VOLUME 4.
AMERICAN CITIZEN
Ornamental, plain, Fancy, card Book
AND
rami* m unrrtfti.
" ' U*n».
PA.
W« AR* PREPARED TOPRINT,ON SHORT SOICE
Kill Heads, Hooks, Druggist Labels, Pro
grammes, Constitutions, Checks, Notes,
Drafts, Blanks, Business Cards, Visiting
Cards. Sb<>W Cards, Pamphlets, Posters,
Bills of Fare, Order Books, Paper Books,
Billets, Sale Bills. &c.
BKI.NO FURXISHKD WITH
The Most Approved Hand T, i esses
AND
THK LARGEST ASSORTMENT Oh
Type, Bord«r«. Ornaminti, Rul««. C«t«, ie.,
IN THK COUNTY, #
\Ve will execute everything in the line of
PLAIN AN DDECORATIVEPRINTING
NEATLY, PROMPTLY, AT R»!*<loSAfcLr KaTKS,
in a style to excel any establishment at
home, and compete with any abroad.
WORKMEN
Aiv employed in every branch of the
business, and we eu'ieavor to meet the
wants of the community, and to re
tain the honorable distinctiou which has
been already conceded to this estoblish
.ncnt. for
TAST i: I > C'OMI'OhIIOK
AN I> •
I'jh'izuuiM' In W oi'k.
J'II all tliccvwjutiuin ol Cheap I'rinting.
. Jood l'apcr, Tasteful Composition, Beau
tiful I'ress Work, and DISPATCH, WC in
Vite comparison, from getting out a Card
t»f a single line to an illuminated Poster,
or a work of any number of pages.
PRQgESBIOMAL CARDB.
L.Z. MITCHELL.
Mk. « am*
OFFLFII N. K Corner of Diamond. Ilntler, PA.
< iiitrlcM Jl'CnntllM*,
«•*
Offlro, Sua h WRIT corner of Diamond, Batter, PA.
J. A J. IM RVI4XCK,
.4. ttorn £i* * at 1-tt w,
Ofllrrf, on S. K of Diamond and Main »t Rat|*<r, PA.
JON* M. TKOMMO* LT«»K
THOMPSON & LYON,
■» am *->' ■» * m*-
nn Main Slrret. B<ltl*r, P» "%»
O iB. k- BLACK, O *O. W. FLFfGIIt
BLACK TI FLEEGER,
VTTOUXBVS AT L.AW,
AND TENSION AND CLAIM AUKNTS.
South Corn.r of Dlsin-.nl, R-ltlflr, P.i
' a7m. NF.YMAN, TiTD.
IMiyctlctlim unci wursr«*«n
«/«'«-edm«.* opposite Walker't building*.
rr, .»u2» T fMW.
mw - H. JWft«ft«ftle,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Will attend to all bu<ine«ft <•ntru*ted to hi* enre prompt*
iy. Sp*.cial attention given to tk«* collection* of /fen*
ktonf. Hack /\iy and liountit.s.
Will aUo act M agent for those winking to hay or
■nil real estate.
Offlco on S«iuth side ol fJiamoiK?. in Itrediu'# building.
Hut lor |»a. r
THOS. I^OT3I3STSOI<r^
Attorney at I«aw,
PENSION AND CLAIM AGENT
' Office with Charles M'(landless, E-q..
8. W. Corner ol t^amond
BUTLER PA.
ClaifM Agent.
Till: undersigned would respectfully notify the
l!.at lie has hem regularly commissioned as
OX-iA-IIM: AGENT,
f»r securing Hnumtjf H"uey. Arrearx of /\ty and /V*
•ton*. for 4»!diera, or if tW*y are dead. f«»r tkeir legal
«-Mpri'«ortntiTeM. No charge will hemutle f.»r pro«ucuting
thr cliiinitof Knl.lierK, 01 their rc| eN«wtativea until the
are rollertcd. C. K. AN I»KRSt >X.
