EWI
BURG
CHROI
CLE
1
Jo
L
II. C HICKOK, Editok.
0. N. WORDEN, Pbisteb.
LKWISBUltft CIIItONICLE
i
, i ' iimivri Le.6rir.
U'lion county, l'tnnrylvanic.
Pabli.her, aanept wBure jresri pain up.
AVttTU.M haalaom..-insert.- at SO cent, per y
nun, week, tl four we-ke, $-i vear; two aquaree, j
it far mi m mt., $" for yr. Mercantile e4vertit- j
TJt SS""SViS-' 'ZSZ2Z ySi ,
ho hanlad io or drllTe.ea.
0Hcn'4Tia!W aolicitcd onll subjects of general Inte
rs.! not within the ran, of party or e-rUriau content.
All letter must come port-va.oiiipnia oyineiTJi ;
aslreas ufth wnu-r, to .ere.--
t.lUiiie .urUtotheKJit..r1llh-".rtmctit.tubed. .
Meted to hum o. iiico. bi.. jsiijor nd tboce on :
OFFICE in Beaver's new block on Market
Square, north side. 2d Mnrv. l-ft lijind door. j
O. a. uuui:v ropriei. .. ,
Discomforts of Idleness.
It is a grand mistake to suppose that
idleness is the friend of happiness ; that
the less a wan has to do, the ntore he has
to enjoy ; and that therefore the necessity
for labor, though inevitable in respect to
most persons, is after all a misfortune to
be regretted. The habitual aud systematic
idler is very far from being the happy man;
his feelings do not conform to the laws of
solid enjoy incut; aud hence he docs not
and cannot attain the result.
His state of both body and soul, is per
fectly unnatural, unsuitable to the endow
ments aud wants of an active nature. Man
was as really made for employment, as was
s..n ,J, to shiue. or the eve to sec. !
Activity is a Uw of bis being, which he
cannot violate without sultcring its peualty.
Observe the eports, the ftolies aud plays
cf early childhood : they arc the demands
and therefore the gratifications of nature
ihey are the means of happiness before the
tnind is cxDindcd to the rane ot uijiiur
4
pursuits. t.Uwrcn musf. nac mttumg .
.a . i - I
todo; and it is only by doing it that they
ll ,n... 1 ,n 1 1, ,r,r Tli.. -,.. !
re...Wa
i-iit-.j .v. - .1... i -.i
IlientS 01 CUiiuuoou uiusi ue ii i:ut.-t:u auu .
supplied by activities suited to age, or Ila.
It J c
tifre utters her protest.
Mail h ivill" a i
sensitive and active constitution,
liiUfrt !
iiwif if in nn? hi- te nninf itc l.liicciit cri
If he ty the experiment of idleness, he
:n j j-; ' f.. ,tiw .....,.,i.
ancing its pIeaures.
An idler is otten an extreiue.y ictous ,
being, substituting the acm i nes ana in- j
dulgences of gross bin lor tue iautiuoic
maustnes oi vt.iue. , a...-., -
raaliet, finding his harr.ness mostly ... ;
finding his
Innstlv
animal enjoyment ; aud quit
frequent ly ;
. I
his sensuality assumes the type of gross
BCS3. 1 he better capacities aua nuseepu
Lilitics of his nature aae doreiuaut. i ury
1 avc very little chance to be developed ;
and of course, the satisfaction cf their I
healthy exercise is unknown to him. ;
lleason slumbers, or wakes only to a de-.
grading career. Conscience is stupified, or ;
speaks only to coudcnin. The affections
and sensibilities are dried up, because the ,
tuind is unmoved by the impulse of aui-!
mating and vlevatiug motive. The animal
takes precedence ; and where we ought to ;
.x tlio rational and moral man. there we.
.... .. .... -.
bjhold sensualitv aud selashness the Jite
- . .
of a brute without its muocence. is this ,
. j . ... . ,,.,; in
a quiet and happy state-such a condition .
of human nature as to a
ff , , ,
ird coEtentmtut
mnA rif.pii ? lrKsi hltr it. micrhr. An f,r a finer.
.. , r . i , , , Ci '
or the occupant of a st v ; but to a rational
being it is a perpetual gout, a continuous
and paiuful disease. Idleness is a cancer,
a poison in the blood, contaminating and
cursing the whole organization of our na
ture, destroying the seinmctery of its parts,
and preventing a healthy development.
