VOLUME i: Copperheadism vs Democracy. Premising that Copperheadism is not Democracy, as it* leadrrs have the audac ity to claim, it Would perhaps be profitable to inquire what Copperheadism means. The Democracy was the great war party in 1812 and again in 1847. It gained for us, whether rightfully or wrongfully, wise ly or unwisely, the territory of Louisiana, and the control of the mouth of the Mis sissippi'; as it WHS instrumental in ac quiring Florida,Texas, Califovniaand New Mexico. Democracy has always looked to the extension and strengthening of tho Union, while'Copperheadism has a differ ent record. Democracy has clung to the national honor and to the flag which is its representative; Copperheadism has asail ed both, and has endeavored and is still endeavoring, t'd.bring both into disgrace. Democracy always held to the supremacy of the Federal laws ond government; Copperheadism ridicules and sneers at both, and sets up state and local laws in opposition to them. Clement L. A allan digham returns to his home from ame - ted exile, for the scarcely conceal'' ob ject of bringing about a collis ion between the national govc .inicnt and the State of Ohio, just at the critical mo ment when the hugest efforts were. put forth for the crushing of the rebellion ; and Governor Seymour, of New York, resorts to the paltry tricks of the pettifog ger in order to breed dissension between the Federal Government and New \ork, just at the moment when a band of rebel soldiers are threatening the border of the Free States and levying contributions in Maryland. Mayor I ! unther throws obsta cles in the way of aid for the invaded border, under the pretence that troops cannot be spared from the " commercial metropolis." Tho entire vile spawn of Copperhead journals now make no pre tonee of concealing their chagrin at Fed eral success or at rebel disasters, and wo have yet to sec in one of them a word of encouragement for our gallant army under Grant, now struggling for the Union be fore Richmond, or scarcely ono word of honest exultation concerning tho victory gained by the Kearsarge over the pirate Alabama. Copperheadism compares Jef ferson Davis to George Washington; Floyd to John Hancock jScmmcs to Paul Jones, and Harry Gilnior to Marion. It objects to calling Floyd a thief, Seinmcs a pirate, Gilnior a freebooter, or Stone wall Jackson anything but " a Christian gentleman." Copperheadism refuses to call treason by its right name, and discar ding the use of the word'-rebel," it al ways styles the followers of Jefferson Da vis " Confederates." It is tender and re spectful in#pcaking of the enemies of the Union, and coarse and.abusive in refer ring to its friends, and the more earnest the latter, the coarser the abuse. North ern Copperheadisni and Southern treason are synonymous terms, except that the Southern article is bold, insolent and de fiant, while the Northern traitor, whether political, journalistic or. sooial, is cold, sneaking and snaky. We have much the most patience with the Southern type of traitor. While we denounce the Copperhead leaders with all the bitterness which they deserve, wc are aware that there arc nu merous well-meaning people who cling fondly to the old name of Democracy, the last melancholy relics of the organization of which the Copperhead faction has usurped, and who fancy they are voting for the principles of Jeffeson, Madison and Jackson when they support this vi pcrish faction. Let these deluded people bear in mind these self-evident facts. The States in rebellion have declared their in tention to dissolve tho American Union, and to render themselves independent of it. To this end, after stealing Govern ment property of every stealable descrip tion. they have waged bloody war upon the North, aud upon all who hold to Union principles. At the outsat of thestruggle, when the traitors were flushed with vic tory over an unprepared handful of Union troops, the rebel Secretary of War declar ed his entention to seize the Federal cap ital and rule by force what they had fail ' to control at the ballot-box. The rebels have declared over and over again that there can be no peace except upon the basis of the recognition of the separate independence of their Confederacy ; while the President of the United States, at the begenning of his administration, declared his iptention to observe his inaugural oath to support the Constitution of the U. S. and maintaiu aud defend the Federal Union. He can do no less than this without being recreant and a traitor, and for doing receives the vilestdeuuneiation. The people of the loyal States went into the war upon this issue, a doterminatiou to follow out the old Jacksonian priuoiple that the Union mustand shall bepresorvod. Cop perheadisut goes for the recognition of State right*; in short, for peace, and for AMERICAN CITIZEN. a consequent dissolution of the great Union which dembcracy did so much to wards the formation ol', and for the de struction of our nationality. Now let these faint hearted patriots who arc afraid of the conscription, who are alarmed at the high price of butter, and who would as lief see Satan himself as the tax collec tor, —stop to ponder upon what peace, such peace as copperheadism talks about, means. They cannot but admit that it means a dissolution of the Union, a rec ognition of the Southern confederacy,and an acknowledgment that the people are