VOLUME 2. The Lower Stratum of England's Population. John Bull, as tbe fancy pictures him, is about as fair a representative of tbe English people, as gaunt and spindle shanked Brother Jonathan is of the Ameri can. John Bull, rosy-cheeked, fat, de monstrative of roast beef and plumb pudding diet, is rather too flattering a figure to symbolize a population o! which one eighth is fed under tbe provisions of the Poor Laws hngland mustte a very rich country, indeed, to he able to pay twenty-five millions of dollars per annum for the support of her paupers. But she must be a very poor country, to re quire such an expenditure for suet a pur pose. For the statements we make on the subjeet, we have the best of nuthority We refer not to "Sketch of Old England by a New I'lngland Man," nor to Lester's ' Glory and Shame of England," nor to Channing's "Duties of Free States," nor to any American authority whatsoever The Bad story of the debasement, misery and wickedness of the lower order of the English population is told by an English writer, a gentleman ol the legal profes sion, in a work expressly on the subject, designed to arouse attention, and to sug gest efforts for tbe improvement of the classes of which it treats. 'J he work is entitled 'The Social Condition and Edu cation of the People of England, by Jos. Kay, Fsq , of Trinity College, Cam bridge " It was published, re-printed, by the Harpers, two years ago. In this ho"k, evidently wr.ttcn in sor row. not in nng«r, are narrated facts at tested by the best evidence, documentary and official They relate to the Condi tion ol tbe very poor and weiksug classes j an 1 to the pauperism and crime that pre J vaii among them Toafew of these iacts I we confine ourselves in this article, not | fir tbe sake of exciting any ill feeling ; toward England, but to arouse gratitu- e to that Divine goodness which has or ler cd our lot ur.dcr institutions ol enl ght ened I'eedum, which arc adveise to the gr wih of a seifi-h, proud and pernicious I aristocracy. The l.icts in Mr Kay s book , prove that the condition of the poor in | the agricultural counties, with regard to i education an 1 morals, is even worse than j in the manufacturing districts This, at first. strikes us as so strange to be a rm -t incredible. But when \ro read of the habitations in which the very poor live, all skepticism gives place ti conviction, amazement an sorrow. Mr. Kayjs book, it is proppcr to say was published in 1850 It led to some effoits of reformation, but the momentum acquired by the immense amount of pauperism was too gicat, to be materially checked. The eau-e of the evil being chiefly the aristocratic institu tions of society, which mark so wide a difference of classes that the educational interests of the very poor are not embra ced in general legislation, no tiansient efforts of benevolence can effect a perma nent and general improvement. In IS4B, when the population of Eng land was about sixteen mil ions, the num ber of paupers was one million eight hundred and'seventy thousand. Under improved poor laws, the auiount cxpen- deii on these de.pen.ieut people was., on au average • 112 seventy years, no less than twenty live millions of dollars per year. From this enumeration are excluded tbe large numbers who were kept from star vation by individual and private charities, aud the large sums of money so expended. "This," say* Mr Kay. "has been inqui red to alleviate the miserable condition of our laboring population, and to keep crowds from actual starvation. Their in dependence is destroyed; they catinU live unless they depend upon the chari ties-of the higher classes." On the score of «rime, the representa tion is made, in tabular form, for thirteen years •We select I he year 1848, the latest in the table, which shows au almost constant increase from year to year. Ibe total number of prisoners committed was 30,349. Of these 7,530 males and 2,1 til females could read only, or read and write imperfectly. Similar statements are made in relation to different sections of the country aud to the principal cities, and the inference drawn, by the author is "that the greater part of their immorali ty is the direct and immediate effect of the utter neglect of their education."— The city of Liverpool seems to be an e*» ception to the author's statement of the comparative pauperism and immorality of the agricultural and manufacturing population Liverpool, however, is not a manufacturing but a commercial city, a sea|K»rt, and, as the author remarka. "the nearest seaport to Ireland." The nativity of felons is given in the follow ing figures : There were brotght before magistrates for felony, in 1849,. 