An idler is a sick man; his whole existence
is a morum cue. lie is oe-u nuuuu upuu ,
- . I - ) vi. i i
the couch of his own vice : his growth is 1
amerafaogus. And is he a happy man ? ;
Far from it. lie is literally too indolent i
to enjoy life. The conditions of happiness i
are not present.
How perfectly useless, moreover, is such
a man to the world in which he lives !
While he is a burden to himself, he is a
benefit to nobody. lie fills no position in
society ; no one esteems him, or considers
it of any consaquence to the world whether
he lives or dies unless it be that in the
latter event one of earth's paupers has I
gone to his last account, lie is a con-'
sumcr, but not a producer ; neither by bis !
' !
intellect nor
by his hands, does he pay 1
J 1 r j I
V : .i t. i:r. tt . .
rni. m w ? fJ1' 'J ! the victim of the diviue displeasure, lie splendid paeant. soldiers, clergymen, law-
il.7i, if aiit within throe naoaths, $2,00 if pud wilbm a .. ... 3 c- '.A ... .
v:i;m if not piii b.-forethe year iim ; 6 mil fr ; u not answeriug the end ot bis existence yors, and literary characters were appomt-
miU iiaten. Sii'xcriptijM for aix moutbi or leae. 10 . . r wi. . . ....
ktp.ii in in. bur iniinuiinMa oiuuuai wiib Uif fur either worlds; ana tbis is sm. J. el to conspicuous positions, while the sons
. .uS me. xiC wa..,sa,ree come, Th M .IIlTnEBf H,THEr!
ticket to ride for nothing. . hat must
such a being thiuk of himself, if he ever Fatal Accident. On Tuesday even
thinks? j jng( tbe 18th ult, as Harrison Meiscrand
Jn an ethical view, idleness is a vice David Foltz, of Perry township, Union
am actual sin against nature and God. ! county, were returning home from Millers
hU it is the parent of many vices, often ! town, with a load of coal, the latter met
carrjing a whole brood in its train, it is j with a fatal accident Mr. Foltx, in the
itself a dutinct immorality. The sluggard act of getting off the wagon, for the pur
ia a sinner, u really as the drunkard ; and ! pose of drawing the lock, at a hill near
what he experiences here, and wil! here- j Leininger's saw mill, Greenwood township,
after, the penalty of God', law against I unfortunately missed his footing and fell
htm. It is just punishment, and not ! under the wagon, and ere the horses could
morely misfortune. God gave man his be stopped, the wsCon Pa his
powerito bo nscd, appropriately used, inj head, causing almost immediate death,
respect to both worlds ; he claims tbis use, He was about 39 years of age, and leaves
both by the dictates of nature and the re- U wife and two children to mourn his sud
vtlJtjow of his word. Diligence in busi- den and untimely end Swista Sentinel.
1. l:r . TT .. . r ,
ness ud fervor in "pi"' re mottoes of
cte-ruai iruiu: ana uc wuo ians in uuuui
tbcra necd on,y s,ud the teachings of
tras m and revelation, to see himself as'traand organ, and when to witness that
JT"
Li anjcltst.
-
From the "Oiimons" for October.
The Spirits of Autumn in the Willow.
BY EEV. II. UABBAUOn.
Down by the stream, I heard the willow
j (
Slgu 0 lUe IWlllgni 01 an VOUIOLT CVeUIUg.
6 o ...
fcow, upon its pendant branches, there was
the quick blast of the cold wind, like a
suarp rusn of pain through the limbs of
afflicteJ Now tuerc was a 80fter
sigh ; but still sad, like the moan of deep;
abiding sorrow. The waving of its long"
branches, was like the fanning of angel's
wings over graveyards, in the stilly night,
to make deeper and sweeter the repose of
the dead!
