VOLUME 2. The Poor Whites Again. We must educate them. That is our own answer to the question W hat shall we do for the poor whites? We must create a new South by taking the negro in one hand and the poor white in the other aid leading them forth from their squalid huts and cabins into the pleasant cottages and school-rooms of Northern civilization. It is ignorance that has de graded both classes ; it has been because the Soot h had rum-shops where the North has School houses, and slavmarts where the North has liberties, that we have had a long war and have now a heavy debt— The schoolmaster was abroad when the poor whites squatted, and he found no attractions to induce him to return.— What he should have given,the mothers of the poor whites could not supply, llad every teacher in the North enlisted in the army, the rising generation would liaidly have missed them, l'or it is oui glory that our women are everywhere a highly cultivated class; that there is hardly a position now held by men in any of our schools or colleges fbrwhieh a wo man, nearly equally w;lt qualified, could not be quickly provided in an emergency. But the women of the South are more illiterate tliau the men. Of the 88,;»2U ndult Virginians who, in could neither read nor write, 53,135 were wo men ; and in every Southern Slate the proportion was in favor of the men. This accounts, in a large measure, tor the greater virulence of Southern women, which has everywhere been displayed agains' our force# of occupation, Saved by the fact of their sex from the dangers of war, and shut out, by their gross ig noranc-, from all opportunities ol examin ing into its remoter cause*, they have been the zeahmn champions it a movement which would have perpetuated Slavery, and thereby, as every Southern mother knows, would havo entailed generations more of home tragedies, ol jealousies, of secret forms of social corruption ; for it would have caused the matron to suspect always, and often to know, that cell ot h.M female servants was her rival, or the mistress of her sons, and many a e'eeret shudder it would have caused her ns she thought of tho perils to which the daugh ters of her household were constantly ex posed. Half has not been told of the misery which Slavery brought into every .Southern home. And yet—so potent its iguoranoo—the women, who were the chief victims of Slavery, were its chief companions also. The war has placed tho poor whites in a position where we can reach them, for the first time in our liistoiy, without beg ging leave of thoir political ami social superiors, who persistently and consis tently were hostile to their elevation To be sure there wore exceptions to this 1 general rule; as where Memmingor and Aiken, in Charleston, succeeded in es tablishing common schools in the teeth of n bold opposition by the Khetts and oth ers, who did not hesitate to say that tho poor people hud no bettor right to an edu cation than the slaves, But such excep tions were few in number and far between in territory Tho war has also enabled tho poor whites to appreciate to some ex tent their own degraded position; and the revelation has visited not a few of them that there is no necessary alliance betwccu ignorance and poverty —that the mechanics and farm laborers and small farmers of tho North arc as well educated as the children of tho rich planters who lorded it over them. The war has ren dered the poor whites another service— it has tuught them habits of regularity, nnd it has forced them to work. It hai brought them into contact, also, with men from every section of the country, and new ideas have thus found their way iuto regions where nothing less powerful than HU nrmy could have carried them for us. St ll more, it has shown them that their old leaders were un3t for their position ; that "a rail-splittar and a tailor," after all, were ablo to put down the united chivalry in arms. They are learning an other lesson now. They see the proudest .of the haughty slave-masters sue daily and humbly for pardon from a tailor who was once a poor whito. This kpeotaele is "demoralizing" them hopeftjlly. Some- j times we may have scoret doubts of it, but perhaps, it' we could see the end from the beginning, wc would say that everything happens for the best. Certainly, in or der that we might remain u united peo ple it was necessary that the old South should be reduced to sts original ele ments. It may be said that if the war Las done so much for the poor whites, why is there the listlessness and apathy of which we have complaiu d? Wo believe that it is mainly because poor whites have not been accustomed to independent poli tical action and do not know how togo about it. They have no leaders—for the AMERICAN CITIZEN old ruling class absorbed or exiled "all the talents;" and those men who would naturally aspire to represent the poor whites are not yet sure how the political ehees-bftard stands. In other words, they are on tho fence, and do not know on which side of it the Federal loves and fishes will be stored. It will not bo possible for the Freed - nien's Aid Societies to educate the poor whites even if they were disposed to do so. because the existing prejudices of the people would prevent them from woiking harmoniously with both classes. They would be obliged to neglect one or the ojher. It has beed proposed to establish a National Bureau which shall superin tend tho educational interests of the na tion. The South made nothing of the National Government, and now there is a disposition to make everything of it.