KMM K Kl» l :.K! HI R—Foun
'' er- —'t'ovihlry North of tbr b
ofall -\IM and p!<t They'also keep on hniill - Urge
ntuck of which «hc\ *r\\a» cheap »u» the}' CM '»«•
0u.1.l „ih, r , »i»l.l, I nu-ni >i. th. cotim>
Jit. jk m 'iF3% W MM A M "JR .
J ft*'* ItrM,. North o' C art-Houie,
STfctS, SJL,
Iliin c >r.on h*nl. fr.-nb Ale. Beer.
aiVl«bur«aparilU. Sweet Meats. and Candles of
*ll kind* ; Uingi<r bir*ui an.l Hnml Cakes of every vari
ety. Nut* »112 4JI kind*. If toii «<«nt Kouti Oy-l«*m.
t-otien up in thi vary »*e4t *t rle, ja-»i call iu nod you
•hull be waited upon with the greatest of pleasv.io
PhotoffraphH, Ambrotypet,
In general. that Ue is prepared to take PMOTtMIK A PIIP,
A M ti ROT Y Pfcii. Ac., in the latent styles and in allktnds
tj,. w eat her An assortment of Pram-s. Canes, Ac , con
stantly on nand o*ll and examine Specimen*.
*#»CARb on Maine A Jefferson Htreeta. opp*elte
'.VEHEK A TROUTMAN't? Store, Butler.Pa.
H. KlT** MULLS* „.f. B. WRITB_.... C H JOB
MMM TIILQBS.
rillXK undersigned having associated themeelvee in th«
J Tailoring business, would respectfully say io tb«
public In gsnasal that they have just received the Pali
and Winter ITaehione, ai d are prepared to make up
clothing in the lateet and most approved atyle PI ear'
call end diamine our Fashions and Specimens of meu
and boya' wear. Bpeci«lattentu>u given to boys' cloth
ing. EITENMULLEY WHITE A CO.
August 12, IMt—tf.
DRS.S.R.4C.L. DIEFENBACHER.
• A JUCprapandlolitM'
x\. artificial dintuiai
M Improve
Mnt froat oMlo u w
UrtKt
Ite, Gold, Sllvor PUtin*
ThoM Jvirona to mi!
S&ZZto g£
try, ahould not fail to
SdS&fiH&K:
work. Filling, cleaning,
wncltacux! xUnttoc th* tMtfe <to» wlSi th. bM
MMrMiMdinth. lyi ■Mniwr. Particular attention
paid to Chililm'a Mitt. JLM Motula, tfcey itty earn
»tltlo»; th., lutan, tbo b««t Ch w
—r
AMERICAN CITIZEN.
<?d national.
(From th« PenMjlmte ichool Journal.) > -
Soldiers' Orphan School.
( Continued.)
lood, ('lathing and Bealh.
FOOD.
Wholesome, sufficient and regular food
is all that is needed for cLildbood. Hich
d;»ii«» and danties are prejudicial. Of
course an occasional treat of this kind
will be greatlv enjoyed, wpyld do little
if partaken of iu moderation, and
is not forbidden.
"The following, for the present, are the
regulations on this subject: It. being
understood that a sufficiency for all pu
pils of at least one of the articles in each
of the numbered lists shall be on Hie ta
ble, at the respective meals :
Brtnkfttl: 1 liread. 2. Butter,
aauec or Mo asses, -i. Coffee, lea, Choc
olate cr Sweet Mills, the latler to be
warij) or cold at the option of the pupil.
4. One more of the Wowing articles :
Fried mush, fVied potatos, with or with
out cniutif, fried bread, fried or boiled
eggs, gravy boiled potatoes with skins,
tomato sauce, milk gravy, mackerel or
other fish, hash or other warp) meat
preparation.
Diniifr : 1 Jiitud. 2. Beef Pork,
ijutton. Veai, 1 o ijtry, or other meat
a. Oue or more of the following articles:
I'otatoe-, calibage, parsnips, turnips, car*
mis. green beans, green corn.grj.cn pe=is,
h.iimny. beau*, rice, slewed oniops, stew
ed beets, or any other vegetable stewed
or boiled, vegetable or other soup, boiled
or backed pot-pie, tomato sauce, green
apple sauce, salad.