I listened ! Mingling with sad music ; the overwhelming majority of our popula
of the wind and the willow, I heard, as it tion, and yet by their acts they virtually
I might be the soft voice of friendly spirits. I
. . . . . . I
They spake to me tenderly; and their lairs, anu mey ueua low ami are itu auu
tones were as the breathiugs of love. j guided by tha superior in!clligence or du
"Hearkcn, O child of dust, pilgrim of: plicity of another class our lawyers. If
a few years in these low-lands of sin and! a speech is to bo made at an agricultural
sadness, hearken to the voice of wisdom. dinner or Fair, a lawyer is the man select
Look around thee upon the earth ! Hear- j cd for the purpose. If an address is to be
est thou the hollow moauings of Autumn
from the woods, frcui the groves, and from ,
mountain ? It is a prophecy of the
a I
creat Autumn of the world; when all
. - ,! 1 It I 11 . . I . i
th n"s shall fade aud f;.ll I Secst thou the
falling i f leaves, and the fading of the very questious which belong to their call
floweri? So shall the light of thine eye,' ings, aud with which they should be most
t ie l.ealth of. thy cheek, and all that thou particularly aeqnaiutcd, and that another
lovest en earth, fad'
and vanish away,
iwh-u bcsliortsumm.rof this life isended!
u h ni
ci...i.,
oetsi mou u.e uai cioutu wuieu uang
"round the portals of evening ? Thcv are
the birr, wticn man "oetli to bis long Home.
- - c u
IX . 1 1 .t1 1 ) A- A I . 1
-UO a tuou ice,, .., ,..y i.uids ana h
1 . :-: I. f ...:
uearl iuiiuiiiv vuma ui ivuuug .
iti,. l.tro ti, firut nontlu tmiclioa cf
J ',v- &v...x. w.
the cold hand of death! Dost thou "
" Suy thy words, O spirits of the sol-!
emn tone," I cried, "they bring to my soul
I .-...I r.,..i;.,nII j ,t r.,i.,l,. K !- .l irlr ind
, , , tl. u
i omituius nj'i't oacuea 01 ucsiiiiii. jui-j uc-
Borrow, which, like a '
f thou ht3 of the past.
. . ,
.'t T, !
7,. . .? ' i
. . fl . l...f... 1... ".,te "
.... .t '
au i ciiuu oi ausi auu sin. saiu me
spirit,
"that sadness is a healing sorrow to
.. the soul.
It is as the si-hs and scekiugs i
of the exile, when he thinks of the land he !
bad left ; and when, from bis melted heart, j
.i. ... . , nr tl.nf f .11 ;
vil li ti y 'at; bin. K.ioui .i.uvut.w .umw
upon the homeward way !
nii its of the solemn tone ! is there :
no spring time, to succeed the greit Au-1
tumn of "the world !" j
"Are v-rilv. t those that ween now, I
" ' ' 1
and are sad for sin ! To the broken-hcar-!
ted there comcth a time of healing, and of
I
Jov
When the Autumn is gone when
tt,n .tirlr arititr t n.a(it vrlifin tlin mourn.
r
ing earth, under the melting breath ngs of,
e . . e o
the south wind, shall open its long conceal-!
. . . ,.
i'u luuutaitl. nuia aiiuiv nutaii uurhil.1
. . .e '
LaciFMina nFtKira rmm t 10 prr-s nf a
penitent ! then comcth spring-time, and
r , e
green trees, and lovely flowers, and joy,
: and hope, and life, and love .
j " Will it surely come, that eternal
' Spring which ends in an Autumu uo more?
i Will it come, ye lonely spirits iu the wil
I low ? Oh, when will it come 1"
Lift up thine eyes penitent child of dust;
believe, hope, and smile and live forever I
- . .. r tt
'- " - -1
rse-and of thy spirit ! Il ls before
thee' tho laud where nuthlnS fadc9' a1d j
whcrC ,h Leart E,'a.11 D0 mre. an. .,D 1
iv auuu. uiui uia.ii. ..- r.j... ,
of Autumn, in the branches of the willow!
Go thy way, and sigh, and sin no more
The twilight had faced into night ; but
the stars were out above, and their soft
light of love seemed to say: "Rest in hope,
ye that live on the earth, and ye that
sleep in it bosom ! Wre will watch till the .
morning comes .
The wind ceased, and the spirits were
niiiat in .Tin wi!nira Varfmm nfnr. an
... re i
if from out the Infinite. I heard soot hi na-
, , ,
trnr-U nnrl nn"-t sonrrfl. and voice, nf wpi.
' tr '
LEWISBURG, UNION
Mechanics, Farmers, and Lawyers.
Wheu the Crystal Palace, in this city,
was opened amid the pealing notes orches
of industry and invention were passed over
as nonentities, we took occasion to express
our views freely on the subject, and to
point out the slur that was thereby cast
upon some of the most worthy men in our
country. That was a case which called
freely for rebukc,and it was honestly given.