— Buckle has demonstrated by the records of other countries that the less a govern ment does for a science the better for it; and our'own national interference with the science of agriculture—as one illus tration—docs not show that we have im proved on the method of Europe. The English historian says that the right men seldom get the offices or the rewards; and that when thes do, this "protective spir it," as ho calls it, prostrates individual enterprise and ends in the downfall of the ib teres tit was designed to foster. Any attemet to"run the schools" by the na tion would result in fierce sectarian con tests and put back the cause, by these and other quarrels, for a quarter of a cen tury. Already we see specks of this dan ger in tho management of the Freed men's Aid Societies; and if tt sninetimes shows its luad in voluntary organizations it would inevitably leap, armed cap-a-pie, into u national Bureau of Education. Our suggestions is that voluntary asso ciations be. formed for ths. Nothing new in the Wirz trial has been brought to light during the past week.—- Though the defense have used all sorts of strategy and summoned all sorts of wit nesses to their aid, nothing yet has been educed very favorable to the prisoner.— Thus lar the main point of the defense has been to prove that Wirz only acted as directed by his superior officor, Gen. Winder, and he is responsible and not Win. This has been done to some ex tent, but not sufficient as yet to clear Wirz of any cf the inhuman cruelties proved against him. We learn that reb el official documents have been discover ed of great importance, tending to give much light oti the modus operandi of working that diabolical prison pen. Let ter press copies of original letters and documents fix the crime of many of the worst cruelties thore pjactised on high rebel officials. Yesterday subpoenas were issued and an officer dispatched to sum nion before the Court Gen, Leo, Joe Johnston, llowell. Cobb, Robert Ould, ex-Governor Brown, of Georgia, and other noted rebel leaders. The testimo ny of these persons will be looked for with interost, and will no doubt be very lengthy. Yosterday the White House was again besieged by applicants for pardon, both male and female. Such a vast number of applicants had accumulated that the President ordered a stamp fac-siuiilie of his siguiture, by which means he can rush through pardons at the rate ot a thousand per day should it be necessary it all applications are granted, which from present appearance is quite likely. These rebelß are geuerally all prepared to swear auy and eveything, first to get a pardon, and then to get an office. Several rebel soldiers* applications for clerkships in the Departments have been received and. a few it is said have boen appointed.— Hundreds of noted secesh women are seeking clerkships in the treasury depart ment. She complex ion of the no-sit Congress is a matter of considerable gossip among the southerners now here. In the Sen- " Let us have Faith that Right makes Might; and in that Faith let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it"— A. LTNck of goods remain ing on hand. The Christian Commission has been a noble and agreat institution. With hundreds of thousands of dollars less than the Sanitary Commission it hat done uiuch more and efficient work. It is held in much more esteem by the sold iers. The Sanitary Commission is blso about to close its labors. It is not BO lib eral with the goods remaining on hand, prcfering to sell them off at auction and raising a cash fund. It has now over 8400,00 in money. It is a query what will be done with this surplus money on hand. As the war has euded it is no use keeping up a lot of I'igll salaried of ficers. The Secretary of tiie Treasury has gone to Indiana on a two weeks leave. Our city is very dull. No trade or business of' any kind in operation. And yet the Hotels are as much crowded as if Congress was in session. There is scarcely a room to be had. Four-fifths of all the guests are Southerners und many of them have engaged rooms already for the winile winter.-— -Franklin Reposi tory. An Art, To provide for the payment of bounties to loluntr.crs in the County of /hitler. SECTION 1. Re it enacted by the Sen ate and House of Representatives of the Common ,vea th of Penunsylvania in Gen eral Assembly met, and it is hereby enac ted by tire authority of the same, That the School Directors or a majority of them, of the several townships and boroughs of the county of Butler shall have the power to levy, assess and collect on the property now taxable fir State and county purposes a tax sufficient to pay a bouiity of not exceeding Three Hundred Dollars to each volunteer enlisted aud credited on tho quotas of said districts for the present or any future calls and drafts. SECTION 2. That in levying and collect ing said tax the paid directors filial! have power to include in the name n Poll or Per capita tax on Each taxable Citizen who is, or may be subject to a draft, of not exceeding Twenty-five Dollars. SECTION 3. That in case said Bounties have already been raised and paid to said volunteers in any of said districts, by money subscribed, loaned, advanced or paid by or through