6,194 persons, of whom only 1.457 were •na tives of Liverpool, and the iest 4,7u5, were strangers. Both the condition and the prospects of the debased class are shown,in a speech nf Lsrd Ashley, in the House of Com mons in 1848. He reckons that in Lon 'don there are 30,000 children of an ut terly abandoned class, -paostly without honest employment,without homes,school ing, or control. The number of males taken up by the police of London, in 184'J, was 41,479, of whom 8,405 were under thirty years of age, 3.228 between ten and fifteen, and 307 under fen. We have not time nor heart to dwell on these sad details further. £he condition of the same class of population in the rural districts is shown, county by ctytuty and the picture is dark and repulsive Extracts from the London Tins and the | Quarterly Review indicate the concern •with which it is viewed by. the higher | classes. A large share of the evil is as | cribed to the want of good public schools | such as exist in the countries of Western | Europe and iu America, and to the mis j erable houses in which the laboring poor herd together with little or no regard to I comfort or decency. The poetic idea of English cottages is terribly shocked by a description of them and their tenants, among the very poor laborers on the great lanced estate of the country. The sleep ing arrangements, that embrace three i be ls in a rovm twelve feet square, for the accommodation of ten persons, are not an exaggerated sample, buoh is given ; as the condition of the very poor peasants j in the best counties of England, Berk shire, Devo» Bofbrd, Dorset, &c. VYc ! cannot shock our readers with the pain ful details. Toe moral debasement con sequent n their miserable way of living fully justifies 'he author's exclamation, 'Such is tbe hideous social system to which wc have iubjectfid our poorl" t he Times, e] Caking in 1849, of Dorset shire affairs, guys: l 'lt is not the old story of wages inadequate for life, hovel' not fit for habitations, and misery and sin alternately claiming our pity and our dis gust,' but it is the rapid increase of.crime. an I it adds: "It is no light affair, that a moral county, the abode of au ancieii ! nvd respectable aristocracy, with a popu lation of 174,043 by the-date census, should produce in four years neatly 4,Odd convictions, the rite of one con viction in that period fore- ery sixty jer sons, or every twelfth household." The evils connected wiih this state of things are ascribed to a complicity ol causes, the absence of which, in Western Europe and America, exempts them lVom these evils. Among th..se causes- are named the large extent of estates, the impossibility of a poor man getticg prop erty, the want of free schools, the rcstric tion of suffrage, the aristocratic constitu tion of the English church and clergy. The conclusion, a very sad one, to which lire facts lead the autli r, and will lead many candid readers, is-strongly express ed in the closing sentence df the. book. '•The aristocracy is richer and more pow erful than that of any other country in The world; the poor are more depressed, pauperised, more numerous in compaii sou.with the other classes, uiore irreligi ous, and very much worse educated than the poor of any other European nation, solely excepting Bnsia, Taikey, South It aly, Portugal and spain." In no part of our country has there been any approximation to such a social and moral condition of society, except in the south, and there it was not reached, and there look for rapid improvement by the overthrow of the slaveh'dding aristoc racy and the slave institution and the investment of the people w' h the privi leges of education, citizenship and relig ion.—Pitts. Cum. * A NEW ENGLISH MINISTRY.