Supper : 1 BrCj)(J. 2, Butter or
Molar-ses. 3 Coffee, Tea, or Milk. 4.
One or more of the following articles :
Cold corn bread, potatj soup
Sunday dinner to consist of cold Meat,
Bread ('akes, Pies, stewed Fruit, &c. —
Fruit to be given at any meal, when in
season and grown on the premises.
CI.OTH|NG.
These children are to b<; plainly but
comfortably cla 1, and their clothes kept
in good repair by the seamstresses, assis
ted by the female pupils.
Such of the garments as can shall be
male at the schools, by the seamstress®,,
with the assistance of the girls ; and a
reasonable compensation will be allowed
to the Proprietor of the school, for his
trouble and pijrc it) the matter, and for
the cutting out and labir by the seam>
stresses. All the articles worn by the
girls, except shoes, stockings, cloaks,and
head dresses, and all those of the boys
except their parade dresses, winter suits
and overcoats, and their shoes, stocking*
hats and caps, will be nude in the schools.
The uniform of the boys shall consist
of a dark-blue jacket with black braid
and gilt eagle button ; dark gray pants
with black braid ; and a blue cloth cap
with a strip of gold lace
The other garments of the boys shall
be such as the season requires, but as
nearly uniform as may be.
The {iris shall Wear black cloth cloaks
and bonuets iu wiutcr, with (jrcsses o'
color similar to each other in the sama
school, and garments suitable to the sei>
son, at other times.
There shall be room sufficently large,
aud with couviences for the orderly keep
ing of every pupil's wardrobe.
Every garment shall be marked with
the pupil's name, or pTopcr number, aud
shall no: bo given to another until per
mancutly so assiguod
The mutlou shall have charge of and
shall make herself acquainted with the
nuiub t ano c nd't'on of the urticles in
each pup Is w„ -he -..j'i rc.e ve
fi.ui. lb .mi .• v >.lie» .» tile |-u
pits j all*, bii iu soe .li.it tliuy ar.i ]' i in
iheir projier places, ready for distribu
tion.
Mie shall, with hjr owa hands, distri
ino ilie tJ the pup Is, wheu
necessary for a chauge. {
Every pjjpil shall be furnished w.th
clean undergarments every week.
Clothes hooks slial* be provided at a
convenient place, to enable the pupils to
their and hoods upon during
school hours. No torn garments shall
be placed in tfae wardrobe.
OF NEW PI'PILS AND CARE
or SICK.
No orphaq is to be excluded from the
school on account of any degree ot des
titution, or of any disease merely tem
porary and not in itsalf dangerous. The
opposite conrae would defeat the very
purpose of th# institutions, which are for
the improvement of the phyiicaj condi
lion, as well as in'eilect. Still, due
means are to be adopted to prevent the
spread of any contagious disease or oth
er unpleasant eoQ'gition in the school,from
• sew pupil thus aflscted'."'
So in of iiickneas uf pupils while
of th« i^houl, — thu duty of pro
viding for i heir wauls and cuVe is even
more incumbent than that of' promoting
their comfort in health. Accordingly,
(TO BE CO^nNVEJ).)
"Let MS have Faith that Right makes Might; and in that Faith let us, to the end,dare to do our duty as we understand it" A. LINCOLN
BUTLEK, BUTLEK COUNTY, PA., WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 23, 1867.
INAUGURAL ADDBESS
or
GOT. JOHN W, GEARY,
Delivered January 15, 1N67.
FELLOW CITIZ; .VS :
Honored by the selection of the sover
eign people of my native State as 'lieir
choice for Chief Magistrate of the Com
monwealth rtf Pennsylvania, it is with
mingled feelings of humility an! grati
tude that I have appeared in the pres
ence of my fellow countrymen, and be
fore the Searcher of all Hearts, to take
the solemn obligation prescribed as a
for that exalted station, " to
support the Constitution of the United
States and the Constitution of Pennsyl
vania, KBd to perform my official duties
with fidelity."