cither not willing or not able to maintain the laws and to sustain their own chosen executive in his efforts to fulfil his con stitutional oath of office. But peace on snch terms means more than this. It means something feven worse than a di vided country, with an arbitrary dividing line, and eternal border wars, with strug gle after struggle for the supremacy of the whole until we imitate South Amcri r. or the Kilkenny cats, or both, and there will be nothing left to fight about. The South want no such divided country; their plan is not for a division, but for a consolidation of the whole, with them selves as '-the master race that was born to governwith a subjugated people of •'Northern mudsills, greasy mechanics, small fisted farmers, and moon-struck theo rists," as the inferior race that was ''born to serve." But a Copperhead peace means something still more, and still- worse ; so far as the interests of mankind generally are concerned. It means the destruction of republicanism, and the establishment upon its ruins of a slave oligarchy which will know tio law but its own will, which will disfranchise every toiling white man and establish a "strong government" to serve its own purposes and accomplish its own ends. The spirit which prompted this Southern revolt against the result of an election fairly held, will not run any risks of the results of any future elec tions. if their treason should become a fi nal success, and t}ie great experiment of free government which our fathers com menced will fail in the hauds of their sors, and all though the high price of beef and butter, the fear of the conscription and the dread of raids and taxes. We can never be persuaded that the copperhead faction faithfully represents the genuine democracy; but if it does so, Heaven save the republic ! Copperheadism is simply an enemy in the rear who is endeavoring to distract and ruin us while the more open foe is doing his work at the front. The election to be held next November will prove to the world that the represen tative copperheads have but a very con temptible constituency. A nay Correspondence. The following extract is from a letter written by Lieut. John Caldwell, of the 01st Pa. Regiment, to George W. Reed, Jr., of this place. CUXE HARROR, YA. June 8, 1804. FRIEND GEORCF.:—I suppose you think strange I have not written to you sooner since the opening of the campaign. las sure you I was most anxious to do so, but circumstances over which 1 had no coutrol. as the newspapers say, preveuted me ; and now that I am writing. I don't know when I can send the letter, as the mails are ve ry irregular and uncertain. The army of the Potomac has so far gone through the most severe, as well as the most suc cessful campaign in which it has ever been since it was an army. We are now only some eight miles from Richmond, and I think you will not have this letter many days until you hear of our being still closer. It would be surperflous me giving you a history of the campaign as you will have read full aceouuts in the papers, so I will confine myself by tell ing you a little of my own adventures. Our regiment left camp on the 4th of Ma) - and crossed the Rapidan river. The next day we met the '' Johnnies" in the Wilderness, and about 11 o'clock, a. m., became engaged. This wilderness is a most abominable place to fight a battle. You canuot see a dozen of yards ahead for the brush, which is .so dense—you have great difficulty in forcing your way through it. Here the Rebels were post ed behind breast works, and opened on us as we came up. Notwithstanding all this, we drove them a couple of miles the first day—until we came to a swamp, the oth er Bide of which, the rebs were strongly posted. Here we fought two nights and a day without making any progress what ever. We could not use our artillery, while the rebels played on us incessantly with theirs. They threw regular show ers of cauister and shrapuell into our ranks; you may imagine how heavy it was, wheu I tell you that on the morning of the Gth from half past 4 to 5, we lost in killed and wounded, more than one hundred men Well, we could not stand " Let us have Faith that Right makes Might; and in that Faith let us, to the end,dare to do our duty as we understand it"— A. LINCOLN BUTLER, BUTLER COUNTY, PA., WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 3, 18G4. this very long, so that evening we began throwing up breast works—a new Divis ion in our corps, the 3d, while at work, were flanked by the rebels just at dusk, and Gen. Seymour and a great part of his brigade were captured, and the balance of the Division thrown into the most dis graceful confusion and completely routed. The Ist and 2d Division stood like a wall and saved the corps, as well as the army, from defeat and disgrace. George, I have seen a good many hard sights during this war, but such a one as these woods pre sented after this break, I never saw. \ou could not take a step without running against a dead or wounded man. Oh ! it was dreadful to hear the poor wound ed fellows crying for water —water, and none to help them; fighting is noth ing compared to looking on such sights as these. It would be impossible for me to describe them, so I shall not try. Well, in two days our regiment was in five dif ferent engagements, when the army forc ed Lee back on Spottsylvania 0. II.