—We reason and belive that a new -English Ministry will shortly be organized. There i» not wanting ivMmce to prove, however, that the Palmerston Ministry are now fearful of an over throw, knowing, as they do, that their course towarcf America has been unwise, impolitic and disapprov ed by the people." Our success in quelling the rebellion has not only confounded Paltinrston and his as sociates, but given a great impetus to liberal ideas, which are ropresen'- ed and - developed by such men as Bright Goldwin fcimith, the Earl of Argyie, Garabaldi's friend, Potter, Cobden'a* successor, 'I enni-son and others "Once let America crush the rebellion and England will go," said Carlyle sometime since, "to de mocracy by express trains;" and we already see Gladstone and Lord Am-! berly hobnobbing with the iiberals,. j and worshipp ng the rising sun. • j —Now that our forces have obtained j access ■ltt Texas, we shall - learn what be | come of Ss*iuel Houston. The j.roba bility is that he died during the first year of the war,'though for some reason the Southern journals maintained a studied science in regard to him 'Het us have Faith that Right makes Might; and in that Faith let us, to the end, dare to tio our duty as we understand it"-- LINCOLN BUTLER, BUTLER COUNTY, PA., WEDNESDAY, JUNE 28 ISGS. THE DIVA*. I. A lit tie maid of Aetrak&n, An idol of nilk dtvan ; Sue «o still, an i never ■peak* Pbe holds a cup dirine; . 'Ti® full of wine, and on ber cheeka >ie ftuios and ameara of wine I 11. Then little girl of Astrakan, 1 join thee on the sillr divue: There >n no need to aeek the land, 'ihe lich b*z/:i!« where rufoiet Bhine; For lume* are in that 1 ttle hand, A n«l on thene little cheek® of Ihine 1 WIT AND WISDOM . —Wanted for chemical purposes.—A lady "dissolved in tears.". —Punch says the gender of a railway train is feminine. Don't you miss it?. | —The height of Inhospitality.—Not to j entertain your uvvn opinion, j —A ni iwas gored to death, in Liver j pool, recently by an—lrish bull, j —Opportunities, like eggs, must be j hatched when they are fresh, j —Soft words butter no parsnips, but a I new bonnet presented to a wife will cover a multitude of her husband's sins. —A Western chap, in describing a gale of wind, says, " A white dog while ' attempting to weather the gale, was cau't I with mouth wide open, and tujned com ; pletely inside out." —A little boy at school, when called upon to recite h's lesson, was asked, " Of ; what is-rtie German Diet composed ?" j The boy replied, " Sour krout, schnapps, lager beer, and uix-comrous." | t—The larkey who greased Lis-fee-1 so that he could not m ;ke a noise when he went to steal chickens, slipped from tho hen-roost into the custody of the owner. | He gave, as reason Ijr his being there.— Dat he cum dar to see ei de chickens sleeped with dcre eyes open. He was cooped. —" Doctor, 1 want you to prescribe for me" The dootor feels her pulse. "There I is nothiug the matter, madam; you only (vant I iuy tongue 1 j i t look at it; look at it 1 j now say, what dues that ueed ?" "I think | that ueeis rest, too." Exit madau; iu a j state of great excitement. —" You say, Mr. Snooks, that you saw the plaintiff leave the house. Was it in haste ' " Yes, sir." " Do you know what caused the haste." " I'm nut sartin, but I tbiuk it was the boot of his landlord." " That will do. Clerk ; call the next witness " - —Over in Jersey, during the last Pres idential canvass, a young-lawyer, noted for the length of his neck, histongueand his bill, was on tho stump blowing his horn for Gen. M'Clcllan. Getting on his eloquence, he spread himself, aud said : " 1 would that on tbe Bth day of No vember 1 might have the wings of a bird, ani I would fly to every city and cvety village, to every town aud every hamlet, to every mansion and every hut, and pro claim to every man, woman ami child — ' George B. M'C'lellan is President of the United At this point, ayouugster in the crowd sang out: " Dry up, you fool. You'd be shot tor a goose before you flew a mile." —North. Adams is known as a pleasant village in the Be kshire section of Massa chusetts. A few days since a mysterious gentleman, a stianger, engaged board at the village hotel. He desired that no peison wyuld speak to him except the landlord. He was good-looking and well dressed. .Several ladies endnavored to make his acquaintance, but failed. Fi | ually bolder ones appointed a committee of five to visit him. They diit »o and stated their business. He eyed them aud replied, "I am a stranger aud a criminal. I was convicted iu New York of a heavy crime. Ihe judge sentenced me 8 years iu Sing Sing or to live in North Adams six months ; I chose the latter." The la dies retired, aud the stranger was not again disturbed. „ SOUTHERN WIT, —While the train was stopping at a small place near Weldon, a robust Georgia trooper hailed one of the many loungess about the station with : " Say, old tar heel, got any tar for sale?" The native so adtjie-aed answered rather shortly, to his " gallant defeuder ; " ',No, sir-ee 