Profoundly teiisible of everything that
is implied by this manifestation of the
people's confidenc \ and more deeply • in*
pressed with the vast importauce and re
sponsibilities of the office, that plevated
by it# attendant honors, let ij be our first
grateful duty to return fervent thanks
givings in Almighty Cod for his constant
providence aud unnumbered blessings to
us :is a people, and especially mine to
implore llis aid and counsel in the dis
charge of oivfl trusts, who has been my
shield and buckler amidst scenes of peril
and death.
In addressing you oft'thiq occasion, in
accordance with a custom originating with
the Republican fathers, I propose briefly
to express my opinions on such qaestious
as concern ot'r common con: titucucy, aad
relate to our common responsibilities.
Like countries of the Old World, our
nation has had its internal commotions
From the last of these we have scarcely
yet emerged, and during which '• War's
desolction" passed over our land, leaving
its blightiLg influences principally upon
those unfortunate States whose people
rebelled against 'he government, and n >t
withstanding the agonizing sacrifices of a
great civil war, the States that maintain
ed the gevernuigutand determined that
the Uniuji should be preserved, hav3 con
stantly advanced in lunor, wealth, popu
lation and general prosperity.
This is the first time that a change has
occurred in thy Executive Department ol
this State tincc the commencement of the
war of the rebellion; a brief reference,
therefore, to that conflict, and to its re
sults, may uot be inappropriate.
We have the consolation of knowing
that the contest between the North and
the Soifth was not, on our part, ouc for
ambition, for military renown, for terri
torial acquisition, nor was it for a viola
tion of any of* flip figf l ' B of the South,
but it was for the preservation <f oar
own rights and privileges as men, and
for the maintenance ol justice, liberty
9od the Union. The o jectof theSouth
yas avowedly the dissolution of the Un
ion and the establishment of a 'confeder
acy bated upon "'the corner of hr.
man slavery." To have submitted to
this on our part, and to have shrunk from <
a manly resistance under such circum
stances, have been deeply and last
ingly degrading and would have destroy
cd the value of the priceless legacy be
queathed to us by our fathers, aud which
we arc obligated to transmit unimpaired
to future generations, i'iie patriotic aud
lluiou-loving people felt that the alter
native was that of life or death to the
I i ' in ; and under the auspicious guid
o'je 'it Air lam Ln that virtuous
HI |!.i-.c Cli.et i. e, with the
blessing ol who directs the destin
its of nations, after open action and ar~
bitrary violence on the port of the South,
tiie appeal to arms was made We had
a ju.-t cause, and our citizeus approving
it w.tk a degro«i of unanimity heretofore
unknown, in this or any other couutry,
left their various employments, their
homes and all that was dear to them, and
hastened with enthusiasm to the Eccnes
where duty and danger called, and as {he'
surest pledge of their unswerving love
and fidelity to the Union, they unhesi
fitingly offered their lives for its pre
servation. Nor war any other tribute
Withheld in providing the means neccs*
sary for the support ot our fleets and art
mies. Nearly two millions of tpldicrs
entered the field from time to time on
different terms of enlistment. The oiti
sens generally exhibited the highest de
gree of patriotism in the prompt pay
ment of taxes, in their liberal contribu
tions in the at leans to the gov
ernment ; and the wor>4 was astonished
by the amount expo nded in their benev>
olent eari for the sick and wounded,
through the of the Sanitary
Christian Commissions and other charit
able associations. More than six hund
red sanguinary battles and skirmishes
1 were fought', iu which uearly three hund
red thousand of oar heroic defenders laid
down their lives in their devotion to the
nation—" for Cod and Liberty."
In every pha»e of this terrible conflict,
Pennsylvania bote an honorable and con
spicuous part. She contributed three
l.ur,;}.ed and sixty six thousand three
hundred and vo'tUtUecr sol
diers to the rcscuo of the nation ; and
neatly oveiy battlefield has been moist
ened with the blood, and whitened with
the bones, of her heroes To them wc
owe our victories, unsurpassed in brill
iancy and in the importance of their con
sequences. To the dead—the thrice
honored dead—we are deeply indebted,
for without their service it is possible our
cause might not have been successful.