—« marched down there on Sunday, the Bth, and a little before dark our regiment was posted in line in a ravine in Pine woods, so dense, it was dark as night. We were there only a few moments when the fighting commenced. The regiments in our front were soon cut to pieces, or left the grouud —until it came to the regiment in our immediate front, the 16th Michigan, which somehow got frightened and came pouring back without firing a shot—here they were all mixed up —our regiment would not let them back, and they would not go forward. Their officers could do nothing with them—-we could vol fire, and they would not —so I thought I would sec what I could do. I went out in front of them—told them I was a Pcnna. offi cer, and asked them if they would follow me. They said " yes, goon we'll follow you." So I started with about one hun dred of them, and commenced forming a did'nt think this was far enough, and commenced forming a second line.— I saw some groups of men, whom I sup posed were our skirmishers. I paid no attention to them at first—l could not see their clothes, and they were standing griuishly looking at us; after a bit, I took a step or two towards them, and then, in an instant, I knew what was the mat ter —they were rebels. I turned round quietly to run back, but they were too fast. Three of them leveed their musk ets at my breast and told me I was a prisoner, and I agreed with them—l did indeed. They took my sword, and told me to run to the rear —1 ran to the rear a short distance, and then thought I could escape by running around their regiment, but when I had gone about twenty yards Iran against the 12th Georgia regiment, lying in the woods—no chance there.— Then 1 concluded to hide until our m%n would charge; I crawled into a Pine tree and hid there for about a quarter of an hour, when a couple of rebs came along and made me come out; they took me to' Col. Willis of the 12th Georgia; he or dered me to be searched, and thcu com menced questioning me, but I refused to j answer any questions whatever. I was then taken to Gen. Eyell's head quar ters, and from there to Provost Guard head quarters, and the next morning, with 348 others, were started towards tho Vir ginia Central Railroad; we marched all that day in the hot sun, some 30 miles; without anything to eat. Just as we got to the station, (Beaver Dam) and were getting ready tc goon the cars, our Cav alry came charging along ; the guards skedaddled, and wo were free men. I could not describe our feelings—l don't I . know when I felt so happy. There was a million and a half rations at the station. | which we burned—we thcu went with the | Cavalry on their great raid, and were in side the outer line of fortifications at Richmond—fought there two hours— the Chickahomny ; White Oak Swamps; crossed out at Malven Hills ; crossed the James river to Butler's Department; from there to Fort Monroe—then to Alexan dria and to Belle Plain—then to Freder icksburg. 1 found the regimeut at the N. Anna, and we have been fighting uearly ever since. We had a terrible fight on the 3d, and captured the rebel pits We have commenced the siege of Richmond, and are working night and day digging rifle pits, and building forts; we are continually under fire, and have men killed and wounded even' day. Our line is only two hundred yaras from that of the Rebels, and we have a hot time of it. There was a flag of truce in front of our regiment yesterday, for the purpose of burying the dead and taking off the wounded. It looked strange to see men who have been trying to kill each other now shake hands and converse like friends. There has been no firing since, but I think there will be this even ing ; 1 think Gen. Grant is bound to have Richmond soon. The regiment has suf fered very severely, 3 officers killed, and 15 ed and missing—principally killed and wounded. Y#urs, from JOHN. GOD BLESS YOU, SOLDIER. God blew you, soldier! —when our sky Wu heavy >vith impending woe 9, When traitors raised the battle cry, Wheu leai met fear in every eye, You rushed to meet our foes. God bless you, soldier! —scarred and worn, Wearied with marchings, watching*, pain, AU battle-stained and battLe torn, Bravely have all their tasks boon borno ; You have not fought in vain. God bless you, soldier! —when the air Grows heavy with the battlu's roar, Sheltered beneath His love and care, May victory, with her garlands rare, Adorn you evermore. God bless you, soldier! —when the dor® 01 peace the K*gle's nest will 9hart, Wiih home and hearts made warm with love, With joys below—with Joys above, God bless you hero and there 1 ~ WIT &TBD WISDOM. HOLD onto your good character, for it is, and ever will be your best wealth. WIIY is an oyster like a horse ? Because it can't climb a tree. Ah, hem ! A SLOW pulsation is the sign of long life, not only in individuals, but in law suits. WHO was the first carpenter mentioned in the Bible ? Pharaoh, when he made Joseph a ruler. THE fellow who carried a bottle of " old rye" in his pocket, was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon. " I CAME off with flying colors," as tho painter said when he fell from the ladder with a palette on his thumb. THERE are over two hundred varieties of birds, American and foreign, in the Central Park at New York. WE are commanded to let our light shine before men ; the man with a red nose keeps his light shining before him self. "Goto bed, sir," said an indignant