individuals or Commit tees acting fur the Citizens, and with the understanding or Condition that the same should be repaid by general taxation, the said Directors are hereby authorized and required to repay the same to said persons out of said monies so assessed and col lected. SECTION 4. That io assessing and col lecting said taxes said Directors shall have power to make such exonerations and ex emptions as they may deem just and prop er. and shall have power t6 appoint such Collectors and issue such Warrants and take such Bonds for the collecting and safety of such monies as is provided by existing Laws for the assessing and col lecting nf State and county taxes, and do all other acts and things necessary in the preui ises. " SECTION 5. All funds so raised for said purposes shall be audited by the township or borough Auditors of any of said dis tricts, and if a oy surplus exists, the same shall be paid over by said Directors to the Common ScLeol fund of said districts. SECTION 0. The S*JD couuty of Butles shall be exempt from the provisions of the General Bounty Law, approved Twenty fifth March, Anno Domini, one thousand tight hundred and sixty-fi.ur. TV her ever said provisions are ineonsistant with the provisions of this act. HENRY C JOU.NSTON, Speaker of the House of Rep's. JOHN P. PENNY, Speaker of the Senate. A Supplement, To an Act to provide for On: payment of bounties to Volunteers in the County of Butler. SUCTION 1. Be itenaptcd by tho Sen ate and House of Representatives of tin Commenwealth of Pennsylvania in Gen eral Assembly met, and it is hereby en acted by tho authority of the same, Thrt if the board of school Directors, or ama jority of them, in any ol the town ships or boroughs of said county, shall neglect or refuse to levy and collect a tax under the provisions of the Grjt section of the act to which this is a supplement, and a majority of the qualified electors of any of the said townships or boroughs shall have petitioned the said directors in favor of said taxation, then the Court of Common Pleas of said county shall, on petition of any ten of sail electors and upon due proof of all the facts, have power to proceed by mandamus to compel the said board of directors, to discharge tho duties imposed upon them by this act, and the act to which this is supplemen tary. ! SECTION 2. That if r.ny of said Boards oFßehdol Directors, or a majority of them, ! shall neglect, or refuse, to levy and col lect u tax, under the provisions of the third section of said ict, then on due proof of all the facts in the case, the court aforesaid, shall haVe the power to proceed, by mandamus, to compel the said defaulting boards of Directors to discbarge the duties BO imposed upon them by said act. SEC. 3. That the word 11 taxable," in tho second section, and the words "un derstanding, or," in the third section, and all, after tho word "whenever," in the sixth section, aru hereby stricken out of said act, to which this is a supplement. SF.C. 4 The said boards of School Di rectors in making the Exhdneratiocs and Exemptions, provided by thoact to which this is a supplement, eliall Kxoneralc and Eximpt the property of all persons who have lost two or more sons in the service; also, the property of those wht> now have two or mote sons in the service, without having received any local bounty ; also, the property of all Widows and fami lies, Whose husbands or fathers have fallen in battle, or died in the Service. HENRY C. JOHNSON, Speaker of the House of lieps. JOHN L\ PENNY, Speaker of the Senate. Approved the Twenty-second day of Au gust, Anrio Domini, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Sixty-three. A. G. CCIITIN. An Act. A further supplement to an Act to provide for the payn.cnt of bounties to volun teers in the county of Butler. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the, Sen ate and limine of Representatives of the Commonwealth of l\nn*ylvaitia in Gen eral Assembly met, and it is hereby enac ted by the authority of the same, That the' provisions of the act entitled an act to provide for the payment of Bounties to volunteers in the county of Butler, ap proved fourteenth day of April, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundrcdaud sixty-four, and also the supplement thereto approved the twenty-second day of Au gust, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, be, and the same is hereby repealed, BO far as the same re lates to the townshipHof Marion, Mercer, Oakland and Jefferson, and the Boroughs of Millcrstown and Harmville. SECTION 2. That tho property of re turned soldiers, or those who have paid commutation or furnished substitutes, and not liable to the draft; also all the prop erty of all soldiers now in the service and credited to said county; also of widowed mothers of soldiers who died in the ser vice, is hereby exempt from taxation for bounty purposes. SECTION 3. That it is the true intent and meaning of tho act to wh°ich this is a supplement, and its supplement, that the several boards of School Directors shall have full power to make such exon erations and exemptions (in addition to those specially authorized) as they may deem just and proper. SECTION 4. The Hoard of 3ohool Di rectors shall exonerate and exempt the property of those who have lost, or may hereafter lose, two ojf more sons in the service; also tbe property of those