1" " Wal, you've got fcome pitch, haven't you?" "Nary pitch here," an swered the sandh. !er. " Well, what have you done with 'em, for you know you | live on sich stuff. ' About this time the | long, leau specimen ot» a tar-maker bright jeped'up and replied, '• Well, w<»sold ail |we had to Jeff. Davis." The Georgia, i thrown off his guard, could not resist i asking, " V* hy, what did old Davis want i with all the tar?" Quoth the man of pitch. "Why, you Georgians run so, that he had to buy something to make you Btiok." THE CONSPIRACY TRIAL The Case of Mrs. Mary Surratt. Hon Rererdy Johnson's Argument. WASHINGTON, June 19. Mr. Clampett read tbe argument ad dressed to the President and the gentle men of the Commission argued by Hon. lievetdy Johnson and concurred iu by- Mr. John McLane, assistaut counsel for Mrs. Mary fSurratt. It commences by asking if the Commission has jurisdic tion of the cases before it, and calling at tention to the great importance of the question, and refers to the duty of the Commission to consider it, and declares if the Commission is unauthorized the act establishing it is a usurpation on the part of the Execmtive. ltthen proceeds to say the Constitution deOnes the powers and duties of the ex ecutive, and provides punishnlent for his violation of them. Therefore he acquires no power beyond what the Constitution confers, and this act, beyond authority, can furnish no defence against the legal consequences of what are tloue under it; and whatever is done is utterly vain. Tho commission must therefore decide .this question before announcing judgment.— That a tribuual like this has no jurisdic tion over them, other than military offi cers. is believe Ito I e ile t That offen ces defined and punished by the civil law, and whose trial is provided for by the same kiw, are not the subject of military 1 jurisdiction is of course true. A milita ry, in contradistinction from a civil of fence, must therefore be made to appear; and wbeu it is, it must also appear that military law provides for itstriai and pun ishmeot by a military tribunal. If that law does not provide a mode of trial, or affix a punishment, the case is unprovi ded for, and. as far as the military power is concerned, is togo uiipuui»tied-j but, as either the civil, common or statute law embrace every offense that tho United States or States have deemed it necessary to punish, in all such cases the civil courts are clothed with eveiy necessary jurisdic tion. In u military" court, if the charge does not state a >Tiuie provided for gener ally or spec fically in any of the Articles of War. the prisoner mj-t be discharged (O'Brien, pp. "6, 27.) The one code, the civil, embraces all citizens, whether soldiers or not, etc. — There the military has no jut isdici iou over any citizen as such. If the provisions of the Constitution clearly maintain the same doctrine, the executive lias no authority to declare war, to raise aud support ar mies, to provide and maintain a navy, or to make rules for the government of eith er of these forces. These powers are ex clusive in Congress. The army cannot be raised, or have laws for its government and regulation, but as Congress shall pro vide. The power of Congress was gran ted by the convention without objection In England, the king, as General of the whole kingdom, has this sole power, tho' .Parliament frequently interposed. But with us it was thought safest to give the power to Congress, since otherwise sum mary and severe punishments might be iufiicted. No members of the Conven- tion or Commentators on Constitution, "since, has since intimated that even this Congressional p iwer could be applied to citizens not belonging to the army or na vy. Tho power given to Congress, to make laws for the government and regu lation of the land and naval forces. No artificeof ingenuity can make tlie.se words include those who do not being to the ar my and navy, and they are therefore to be considered to exclude all others as if neg ative wurds to that effect had been added, and this is not only the .obvious meaning of tbe terms considered by themselves, but is demonstrated from other provisions of the constitution. So jealous wero otfr ancestors of ungranted power, and so vig ilant to protect the.citizen against it, that they were unwilling to leave him to tlie safeguard which proper constructions of the constitution, originally adopted, furnished. Thus they resolved,!hat nothing should be left in doubt. determined, there