parent to an offending son, "goto bed —go lock yourself in and bring me the key." IF you and your sweet-hart vote upon tho marriage question, you for it and she against it, dwn't flatter yourself as to its being a tie. " SIR," said a joung wife to her hus band a few days after their marriage, " you were honest enough to tell me that your chimney smoked, but why didn't you tell me that you smoked yourself ?" AVOID argument with ladies. In spin ning yarns among silks and satins, a man is sure to be worsted and twisted. And when a man is worsted and twisted, he may consider himself wound up. MANY persons are now anxiously ex amining the maps to find the " seat of war." Fubs says that he found it last summer without a map. Ho discovered it by sitting down upon a wasp's nest in a hay-field. IT is an actual fact, that a man who at tempted to hug a beautiful young lady named 31 iss Lemon, has sued her for striking him in the eye. He is altogether unreasonable. Why should he squeeze a lemon unless he wants a punch ? COUNT TRACY complained to Foote that a man had ruined his character.— "So much the better," replied the wit, " for it was a very bad one, and the soon er it is destroyed the more to your advan tage. AN enthusiastic admirer of the Czar was repeatedly saying to a stranger, " The Czar is great." " Yes," was the reply. " but God is greater." " Ah," exclaim ed the Russian, '■ but the Czar is young er yet." FOOTE one day dined at Richmond.— When the landlord produced his bill Foote thought it very exorbitant, and asked his name. " Partridge, an't please you," re plied the host. " Partridge !" said Foote " it should be woodcock by the length of your bill." BROKE TIIF. PLEDGE.—A man living in Orange county was found one night climb ing an overshot wheel in a fulling mill. He was asked what he was doing. He suid he was trying to get up to bed, but some how or other tlje stairs wouldn't hold still. AN Irish physician who was callod to examine the corpse of another Irishman, who had been assassinated by some of his countrymen. " This person," said he, after inspecting the body, " was so ill that if he had not been murdered he would have died half an hour before." " MARY, my dear," said a doting hus band to the lady that owned him, " if ev er I turn Mormon, and marry another help-mate, she shall be a Mary, too, lor your own dear sake." Be content with one Mary, my duck," said the loving wife • "in my opinion another would bo mere ly a super-new-mary !" A CONFEDERATE surgeon who was beastly drunk when our forces captured Little Rock, Arkansas, found himself among the Yankees when he got sober, and remarked that it beat Rip Vad Win kle that a man couldn't goto sleep in the Confederate States without waking up in the United States. <£ducatumal § cpavtmcut. Object Lessons. But few years have elapsed since ject lessons were the grand hobby of our fellow teachers in New York and other States. So much at the time was said and written upon the subject, that for a time nothing else seemed to claim the attention of the energetic members of the profes sion but this. Pennsylvania, more steady and more practical in her habits, was not so enthusiastic as some of her sisters, and hence did not run wild over this new the ory. Seeing, with her, is believing, and the mass of her teachers waited patient ly to see what the ultimate results of this system would be, before they made any effort to adopt it. At the present time the subject claims some attention of the thinking portions of the profession. As at present pursued in the primary schools of Oswego, N. Y., which may justly be regarded as the head of the system in this country, we think the system carried to an extent which would in a great measure be objectionable in our graded and ungraded schools of the State, with, perhaps, the exception of those in the larger towns and cities; and even here we doubt the expediency of car rying the experiment too far. But pur sued in moderation, there are few exercis es or lessons, aside from the daily and nec essary studies of the school room, of so much importance. Independent of the value of these lessons in arousing au in terest which may flag in exercises of a less interesting character, there may be inculcated a great amount of practical and useful knowledge, so as to prepare the child for the duties incumbent on him in future as a mcmbor of society and as a citizen, as well as for his self-preservation, cither directly or indirectly. Practical knowledge, we think, should always pre cede tho esthetic. Tho gardener, in or der to obtain a model specimen of a fruit or flower, attends carefully to the whole plant; he regards the remaining parts of the plant as of very great importance,but only because through their instrumentali ty is the fruit or flower perfected.