We have now something to say by way of
rebuke to our mechanics and farmers, foi
it is the duty of an honest press to give
censure to whom censure is due, as well
as honor to whom honor is due.
Our mechanics ard farmers are justly
to blame themselves for the negative po
sition which they generally occupy on all
public occasions ; they compose the mass,
say, " we are as nobody in prominent af-
1,1.1 I 11 1 t lj
made before a Mechanics' Institute, a law-
ycr is sure to be the oracle on such an oc
casioa also. By this conduct our farmers
...... , . .
and mechanics virtually acknowledge that
A I A , a ' 1 .. : A A A . iL.
they are totally incompetent to discuss the
class have ad the intelligence and the civil
qualities which command their respect. Is
- -o- 6 .j...
rule our country in every department, that
01 our foreign juuisiers, me very v-uuec-
, . ,
VikSk.i niifl aa av.wAava-iww 9 a) E. n nnsaaV r.W .iwaar
F
1 net tlmli!. ho Imrrsn nil " It is in.
" j " -
deed Ktranpc Imt tlie tart id easilv ac-
o i j
couuted for.
Do we blame our lawyers
for this ? No The very statement we
make is the highest compliment we can
Tihv them, and inversely a rebuke to our
r.rmnr. .nJ mlin.;ra n,.- K.rneo ,!
-- wbHu.wo. . j , j, nw
believe, possess more general information '
than any other class of men in our country; !
.f Le fa u ft!
SInan class as thev arc. amonir such an
in.m.., nont.la.inn a oreiK an
;fl,.r,.. nn ,i.;.,; ,.r nr .mire
vu .uw -j.....-..- ... ,
greater than that nf all other classes put
together. There is no disputing this asser-;
a
tion ; they are the arbitrators aud rulers
of our country. It may be said, their
business oeeuliarlv fits them them for trov-
, j o
ernors and rulers of the people." This is
true in a measure, but yet to understand
law, it is not necessary to be professionally
a lawyer. This, however, is not the point
to which we have peculiarly directed the
.
attention of our mechanics and farmers.
Our object has been to point out the folly, j
a . ... . . . a, i
th3 absurdity, the weakness, and admitted
I
want of ab 1 tv in our farmers and median-
.. ... .
ics, selecting others out of their own cir-;
' ,, . , ,.
cles to address thein upon the very subjects
wilh .hWl tlipv K1(111i,i ,.:..
j 1
., , . - . . .... . , I
incmseivcs. a rciorm is ccnainiv ae-1
manded among our industrial classes in the
matter of self respect and self dependence.
Scientific American.
A Warning to Girls
A man named James Manard, recently
stopped at St. Louis, having in company
with him a young lady whom he had mar
ried only seven days before, at Decatur,
in Illinois. While in Decatur, he profess-
. . .
ed to be a minister ol the Uospel, preach-
cd bcU prajer meetingg( ,nd
otherwise affected the manners and calling
of a clergymen. This" lady, to whom he
was uDitcu, married mm under the bcuei
that he was a preacher. After remaining
at St. Louis a few days, he fled, leaving
his wife in a destitute condition, at the
hotel where he stopped. It has since
been ascertained that he had stolen the
horse and carriage, and large quantity
f valuable goods, at Alton. The young
lady deceived deserted, returned to her
mother in Decatur. She probably mar
ried the man, as too many young ladies do,
after a few weeks acquaintance, knowing
nothing of bis previous life. A little pru
dence on the part of young ladies, and as
much discretion as they would exercise in
buying a new dress, would save many of
them the shame and mortification of such
deception.
The Great Cincinsati Tcnxel
Mansfield's Railroad Record publishes
some interesting particulars of the great
tunnel at Cincinnati. The work is now in
rapid progress, and will be finished early
in 1855. The total length of the tunnel
is 10,011 feet, of which 965 feet have been
completed. The next largest tunnel in the
United States, which is on the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, is 4,180 feet long.
The width of the Cincinnati tunnel, wall
ad, is 25 feet and height 18 feet.
COUNTY, PENN., FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1853.
GOD KNOWS IT ALL.
Io the dim recess of thy spirit's chamber
Is there dome blddes grief thou mayst not tell ?