fore, nit only to guard bira against exec utive an ! judicial, but against congres sional abuse. With this view they adop ted the sth constitutional amendment, which declares' that no person shall be held to auawer..for a capiul or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising ib the land or naval force* or lu the militia when in active service in time of war or public danger. This view i3 elaborated by reference to the highest legal authority, aud the constitutional questions are discuseed at length. The sixth amendment which our fath ers thought so vital to individual liberty i when assailed by governments! proeecu- 1 tions, is but ideal lu'the-course of his argument Mr. Johnson said he had Ifro't fvirward this quejtion of jurisdiction only because he conscientiously Jbelieved it to be his duty. He did not seek the impunity to any one engaged iu the hor rid crimes of the night of the 14th of April. Over them the civil courts of this district had ample jurisdiction and would faithfully exercise it if tho cases are re moved to them as in the case of Mrs. Sur ratt.» He referred to her as a woman whoi was educated a devout christian, ever kimi, affectionate and charitable, and with no motive disclosed to us that could have caused her to participate iu the crimes iu question. He said he had no evidence uncontradicted ol showing that she was a participant. He would say nothing of the testimony. That would be reviewed! by his associate). As to the. evidence of Miehman aud Lloyd he said, if the facts they state were true, their knowledge of the purpose to commit the crimes aud their participation in them is much more satisfactorily established than the alleged knowledge and participation of Mrs. Sur ratt. Mr. Aiken stated to the court that he should not be prepared until Wednesday to read the argument in the case of Mrs. Surratt. The delay was attributable to the voluminous evidence previously to be examined by him. GEORGIA CAMPAIGN! 1 I S FinvrPl KLM'ATIO V COX'S DEFENCE OF ALLATOONA. Why tho March thro' Georgia was Planued. Preparations for the Great Cnmostign. WMSIMNGTON. June I'd. The following is the official report ot Major General Sherman, of his great Georgia Campaign, which he has complc ted and tra:i ni» icd to thu War Depart ment within the past few days : HllQ'as. MIL L>IV. or THL MISS.,") IN THE FIFJUO, .-AVAN.NAU. TIA.,* V JANI Al'.r, i. ISOS. ) M 'J. Gen. H. W Halaxk, Chief oj Stuff, Washington City, I) C. General : 1 have tbe honor to oflcr my report of the operations ot'rfhe ardve under my command, s.nee the occupation of Atlanta, in the oar!) part of Rej'tem her last, up to tho prc-cnt date. A- heretofore reported, iu tlft; month oi September, the Anuy of the Cumber land, Major! icnoral'i'homiis commanding held the city of Atlanta; the Army of the Tennessee, Major General Howard commanding, was grouped about Kast Point : and tho Army of Ohio, Major General Schofield commanding, held I'e catiir. Many changes i ceurred in the composition of those armies, in conse qnence of tho expiration of the time of service of many of the regiments. The opportunity was given to us to consolidate the fragments, re clothe aud re-quip the men, and make preparations for the future campaign I also availed myself of the occasion to strengthen the garrisons to our rear, to make our communications more secure, and scut Wagner's Division of the Fourth Ocrps,and Morgan's Divis ion, of the Fourteenth Corps to Chattan ooga, and Corse's Division, of the Fif teenth Corps, to Ilome. Also, a thorough recounoissauee was made of Atlanta, and a new line of works begun, wlich requi red a small garrison to hold. JEFF. DAVIS* VISIT TO MACON. During this month, the enemy, whom we had left at Lovejoy's Station, moved westward toward the Chattahoochie, tak" iug a position facing u». aud covering the West Point Railroad, about Palmetto Sta tion. He also threw a pontoon bridge across tho Chattahoochie, aud seut caval ry detachments to the w - t in the direc tiou of Carrol ton and Powder Springs.