It is natural and eminently proper that
we, as a people, should foci a dcop and
lasting interest iu the preseut aud future
welfare of the soldiers who have borne so
distinguished a part in the great contest
which has resulted iu the maintenance cf
the life, honor and prosperity of the na
tiou. The high claims of tho private
soldiers upon the country are universally
acknowledged, and the generous senti
ment prevails that the amplest care should
be taken by the government to compen
sate them, equally aud generoisly, with
bounties aud pensions, for their services
and sacrifices.
I desire that it may be distinctly un
derstood that I do not speak of myself, in
connection with this subject; but lam
happy to avail uysolf of this opportunity
to speak kind »yords of Pennsylvania's
gallant private soldiers, and tho noble
officers who commanded tlioui.
The generosity of the people of Penn
sylvania to the Union soldiers has been
imitated, bat not equalled, by other
State-!. There is nombthiug peculiar in
the loyalty of Pennsylvania. She scorn
ed to feel, from the first, as if upon her
devolved the setting of a superior exam
ple. The fact that she carrel upo i hir
standard the brightest jewel of the Re
public. that iu her bosom was conceived
and from her commercial capita! was is
sued the Declaration ot Independence,
gave to har contributions, in taen aud
money, #iid her unparalleled charitable
organization? - , all the diguity and force
ot a model for others to 3opy. '1 he rebel
foo seemed to !eel that if he Could strike
a fatal blow at Pennsylvania, lie would
rec vjr all his losses, and establish a re
aistless pre tige in the oil world. Put
t'laoks to Divine ProvideuCJ, and to the
enduring bravery ot our citizen soldiers,
the invasion of our beloved State sealed
her more closely to the cause offreedom.
The result of the battle of Gettysburg
broke the power of the rebellion, and al
though :he final issuo was delayed, it was
inevitable from the dato of great
»vcnt. That battle lescued all the other
free States; and when the are'i of vio<
tiry was completed by Sherman's suc
cessful advance from the sea, so that the
two conquerors could sl|ake hands over
the two. fields that closed the war, the
soldiers ol Pennsylvania were
ere in the j lorious consummation.
No people in the world's history have
ever been saved from so incalculable a
calamity, and no people have ever had
s\»eh came for gratitude towards their de
fenders.'
And here I cannot refrain from an cx
prcssion of regict that the General Uuv>
eminent has not taken any steps to iu
flict the proper penalties of the Constitu
tion and'laws upon the leaders of those
who rudely and ferociously invaded the
ever .-acred soil of our State.
It is certaiulya. morbid clemency, and 1
a colourable forbearance, which fail to
punish the greatest crimes "known to tho
laws ol civilized nations;", and may not
he hope be reasoaably indulged, that the
Fedirol authorities will ctase to extend
unmerited mercy to those who iuaugjjra
t d the rebellion and controlled the move
ment of its armies? If this be done,
treason i ci/l be ''rendered odious," and it
will be distinctly proclaimed, on the pa
ges of our future history, that no at
tempt can be made with impunity to
destroy our Republican form of govern
ment.
BOLDIKBS' OHPIIANS.
And while we would remember '■ the
soldier who has borne the battle," we 1
must uot forget "his widow and his or
plian children." Among our moat sol
emn obligations is tho maintenance- of the
indigent widows, and the support and ed
ucation of the orpnan children, of those
noble men who fell in defence of the
Union' To affirm that we owe a debt of
gratitude to those who have been render
ed homeless and fatherless. by their par
ents' patriotic'devotiou to the country, is
a truth to which all mankind will yield*
itudy assent; and:though we cahaitcall
the dead to I'fe, ft is a privilege, as well
as a duty, to take the orphan by the
haud. and be to him a protector and a
lather. . : . ,
Legislative appropriations have lion
ored the living soldiers, an<l entombed the
dead. The people, at the ballot-Lux
have sought ont the meritorious veterans,
nqd the noble spectacle is now presented
of the youthful survivors of thoso who
fell fur their countty, cherished and edu*
! eatcd at the public expense. Kvca if I
were differently constituted, aiy official
duties would constrain mo Tigilant'y to
yuard this sacred tru-t. Hut having
served in the same cause, and been hon
ored by the highest marks of public fa
vor, I pledge myself to bear io uiind the
injunctions and wishes of the people, and
if possible to increase the efficiency and
mu'trply the benefits o r the schools and
institutions, ahead/so creditably estab
lished, for the benefit of the orphans of
our martyred heroes.
i'BEKDOM AND SIiAVKRT.