L-t nut th heart tbreake thee; but remember
UU pityiof eye, who mm and know it well.
God knows It all I
And art thou toned on billowa of temptation.
And wouliM do good, but aril oft arrraiU t
Oh thluk. amid the warea of tribulation.
When earthly hope, nben earthly refuge mile
Cod knows it all 1
And doit thon tint thy da.d of hame aoaeealiaf
In aome dark spot no hnman eye can lea ;
Then walk in pride without one tgh revealing
The deep re wo no that abeeid diequirt thee?
Ood knowa It all I
Art thon oppressed and poor and breTy -hearted,
The heaven above thee In thick dowds arrayed.
And well-nigh crashed; no earthly strength Imparted,
Ko friendly voice to say, Be not afraid f
God knows it all I
Art thon a mourner? are thy tear-drops flowing
For one loo early lct to earth and the t
The depths of grief no human spirit knowing,
Wlicn moan in secret, like the moaning sen t
God knows It all t
Dost thon look back upon a life of sinning t
Forward, and tremble for thy future lot f
There's One who sees the end from ths beginning;
Ths tear of penitence is nafirgoa.
God knows it all!
Then go to God. Pour out ynnr heart before Him ;
There Is no grief your Father cannot feel ;
And let your grateful songs of praise adore Him
To save, forgive, and every wound to beat.
Uud knows it all God knows it all I
Japan.
Interesting accounts have been received
from the Janaucse squadron. On the 7th
of April Commodore Perry arrived at Ma
cao, in the Mississipi, whence he ordered
. r., ,L o 1 a 'J a
j the Plymouth and Supply to proceed to
I Cl.w-kaaa anr-il wlaat Qiriiflfrfi irk til A T.AA.
Choo Islands. On the 8th, the squadron
reached Jeddo Bay, and all anchored off a
town called Urago, about thirty miles from
the city of Jeddo.
After a few days' negotiation, Com.
! P.. l:lJ a force of three or four hun-
- , ,.,,,
dred men, and presented the letter of the
u"""" . "'"f j
appointed to receive them. The above
force was met on shore by about five thou
sand Japanese troops, drawn up near the
! water's edge. Both parties were ready for
au encounter at a moment s warning ior
the Japanese had apprehensions of treach -
cry, as well as the Americans, and had
rruarded arainst it. Uowever, everything
c o . - - j
passed off peaceably, and it was arranged
that the tquadron should return in the
Rpring for an answer. iniilIlatk. w.
received, unofficially, that it is quite proD-
' able that the Emperor will return a favor-
! able rcsnonsc to the letter of the President.
Ou the succeeding day some Japanese of-
.. .... .
Gcers went on board the nag-ship, ana gave
and received a number ot presents, auus
we are a step in advance of every other
nation in our relations with this exclusive
Government.
i Aiwr me cereu.u oi ficuuu..,
j ships moved further up the bay and made
a general survey of ft portion of it. The
i ci'J of Jeddo was not seen, but only the
I.I 1 f.. . H.!frt vaIs.w if 'Til
junK-ancuorage, new u-..a .a.
people did not appear to mind the sailing
1 tk.. iV,nn waWAlA Hraanlfllllt7 flFraifl
vessels, e-u . j
VI J! .-... M..Ala
that the steamers wou.u uiscorcr too umeu,
j u . Jt,iul Wr mnvinv
and could not understand their moving
v. .. :.. r,A t',Ao JpH.ln Kav
about against wiud and tide. Jeddo Bay
reDrcscntcd as being the most beautiful
a ....
j t.a -nrl.l with acenerv
auu - " j
in the vicinity unsurpassed for magnifi
cenec.
There was not much opportunity for
close observation, but, as to the Japanese,
their manners, their customs, their dress
all appear to remain precisely the same as
described two hundred years ego. Most
of the troops met with were armed with
spears, javelins, and bows and arrows.
There were thirty flint-lock muskets, and
two or three hundred old-fashioned fire
locks amongst them. On the day of the
landing, a few women were seen accident
ally, but none of the upper class.
On the 17th, the squadron left Jeddo
Bay, the Susquehanna, Mississippi and
Plymouth returning to Loo-Choo, and the
.. . oi l:
Saratoga proceeding to ouangnai.