* While the particular aim is to secure a perfect fruit, he well knews that if lie • neglects the leaves, the steal, or the root, his labor is wholly in vain. Without a root, a stem, or the necessary leaves, his efforts to obtain a perfect or even ordinary speci men are entirely futile. Such must also be our educational system. We must not in ouranxietyto securethe beautiful flow er or delicious fruit, neglect the plant, but on a sound practical education base the esthetic. As far, then, as may he, these " object lessons" should aim at increasing the fund of general information, as well as a practical knowledge of the underly ing principles of some of the leading av ocations of life. The principle of self-development must not be forgotten iu these lessons. This seems to be the normal method of devel opment. Up to tho time a child is fyst sent to school, it is, to a great extent, its own teacher; and in no period of its life does it make more rapid advancement. — How eagerly it describes every novelty to its mother ! Each new flower and every rounded pebble furnishes a subject and thought for its discourse. Following the. course of nature, we -should allow the child to tell all it knows, occasionally draw ing its attention to some facts which ithas not yet observed. Step by step new truths will be elicited and remembered. Each day will add to its store of knowledge, and if au ordinary amount of ingenuity be exercised by the teacher in conducting the lesson, the knowledge acquired in this way will be much more easily remember ed, than when presented in any other form. With small pupils, short talks about fa miliar things will be found advantageous. As a general rule, teachers of primary schools should talk with their pupils much more than they generally do. Were this principle more generally understood and put into practical operation, a much larger number of teachers would become suc cessful, and those under their charge would make a much more rapid advance ment, and manifest a livelier interest and greater pleasure iu attending school. Pu pils of all grades should be required to form sentences in regard to familiar ob jects; or, in the case of those more ad vanced, compositions on tho subjects of the object lessons should be required in which there is as much re-production of the lesson as possiblo; thus not only would an interest be awakened, but the pugil would be acquiring much practical knowl edge, and would be developing language. With small pupils, it is best to dispense with as many difficult words and hard sci entific terms as possible.' As pupils become advanced, subjects of a difficult nature way be selected. A short talk, or informal lecture, on some scientific subject may prove of great ben efit. Natural history teems with numbers of suitable subjects. Volcanoes, earth quakes, coral-lime islands, and of many others of a similar character will not fail to interest a school of advanced pupils for a quarter or a half hour. Historical Geography in the shape of informal lectures may prove of much ad vantage to pupils of almost all grades.— Stories of the Ksquimaux, their subterra nean palaces and filtliv habits ; the Chi nese, their labarynthine gardens, floating towns, and peculiar fashions j the Ancient Egyptians, their catacombs, mummies, and pyramids,—these, with others of a similar nature, will not only awaken a transient interest and prevent disorder, but will cre ate a desire in the pupil to know more of these nations through the media of Geog raphy and History. The teacher should of course, when opportunity occurs, intro duce much of this into'Gcogrnphy lessons, but in many cases it will be impossible to weave these historical accounts into the fabric of the lesson, and when this is the case, they should be presented in the shape of object lessons. Object lessons on the every-day affairs of life, — in Domestic Economy , on gain ing wealth and the laws regulating suc cess in business; in Physiology , in regard to the modus operandi of the physical or gans, and the laws regulating health ; in Agriculture, by entering into the scientific structure of plants, the application of ma nures, the rotation of crops, the art of draining, the adaptability of certain soils to particular crops, the erection of hot houses, &0.. together with other practical subjects, will not only prove interesting, but of gruat value in future life. A. N. RAUD. PotltviUcDcm. Standard. Position of the War. To the Editor of the Boston Journal: SIR : The census of 1860, with emi gration and the annual increase of births, gives usa population of 37,000,000 in the summer of 1864. Of this population 4,000,000 of whites and 3,000,000 of slaves exist in the Iteb el districts; and 30,000,000 of free men are to bo found in the Loyal districts.— Tho contest is now between foroes stand ing in the ratio of 4 to 30,- with 3 ready to aid the successful party. In comparing more closely the relative strength of the two districts, we find that one half of the whites are males, one half of the males are under 10, and one half of the residue, from old age, youth, phys ical infirmity or sickness, unfit for service in the field. In this State we have nev er been able to bring more than 10 per cent of the people into the militia, and if we allow 12 per cent for the capacity of the Rebel districts, it is a liberal allow ance. In the Southern districts which are still loyal or have been subdued, such as Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mary land and portions of other States, there is a white population of 4,000,000, and it is a fair presumption that four per cent of the population, or one-third of the fight ing men of these regions, have joined the Rebel armies. We cannot allow more, as the Rebel conscription has operated but little if any on those districts. The war has been in progress for three years, and an allosvauce of 30,000 a year for the excess of young men growiug up over men becoming superannuated or