The infatuation of treason, the down
fall of slavery, tl e vindication of freedom,
and the complete triumph of tliegovera
ment of the people, aro all so many proofs
of the "Divinity that has shjpad our
ends," and so many promises of a future
crowned with success if we are only true
to our mission. years ago the spec
tacle of four millions of slaves,increasing
steadily both their own numbers and the
pride and the material and political power
of their masters, presented a probltvn to
appalling, that statesmen contemplated it
with undisguised alarm, and the moralist
with shame. To-day these four milliuns,
no longer slaves, but freemen, having in
termediately proved their humanity to
wards their oppressors, their fidelity to
jocioty. and their loyalty to the govern
ment. are peacefully incorporated into the
body politic, and are rapidly preparing to j
assume their rights as citizens ot the
United States. Notwithstanding this un
paralleled chaugo was only effected aft®r |
an awful expenditure of blood and treas
ure, its consummation may well be c'tcd
as the sublimcst proof of the fitness of
the American people lo administer the
govcrnmont according to the pledges of!
the Dccleration of Itj^ppendencc.
. We have'but to estimate where human
slavery would have carried our country,
in the course of another generation, to
realize the force of this commanding
truth. And as we dwell upon the dan
gets we have escaped, we may the better
understand what Jefferson meant when,
in the comparative infancy of human §)a
very, lie exclaimed, 'H' trcmblc for my
country when 1 reflao'. that God is ju3t!"
A simple glance at what must have
been our fate had slavery been permitted
to increase will be sufficient, In 18Q0
the tdaye population amounted, in exact
numbers, to three millions niue hundred
and fifty three thousind seven hundred
and sixty. Taking the increase, 23.39
per cent. from 1850 to 1860, a? the ba
sis of calculation for every ten years, in
1900, tjiey would have numbered at least
upwards of nine millions. " What Chris
tian statesman, as lie thanks God for the
triumph of the Union arms, docs not
shudder at the terrible prospect presented
by these startling figures ?
But while there is cause for constant
solicitude iu the natural irritations pro
duced by such a conflict, he is but a
gloomy prophet viho docs not anticipate
that the agencies' which accomplished
these tremendous results, successfully
cope with and put down all who attempt
to govern the nation in the interests of
defeated ambition aud vanquished trea
son.
The people of the conquering North
and West have comparatively little to do
but to complete tho good work. Thrg
command lite position. The courage of
the soldier and the sagacity of the states
man, working harmoniously, liavo now
sealed and confirmed the victory, and
nothing more is required but a faithful
adhereuce to the doctrines which have
achieved such marvelous results.
EDUCATION or THE PEOI^E.
The overthrow of the rebellion has
changed the whole systeai of Southern
society, and proportionately affected oth
ci'interests and sccfjods. Demanding the
enlightenment of millions, long benight
ed, it forces upon the North aqd \J {est
the consideration of a more perfect and
pervading educational policy.