At the LooChoos Commodore Perry
established a coal depot for his squadron,
at tho harbor called Napa, or Kopia-Kiang
(Kiang meaning river,) which cannot but
be regarded as another very important
step. The commerce of Loo-Choo has
hitherto been confined entirely to Japan
and China. They have, however, now
thrown open their trade to the American
squadron, and it is certain it will forever
remain open to all nations, if it be insisted
on.
Weight op Bew.s. The following is
said to be the weight of some of the largest
bells in the world : Tho great hells at
Pekin weigh 120,000 pounds, and there
are seven of them. The great bell at Mos
cow is seventy feet in circumference, and
twenty-one feet high, and weighs 444.UUU
pounds; that at Erfurt weighs 262,000
dounds, and the clapper, twelve feet long,
weighs 11,00 pounds. The cathedral at
Antwerp has a musical combination of 33
bells, the largest wen feet wide and 8
foct long-
A Sad Change. A lady, well known
and long respected as an eminent teacher
in this city, says a New York paper, died
at the advanced age of eighty, in the City
Alms house. She was known as the Direc
tress of a fashionable Boarding School in
this city. For twenty-five years she was
very successful, and had accumulated 50,
000 dollars, which she invested in Fire
Insurance Stock, in 1835. Her loss by
the great fire, ruined her fortune and pros
pect, and too pround to apply to friends,
she went to the City Alms house, where
she lived some years, and died as stated.
Tbis lady was highly educated, possessed
polished manners, led an exemplary life,
was a most useful member of society, had
educated hundreds of young ladies, and
yet doomed to die in an Alms house.
Alas ! we, know not what wc may come
to in this changeable world.
Painful Circumstance. John, a lit
tle son of Mr. A. B. Vest of Columbia,
Mo., was so much injured, by his un
thoughtful school-mates a short time since;
that he died on Sunday, 23 ult. The boys
were playing "sack," the modus operandi:
of which is throwing one boy down, acdi
heaving others, sack fashion, as high as ,
they can be piled. In this manner Mr.
Vest's son was so crushed, that he died
after much painful sufferings.
Judge Lowrie of the Supreme Court at
Pittsburg on the 3d ultimo, delivered the
opinion of said Court, that shares of Bank
ODIUIOU Ot bttltl VjOUri, lUUIIUies Ml uaua,
, for Conn
I
, J V Jf SwiL
gheny County against John Shoenbcrger.
The Farmer.
f.-nm the A. I'. Working Farmer.
The Wheat Trade of Europe.
It cannot but be instructive to our largo
wheat-growers, to be made acquainted with !
the wheat trade of Europe. The following
article, from the Mark Lane Exprets, fur
nishes many valuable statistics :
Sta In your review of the " British
Cora Trade," last week, you adverted to
the peculiar position in which that branch
1 of onr commerce stands at the present
j jmc an(j tue probability that there may
' a , .,;it nun. fnr mn consider.
I c - e
ati(m on th part only of thosc mctivc.
! , eng!lged in the corn trade, but of the
t(jovcrnmcnt, as to how the necessary sup-
plies shall be obtained for the ensuing'
year. I am not an alarmist, having no
wish unnecessarily to excite the fears of;
the timid, or to raise the price of corn to
an undue and factitious rate; but at the j
same time, it is perfectly right to look the .
difficulties of our position in the face ; and :
to be prepared to meet them we must be ;
acquainted with their nature and extent.
It js ow rcjueec. to a certainty mat tne
growirjg crops 0f wheat will, in the aggre- j
j gate te far heoyr an aTerage one whether
bo actual yM be good or bad o;ing t0;
! ... . . m J
tue jmpogbii.ty m the autumn ot sowmg
the usual quantity. And this is especially
the case in Ireland, where the disinclina
tion to cultivate for wheat increases every
year, independent of sowing anything like
the usual breadth last autumn. This be-j
ing the case, it is necessary to inquire into J
the sources from whence we are to obtain 1
a supply sufficient to last us until the har-i
vest of 1854. I
The principal eorn-cxportiog countries j
mny be divided into four grand sections, I
namely, those bordering on the shores of;
the Baltic, and embracing the northern!
sea-coast ; those on tho Atlantic and Med- j
iterranean sea board ; those on the Black j
Sea and its appendages ; and the continent :
of North America, comprising the United :
States and the British colonics. From all
these quarters wc have hitherto obtained
an ample supply of wheat for it is to this,
as the most important cereal, that I pro
pose to confine the inquiry and there is
no doubt that they will still, one or another
of them (for all cannot fail us in ordinary
years) furnish ns with the needful supply.