who now have, or may hereafter have, two or mora sons ia the service; also the prop erly of those who have lost, or jpay here- after lose one sou in these.vice, and one remaining in the service: also the prop erty of those whose only son died, or may hereafter die in the service, or whose only son is in th ■ service, ot- may hereafter en, ter the service ; also the property of wid~ oWs and families whose husbands or fath ers have fallen in battle or died in the service, FrotMtd, That the fourth section of an uct supplement to an act to provide for the payment of Bounties to volunteers in the c6ihier. the. hnrrosxnf which are difficult to describe, i ehiek is a disgrace to ciiilt.aliuni aud the condition of which ho might, by the exorcise cf a little energy and judgment, oven with the limited means at his command, haye eon sidcrally improved,'' NUMBER 43. Ihe Saturday Rcvieto and other Anglo- Itebel journals with large funds invested N in the Confederate cotton loan had better abandon their case. It is not of great consequent what England may think on such .natters, except so far as the chango of opinion abroad foreshadows tho fcnal verdict of history. Old Age in the United States. The following lively but oxagerated description from tho pen of George Au gustus Sak has a spice of truth in it.— Ortr readers, we think, can easily Mpa . rate the wheat from the chaff: Tho drollest thing is, that when the American lady comes to be about fifty years old, sho gets over her leanness and her plainness, and suddenly bocomes youug again. Tho population of Broad way seems to be composed (apart from the middle aged ladios, who are as a rule heart-rending in appearance) of pretty young ladies of sixteen, and pretty young i ladies of sixty. No, sir, I have not trip ped in my speech; I repeat, young ladies of sixty. A juvenile gfandmother is anything but a rarety hero; gushing Joung things of three score are not un cninuion ; and I havo ventured to cast uioro than one humbly tender glance at a damsel of seventy. You very seldom meet with an old man in sooiety. Tho men work, fret, smoke, speculate, chew, or drink themsolves to death atacompar a.ivcly early age. Nor are old men very popular in the States; they are passed by, as "playod out." [ have heard more than one lawgiver and statesman called worn outcuss. ' It was an unfailing topic of saroasm against tho Hon. Ed ward Everett that ho was so very old; and Gcorgo Pancroft, the illustrious his torian of the United States—a writer who combines the accuracy of an Alison wttfc tho of a Pinnock, tho co piousness of a (Jrimshaw with tho vi vacity ol a Peter Parley—ls usually spo ken of by the irreverent younc men of Gotham as "old Fuss and Feathers."—■ The truth is that American men havo little reverence for ago among their own sox. Strong, active, energetic, unscrupu lous, noisy, pushing men, they admire and almost deify ; butago generally brings with it wisdom, exporieuoo, calmness, judgement, depreciation of wild 'enthusi asm, dislike to rash innovation. These ijuaiitns are not to tho tasto of Young America. They are not go-ahead. They do not go tar towards making up the boau-idenl of translantio humanity : " A real live man, Sir, !" I have heard of vonerable partners in mercantile firms Leibg superseded and pushed off their otpols, as obsoleto and incompetent by their juniors; and an American—mind, an American, not an English—friend once told mo that he saw over a store front in Jersey City this announcement —r-'-lompkin3 & Fathor.'' Therein lay a mine of philosophy. Tompkins the eld or was evidently "playod out;" he was a " cuss" and of "no account," and " very small potatoes." 110 was permitted, just for charity's sake, to continue in the bu siness, mind the shop, dust the counter, and sec tho shutters put up by tho black porter ; but the real live man in the con cern WBS young Tompkius, who, despising and disparaging his i nti([uidatad progen itor, was making rapid strides, no doubt towards running tor Congress, taking the presidency of a petroleum company, and putting himself in nomination for the highest offices in tho State—say the sec retaryship of the treasury, the posteraian teiship of Communipaw, or the light hcusokcepship of Cape Knob. An old American gentleman, whori you do meet him, which is but rarely, is generally a most delightful companion —very beoignan, very tolerant, very free from prejudice, and usually a strong friend to England. The old American lady, whom, furtuaately, you often meet, is the most charming person it is possible to conceive. See her in Bjoadway y handsomely, but warmly and sensibly cla.d; smiling and nodding and joking;' with her wrinkled but rosy little face; in guise something between a waxen peach and a well-preserved pipin; with the nicest set of artificial teeth that Doctor Zacliary could carve from a rhinoceros' tusk ; and her own hair disposed in snowy silvery bunches on either of her temples. —Spring Brook, thp splendid man* sion of Geo. 11. Stuart near Phila delphia, wiv- sold at auction yesterday to Kdwin Forrest, tho actor for $70,- 000. —Hon. Ezra Cornell was yester day unanimously nominated by the Union Convention as State Senator from the Oswego (21st) District. —The Provost-Marsbal-General's office at St. Louis is closed, and all its documents and archives have been packed up tw transportation to Waslv, ingtyn.