Much as we have boasted, and have
rer.soa to boast, of our common schools,
we cannot deny, when we compare them
with those of New England, and contrast
them with the preparations for the edu
cation of the Southern people of all
classes, that ye bjfs much to overcome,
if we would equal the one, or stimulate
the other. T|ie recent convention of
County Sohoot Superintendents gf Penn
sylvania exhibits tone startling facts,
which deserve the attentipp of the peo
ple and their representatives. ¥et*»t is
not by legislation a lons that any people
can be brought tp understand their rew>
1 tione to each other .as citizens. Their
bos', instructors nrf themselves. llow
ever'lib-jral the impropriation:! may be, it
these nrc n"t seconded by that comtnen*
dable spirit which impels the parmt to
impress upon the child the necessity of a
sound nioitil und intellectual liaining,
y.ur representatives are generous, in vain-
Every thing depends upon the people j
hence the groat coinplc'at, prefetred by
tile convention of tcac'itjjs, of shortness
, of tuns in some districts, of the small
attendance of enrolled scholars, of the
employment of unqualified instructors,
and ol the want of proper school li juses,
results unquestionably not so much from
the indifferent of the State, as from the
I negligence of tjjoso who arc invited to
| share and to enjoy the blessings of a cheap
Sj'U'iirulle system of popular educa
tion. If my fellow-citizens will only rec
ollect the difference between the oppor«
(unities of the present generation unit
those of their fathers, and how much ia
to be gaiped by a cultivation of modern
facilities they will icquiro lijtlc cohort a
| tion to the discharge of duties which re
late almost exclusively to themselves and
! to those nearest and dearest to (hem.
The impoit: n -e of common scbcols, in
a republican government, can never be
lully estimated. To educate the people
U the highest public duty. To permit
th£m to remain in ignorance is inexcusa
ble. Kvery thing, therefore, should bo
encouraged that tends to bjild up,
strengthen and elevate our State on the
sure foundation of the education of the
people. Every interest nrrJ industrial
puisuit will be aided i,nd p-o:noted by its
operations; every man who is educated
is improved in usefulness, iu p'{^jottion
as lie is skilled in labor, or intelligent in
the professions, and is in cvorp respect
more valuable to society. Education
seems to be essential to loyalty, for no
State, in the full enjoyu.pntof free schools,
ever rebelled against the government.
Pennsylvania should bo tlio vanguard
in the great mission of education She
should ren ornber that as she has been the
mother of Sta'es, she should also bo the
teacher of States '■ The great problem
of civilization is ho* to bring the higher
intelligence of the community, and its
better morr.l feelings, to bear upon the
masses of the people, so that the lowest
grades of intelligence and morals shall
always be approaching the higher, and
the higher still rising. A church puri
fied of superstition solves part of this
problem, and a good school system docs
the rest."
THE STATE MJf.ITARY.
Nothing, alter the education of the
people, contributes more to the security
of a! State than a thorough military sys
tem. The fathers of the llapublic, a'ctx
•ng u] on the instinct of preparing for
war in time of peace, embodied this
kuowlcdge among the primary obligations
of the citizen. Yet tho rebellion found
us almost wholly unprepared. Our con
fidence in our institutions was so firm that
the idea of an attack upon them from
any quarter, much less from those who
had been the "spoiled children" of the
government, was ucvcr beiicvcd possiblej
however threatened. The first clash of
arms found us equally undeceived and
unorganized, and we very soon experien
ced that the contrivers of the great slave
conspiracy had uoj ouly strengthened
themselves by the stolen ship*, arms and
fortifications of the government, but had
been for ycajs detiyntdlj instructing their
youth in the science of arms ; and when
the bloody tempest opened upon us they
were ready to spring at the heart of the
Republic, while the citizens, in whose
bands the government was left, were com
pelled to protect themselves and their
country as bost they coqlcj.
When we reflect upon tho terrible sac
rifices we endured to maintain our liber
tics, and anticipate that glorious period
of our country when the whole continent
wi.l be dedicated tfj huir.an freedom, and
when the decpotisms of the earth will
construp our example into a standing
threat against their tyranny, we cannot
disregard the consideration of this im
portant subject.
< As before remarked, Pennsylvania con
tributed over three hundred
troops to the national cause. Deducting
the loss of neaily thirty thousand by
wounds and diseise incurred io the field,
what an immense army has beon left to
circulate among and educate the mass of
our population ! Properly comprehend*
ing this thought, wo hare at once the
secret of our past success, our present
safety and our future power. It would
be M*y to create an emulation in the
scufaoe of arms among the youth of the
State, by proper organisation, and to die-
gemina>e, in all our schools, that loyalty
U> the jwhole country, w thout which
there can,ba no permanent safety for onr
liberty. ; V
In their late report, the visitors of tho
NUMBER 7,
West Point Military Academy laid .sig
nificant stress upon the necessity of such
preceptors, in the future, as would teacfev
the students of that institution their first
and unavoidable obligations to the prin'
cij'les upon which the government itself
reposes. The neglect of this kind of
instruction was felt in »l uiost QTery mOVCy
ment during rhejfrecent conflict; and it
is not going too far to say that many who
disregarded their oaths, and who'drew
their swords against the government that
had educated and noutisbed them, found"
a meretric : ous consolation in tfie fact
that they were permitted to cherish an
aiiegisneo to the State in whieh they
were born, which conflicted with and de
stroyed that love of country which should
be made supreme and above all othef
political obligations.
