P.titie.t,
The proceedings nf the Republican enun
ty C .uimittee, wiU be found in ano hercol
umn. Saturday, the Ist day of Jane has
been named ns the time for holding tho
Primary Elections.
goiwmuuratiotts.
For the CiritM.
8«k«*l Exhibition,
The Fairview school held an exhibition
on tli* evening oi the 23th ultimo, in tie
U. P. Church of that plaee. B.- mem five
find six huntlrei were in attendance ; com
plete!; filling the hou'e. 'I he performan
ce of the ewning were of the usual order
of selection, declamation, essays nnd dia
logues; and they occupied the time of the
large an 1 intelligent audience until a late
hour. Wie rendering of the programme
win suoli <l9 to reflect credit npon teacher
and seho'ar; and, with the exception of in
distinct articulation in some ctses, the ex
eaciaes of the evening passed off well. The
piece', original and selected, were inter*
apersed with music It; the Millerstpwii
siring band. Prof. Geo. 11. GRAHAM, the
principal of the school,carries with him t)ie ,
well wishes of Fairview and vicinity.
For tho Citizen,
"IV'ul|o Bono."
Mr. EDITOR: —Hung waited for some
abler pen tlinn mine to refute the shallow
arj ument's <>f Mr, Hock well, for his tpean
ingle-s word-memory
lam inducpl'by tlie absence of such refu
tation, tucxamine a little ulo-er this mmdiine
method of instruction, by which the pupil's
tuir.d may be crammed foil of naked and
undefined wor Is ; and then, by some p•-
culiar mechanical process (known to no one
except Mr K hiinsdf), ideas may beov jiv
ed, and. truth* and principles elicited, i)nd
the faculties of the yom li ("jjl uiipd (jeveloppd,
informed and gui led by the operator through
mere ' sounding brans nnd tinkling cyni||»|."
Hear, 0, ye people, Ironi "'Dan unto Beer
ahebu," that a certain eilucatorof youreoui »
try has, at la-t, di' Covered a p'oi-es by
who i the universal law of progress may
be circunivent't); the mind aroused to an in
ternal activity; mental discipline and men
till improvement secured j tho apprehension
qui kensd ; the memory strengthened; a
rapid and discriminating judgment formed;
aculoes* of p reap'ion a ijuirell ; and a vali
nes? and variety id conception attained, by
the simple process of verbal memory.
You, who ds-ire to enroll your mimes
among the greatest of the great, ceaie " to
burn the midnight nil" for the putpnss of
developing that tin rough-, opacity t.y which
yoti extieat to prepare yi ur mental pinions
for those inellectunl flights necessary to the
a'ta'nment and world-governing positions
of km wledge and fame. Avail yourselves
if this invention and nive many years • 112
day and night toil in the devel put nt of
your faculties by old fogy eys ems »l s-t o
las'i# c»lt»re.
JJ. B. —A patent wiU he appl el 112 rand
no infringmen: of said pfteuj jvilbie allow
el. The patentee expec #, rw< only to im
mortalize himself as a benefact >r of the
race, but also to grow rich from the |-r"ceeds
But, let us in all seri usness consider this
article of Mr. Rockwell, in which the " 1,"
so ex efsively predominates. Words are
i)ic signs of iedaSj and ip-trnmcnts for the
expression of uionta I conception, ,fbeyare
meiely nmuet, and not sulmttfntves ; and they
only become tangible to the lyeniory and
useful to the mind .when associated Kith the
objects and ideas Jhey are intended to rep
resent and convey. The cljjld
the word bayonet j'' but wbijt Ji.as been
gained, except afiertajn number of sounds? j
But, inform the mind of die child of the I
form, si,ape, use, composition and his
tory of tlttt object repro-entid by this word,
and you increase the child's stock of inlor
matioii as well as its capacity. What should
we think of the earpeij'ei who should em
plov yll the lime of h'S apprentice in leirn
ing die Unmet of the tools, instead of their
uses? And would the nam es nut be more
ea-ily l-arne I sujd m re leadily retained by
acquiring them in c inflexion with their uses?
The mind has a natural for that
knowledge \vlj:ch is objective and real, and
which is
Do wu not jipprsss arithmetical facts and
principles up n the memory by a practical
application of them io 11,e s- la ion of pr b
leins calling into oxercise andu-eth s«s»m,c
principles ? Do we not doubly engrave
our knowledge upon our memory when it
is of a kin I (hat it may be communicated
and u ilind?
Things first, the application of the
! ( erms Usj?d to designate iliem af.eraards.