— About the same time President Davis vis ited Macon, and his army at Palmetto, and made harangues, referring to an active campaign against us. Hood still remain ed in command of the Confederate forces, with Cheatham, S. D. Lee, and SiewaTi commanding his three corps, and \V heel erin command of bis cavalry, which had been largely jeinforced My cavalry consisted of two divisions One was stationed at Decatur, under com tr.and of Brigadier General Uarrad ; the. other, commanded hy Brigadier general Kilpatrick,"wai—posted near Sandtowu, with a pontoon bridge over the Chit a hoocbie, from which he could watch any movement of the enemy toward the west PREPARATIONS TO MEET THE ENEMY. As soon as I became convinced that the enemy intended to assume the offen siv«, namely, September 28th, I sent Maj. General Thomas, second in command, to Nashville, to organise th» new troops ax* peoted to arrive, and to make preliminary preparations to meet such an event. About the fir ; t of October some of the enemy's cavalryftnade their appearance on the west of the Chattahoochie. and one of his infantry corps was repwted near the Powder Springs; and I received au thentic intelligence that the rest of his infantry was crossing to the we?t of the Chattahoochie. lat once made my or ders that Atlanta and the Chattahoochie ►railroad bridge should be held by the 20th 1 Corps, Maj'.>r General Slocum and on the 4th of October putin motion the 15th and 17th corps, and the 4th, Fourteenth and Twenty-third corps, to Smyrna camp ground; and on the sth moved to the strong position about Kenesaw. The en emy's cavalry had by a rapid movement upon our railroad at liig Shanty, and broken the line of telegraph and railroad and with a division of infantry (French's) had moved against Allatoona, where were stored about a million of ratu.ll9 Its re doubts were garrisoned by three small regiments uudor Colonel Tourtellotle, 4th Minnesota. THE ATTACK AND ROUT AT ALLATOONA. I had anticipated this movement and had, by signal and by telegraph, ordered tien. Corse to reinforce that post from Rome. Uen. Corse had reached Allatoo na with a brigade during the night of the 4th, just in time to meet the attack by French's division on the morning of the sth. In person 1 reached Kenesaw moun tain, about 10 A. M., of the sth, and could see the smoke of battle and hear the faint sounds of artillery iu the distance. 'lhe distance, eighteen miles, was too greatfor me to make in time to share in the battle, but I directed the Twenty-third Corps, Brigadier Gen ral Cox commanding, to move rapidly from the base of'Keuesaw, dim west, aiming to reach the road from Allatoona to Dallas, threatening the rear of the forces attacking A1 latoona, I Eucceded in getting a sig ual message to Gen. Corse during his fi;;ht. notifying lnm of my presence The defence of Ailutooua, by Gen. Corse, was admirably' conducted, and the enemy repulsed with heavy slaughter. His do ■ criptii.ii < t 1 lie defense is so graphic that it leaves nothing for me to add. The movement of (ien. Cox had the desired elTeet of causing the withdrawal of General F ••nch.s division rapidly, in the direction of Dallas. rmiSUIT AFTER IIOOD. On the Gill and 7th, 1 pushed my cav airy well toward Burnt Hickory and Dal las, and discovered that the enemy had moved westward, and interred that he would attempt to break our railroad agaiu in the neighborhood of Kingston. Ac cordingly ■ n the morning of the Bth, I pat the army in motion through AKatoo na Pa-is to Kingston, reaching that point on the 10th. There I learned that the enemy had feigned on Home, and was pas sing the Coosa river on a pontoon bridge about eleven miles below Rome. I there fore on the 11th, moved to Home, and pushed Garrard's cavalry and the Twen ty-third Corps, under Gen. Cox, across the Oostenaula to threaten the flanks of the enemy passing north. Garrard's cav alry drove a brigade of tho enemy to and beyond the Narrows, leading iuto the val ley ot the Chattooga, capturing two field pieces and taking some prisoners. The enemy had moved with great vapidity, and made its appearance at Rcfaca, and Hood had in person demanded its surren der I had from Kingston reiuforeed Resaca by two regiments of the Army of the Tennessee. I at first intended to move the army into the Chattooga valley interpose between the enemy and his line of retieat down the Coosa, but fear that Gbd. Hood would in that, event turn east ward by Spring Place and down the Fed eral road, and therefore moved against him at Resaca, Colonel Keaver at Resaca afterward reinforced by Gen. Raum's brigade, had repulsed'the enemy at Resa ca, but he had succeeded in breaking the railroad from Tilton to Dalton, and as far north as the tutnel. Arriving at Resaca on the morning of the 14th,1 de termined to strike ilood in flank, or force him to battle ; and directed the army of the Tennessee, General Howard to move on Snake Creek