If, in our past and recent experieqpe,
ti e e has been exhibited the valuable an*
splendid achievements of volunteers in
the national defence, thcro has also bj»e«;
showu the necessity for milittry skill,and
that knowledge of, and familiarity with,
the rules of discipline so essentially nec
essary in their prompt and effectual otn»
ployuicnt. In order, therefore, to make
our military system effective, we should
have particular rogard for the lesson,
that to prevent or repel danger, our State
should always have a well disciplined
forcp, prepared to not with promptnesa
and vigor on any emergency; nir should
we forget that it is impossible to tell how
soon our wuilike energies may again
required in the field.
HOME KESOURCES AND HOMI LABOIt
In nothing have our trials during tin
war, and the resulting triumph to our
arms, been so full of compensation, as in
the establishment of tho proud fact that,
we are not only able to defend ourselves
against assault, lut what in equally im
portant, to i/ '/ir ntl upon anil lire up »/,ir
oun rrfriitrcct. At the time tho rebellion
was precipitated up >n us the whole bu
siness and trade of tho nation was par
alyzed. Corn in tho West was used for
fuel, and the producer was compelled to
lose not only the interest upon his capi
tal, but the capital he had invested.—>
Labor was in excess, and men were every
where searching for employment. Mills
and furnaces were abandoned. Domestic
intercourse was so trifling that the stock*
of a number of the most important rail
roads in the country fell to, and long re
mained at, an average price of less then
fifty per cent. But the moment danger
to the Union became iminent, and the
necessity of self reliance was plainly pre
sented as the only means of securing
protection, aud the gradual dispcrii in if
our mercantile marine by the triprehemi
sion of the armed vessels of the rebels,
tho American people began to practieo
upon the maxims of self defence and self
dependence. Frotrt having been, 'if nAt
absolutely impoverished and alfnost
without remunerative enterprise, depress
ed by unemployed labor aud idle cap
ital, all their great material agencies
Wfcre brought iuto motion with a proiup
titade, and kept in operation with a ra
pidity and regularity, which relieved
theni from want, their country froui'
danger, and excited tho amazement of
civilized nations.
Protection to the manufacturers of the
coiictry. when rightly viewed, is merely
the defence of labor against competition
from abroad. The'wages of labor in tho
United States is higher than those in any
other country, consequently our !ab< rer (
are the more elevated. Tt is clearly,
therefore, the interest of the cation to
foster and protect domestic industry, by
rclieviug from internal taxation every sort
of labor, and imposing such heavy duties
upon all importations of foreign manu
factured articles, as to prevent the possi
bility of competition from ab ©ad. Not
only should individual enterprise and in
dustry be thus cnconragcd, but all pub,
lie works, a liberal and proptrly restrict
ed general railroad system, and internal
improvements of eviry kind, recci\e the
fostering care and most liberal aid of the
government. Wc are rich in everything
necessary to meet our wants, and render
us independent of every other country,
and wo have' obly to avail o«r>oLye> Q?
our own resources and capabilities, te
progress continually onward to < n degree
of greatness never yet attained byi'
nation. Our agricultural, mineral and
manufacturing resources arc unequalled
and it should bo our constant study to
devise and prosecute means tending to
their highest development.
Why, thee, should uot the wisdom of
government make available the teachings
of oxperieotc, and at oqcc legislate for
the manifest good of the people ? Why
permit oar manufacturers to bog that
they may livo? „ M
The government of Greet Britain has,
by her protective system, "piltddnty upon
duty," for more than m« hundred as 4