It, then, j.n-tflvJjoo ronsi-ts ill defin
ing!; t.Ue Ja «-S, attributes pud pmpcrlies
o. unud an I iimit'ir, tJjeu .why nut. at least
t- ach th definition* id wof.ds ui "tJir to an
intelligent ue ■ I them? ty- einaeie and
rational deVelnptinefit •{ mind must he yi
proportion to tl.c development of llu light
and tho expiessi nof ideas. Words beyig
the repiesuntatires and conductors of ideiui,
•it is plain that unless w» are acquainted
with their meaning, we can neither acquire
idea-, nor make an intelligent application
o. them iu their propi r uses. There*
h re, the storing of the mjnd with words,
undefined aod uncouipreheuded, i- incom
patib e with ii» jtf 'per, rat ion.il develop
meot- And tliie is the true secret of so
much bud reading in our scho 4s. .The
majority of pupils pet form the mrchaniim
of reading tolerably well; thu.t is, worda
ure pr Bou«c-d e-n,recily. tney have
been taught tp regard form* of words
aicne, but the id'as and g>-rnis of thought
are vu.t U'iiler« o d and appieu ar d. the ex
eroiee tf reading bein<{ a niere 'wading
through a mass of strai ge words which, t»
the p.ipil, are just eo mjyiy forms aud
sounds lacking ar.d sense To
have reholars comuut ,to aieinory i olumna
of atrange, difficult, unintelligible and dry
words, is not only useless, but also injuri
ous, as having a tendency to dull aotl
deaden the intellect. Much like the/>ld
'• Pen-Knife Plan "• of the twenty-eix forma
.of the alphabet, without any asa<a:iatii n of
' sensible objeots. And he who should thus
teach the alphabet to the prenrnt generation,
would be considered a fit sul jest for a com
mittee nf lunacy.
Hot, sajs Mr. Rockwell, " ideas without
words to express them, are of little conse
quenee." And here I must say that Mr.
M.'s article i» exceedingly faulty both ns tJ
grammar aod logic, y*t logics! »rror» bear
the palm. The trouble is, tbis teacher °P
wo ils has employed the golden mqments of
youth in niemor sing the words, the »igna~
and K'unds of the language to the neglect of
their meaning, gfcminationl use and logical l
construction. Complete thoughts will clothe
themselves in proper language. The lan»
guage must oe antecedent to the conception
a:.t) expression, ami a supposition that wurd»>
arc wanting to a proper exprrssiun of tho't,.
is saying that the idea is partial and imper
fect, I|itd the difficulty reu|ly cnnlsts in not
being able to dress a rbudnw or skeleton,,
instead uf a perfect and symmetrical body.
But, tu Mr. Hockwt-ll's oflier pretext*, for ie
would be unriignifying to call
them reasonsor argumen a. He claims that
memorizing words is ii'sugcessful method of
acquiring their pronunciation preparatory
to their use in reading. us see. A pu
pil opens his spilling book and proceed- to
memorize tho wor Ii iiy cpnsei-u ive order.
lieTicquainted with the correct pronunci
ation of the wofds lie is alaiut tu commit to
memory? If so, then why is he required
to memorize them, in ordsr to obtain thai
which he has already—via : pronunciation?'
Surely, the advocate of such a method will
admit //lis to be a waste of " golden mo«
inents." But the implication of the cl.nini
is. that lie is not acquainted with their pro
per pronunciation,fir he i$ required to learn
the word by rote, in order tu acquire its cor
rect utieiauee. And liflw can he leain un ■
less some one shall tcae hiiu ? Wore it not
better tp teach the child (he correct tri nuiir
ciatiiji of the words heli.re they are com
mitted to memory, and by so du.ng prevent
their incorrectness from being ensiaraped
upon the memory ? lint, is it pos-ihle to
ae.ure the cortect sound nr uttc anee of
words by a me>p pxerci-e of uiemory on the
pupil? !)/u, hut the woidswill be memor
ized acoirdipg to ?he pupil's iwnideaof
tlnqr prgnqnciatipn, lyhicli is very likely to
he iiigorrebt, and thus ft false inipre-gi n iq
ip .de upon the memory ivliich will be the
mure difficult to erase MI account of t'i;
long-c a.tmu' d npplicaiion of the mind in
Iliemoriz ng Mich inc tfecine-s, su imprint
ing it qpou thp mind as to nmke this >ap)«
f»lsit_i if l pare and parcel of lhem : nd itself.''
Tliaie is ip pjtimnte iitiliiy in compelling
lie mind to ieceiv-- fals • imp c—i lis, f<>g
" tip'seeds of first nstrpptj n are sown in the
d cp st furrows;" and who, wit!) but thro
grain-id coin seise, does not know tnat
i is easier nnd better lo sow the good seed
tiisr. tl.an to sow tares which mustbueradi
cated iu oid"r that the pure whom innjC. be
sown. Away, then, with such >ha low and
superßciiil melhods of teaching. I,el the
mind ne ratii nally developed through the
tuao'iing of; hiiigr-, facts and piincip es, and
the inculcation ol tiuthl'ui iitea-', rattier than
the insipidiij of mep? words. Let thought
power be by tcaihing their his
tory, deij>'at, »i. use-, meaning- anil npiil 112
caiotis. Lotus pruritic • t/fiiiker*. apu not
mere mao'iinfty. But 11■ ofm are pf«*!' po nts
in Mr. K>'sartiele, as also his grammar, etc ,
which must bo reserved lor an th r.
A. G. SCHOOL.
Butler, March 23d, 1807.
tor ibe Cltlsn.
Ancient PralfiinK Mod.
It i- th du vot ail lie worshipers of God
io unite i heir voces iu ihe celebration uf
his ;u|fi-/f. Tothe tjejrf>rinaiteeol' this diuy
all 112 iff in di r+nlemn obligations,as they are
to read the Scriptures, to pray, pi in ditate,
to examine themselves, to hear the Word,
and tu sanctify tho Sabbath. There is no
warrant to pr»i e Uod by <iroxy, as is done
in those congregations in Wh icli « lie whole
duty of praising llam i« performed A
choir ol trained lingers—of en
ftnd irreligious, fouthi*.
'Kinga oftb* earth, all uaiioua, pnnrfi, »*i th'a Jn lj»«,
all;
Both youos men, j#\ an! tuo, tn4 rhildraa
' an.aH;
Let thein(iod'a natne praiaa; for hla oimi alalia ia ai-
Calient."—Po. cxlvni, 11,13.
The command ifi not, "praise )iitn ye choir
ol welldi ciplined young men and maidens;
and Icl all others— old men and young chil
dren—be silent, le.-t they should mar the
melody of the music by their coarse notes;'
all ranks and are enjoined to rai-e
their voiuf# in songs if praise.
"Beho'd b'.efs y* tho Lord, all ye that hi*
attendants are ;
Even you thai in God's temple be. and praise
him nightly there.
Vour hands, within holy place, lift ap ■
and
Th.is command ;s ef the same impi rt,
making the duty ;in{ieralivo on all God'<
"attendants," or worshipers.
Tl;e command so often and solemnly reit«
eratcd in tht inspired bisik of I'salms
" Praise ye the Lord"— i» addressed to nq
One class exclusive of others; it euih-aces all
as fully as the prec-pt. " Serve the Lord."
When David the ark fnd set it in
I the mils', of th'! tent he I ad pitched
| he delivered a psalm to those who were lead
ers in song," And all the people prained the
Lord."—l Chron. xvi. 36.
In reply lo all this it is a ■id that though
the congregation is silent yet, in their hear la,
j they mny he employed in prating God ; si
j in prayer none utters words imi those who
lead iu tile devotion while all unite in the
I jrayer, It i* aG' eat error that hL- wrought
no little evil in th" matter oft ra ; »ing
■o consider prayer ai <1 praise rhe same dn.y,
and thit whatever is u 11- wed in the one is
! also in the other. In praise we address God
jn poetry, tind add to it the musical modu
lations of the voice. All tl is gives a char
acter of familiarity in approaching him,
which belopgs to no other duty. <->ol ha*
furnished us wi>ba nniniiel of praise, by ih«
inspiration of tli« lloLy Ghost, in the Psalms
ol lJuvjd, and loth authcr,zed and oom
manded us to use. it in our s ngs of prase.
lie hss not aethortledor g ven the least in.
tima'ion of hi- permitting any other. There
is no ground on w hich faith can rest that
he will accept any song- but those indicated
by the Holy Spirit. All this plaiply dem
onstrates that reatoning fiqm prayer to
praise. ji« if h-y weep the -ame duty, is ut
t-rly i eooc'u ive Wow frivolous must it
lie wneu ii is diree:ly oopoae l to those com
mands of (iol ree led »t>ove, and such call*
t.idu'y as i|ie fo lowing:
"Oiiome let us sing to the Lord;
come, let us every one
fa j yful noire make to the rock
of out salvation."—Ps. XCT. 1.
■God calls every one to " ning" and " maka.
a joyful noise "to him in the celebration ef
his | raises. Shall ,presume to say, 'ne'
so; it is enough to igake melody ip the heart
while the .tongue is fujen,!?' Tbia js sorely
presuming ,tqo much, and dealing |oo freely
with the solemn commands nf Jehavab.
How ilia Nejr Testament writers under
stood this matter is abundantly plain
repeated declarations of the Apostles—
"Speakiig to yourselves " [or to one anoth
er] "in psalms and hymns aod spiritaja'
poTtg§, singing and making melody io yojp