But the present year is one of those pecu
liar seasons in which the most correct cal
culations resting on former experience are
liable to be neutralized ; and the question j
therefore remains to be solved, from what
quarters may we expect such a eupply as
shall make up the dencicncy certain to
arise in our own crop ?
It is now a well-known and admitted
fact, that the supply of wheat from Nor
thern Europe has for some years been de
clining in quantity. Many causes have
contributed to produce this falling off; but
we will mention only four of these, as be
ing of a permanent character, and likely
still further to diminish the exporting
power. The first of these is the fact that
the population of Europe has increased to
the extent of from 80 to 100 millions since
the peace of 1815, and consequently there
must have been a corresponding increase
of consumption. When Mr- Jacobs drew
up his report on the corn trade in 1827,
he estimated, from the information he ob
taincd on the continent, that the inciease
twelve years of peace amounted to twenty-
six millions. Twnty-ix years more of
peace have passed since then; and as this
increase goes on upon the principle of com
pound interest, we may justly assume that
the present population of Europe is what
we have stated, in advance of that of 1815.
The second cause, is the absorption of
the land in the cultivation of the Silesian
beet root, for the purpose of manufacturing
suar. The object of the Austrian,
French, Russian, Prussian, and Belgian
governments, not to mention the smaller , nient. An offer was recently made by an
States, is to render their domiuions inde- J English engineer to drain the Pontine
pendent of a foreign supply of sugar, aud j Marshes; but Pio Niuo cut the matter
at the same to extend a manufacture high- J short by saying, that " if God had inten
ly profitable and beneficial. The extent jded tbera to be drained, he would have
of land thus ab.rbed can not be exactly (drained them himself."
ascertained, but it may be proximately es- Frauce aud Egypt, then, aro the only
timated at half a million of acres so j two wheat-exporting countries in tbis see
that, with a rapidly increasing cousuuip- j tion that can be depended on ; tut is now
tion' there is a large diminution in th evident that the former exported too teelj
breadth of land devoted to cereal produce. the last year, and is now become, in eon
The third cause is the operation of the j sequence, an importing country; we can
landwehr, or conscription law, now gener- j not therefore expeet that she will be able
ally adopted by the continental nations; ; to supply us with any great quantity next
by virtue of which every male subject season. To Egypt we may look with eon
whatever be his rank, station, or calling ' fidenee; possessing, as she does, a tract of
(except ecclesiastics) when he arrives at '.land on the banks cf the Nile, of inex
the age of twenty years is bouud to serve i haustibie fertility ; aud under the stimulus
for three years in a regiment of the line of a constantly open market, we may cal
as a private soldier. We may readily con- culate safely upon au increase of her ex
ccive that this infusion of the military j Piling power.
spirit is inimical to the sober pursuits of, 1 be third section comprises the countriee
industry, and must necessarily abridge i bordering on the Black Sea and the Sea
them aud the abstraction from tkt rural , of Az ph. Th.s includes the Turkish pro
population of the entire body of the youth f vmees cf Rouinelia, Bulgaria, Wallachia,
at that age wheu labor is a pastime, aud '! Moldavia; the Kussian provinces of
the habit of it begins to be formed, must ' Pod'dia, Volhynia, 4c; and the country
have its effect upon the after life. The , '-'rth of the steppes bordering on the Sea
desultory habits incident to a soldier's life f,f Ai-'ph. The d. p.,ts for these district,
-half spent in idleness, aud the other half ; " V f Ode.-sa, Marianople, and
in acquiring military habit are "cg in Russia; and Gala., Ibrail.
too ralpab e to admit of dispute, and too
1 ; . , . , ... ,
opposeu to lnausinai pursuits u-i
dangertheirprogreaswhenconductcdupon
so extended a scale a., is practised on con-ipor(3
Uucntal Europe. wor)J fc j .
A fourth cause is the sub-division of the ! . f ' "
-v imporj!e ta say to wiat exteni the
land into small proprietaries, which has .... r . , ...
lauu mui r i j iciU.vitioa of whea'. mty be earned in
been adopted by Prussia, and is now the ; ' .
. . , ,. , io, ,.!tl,e rich aud boundless tracts of alluvial
practise ,n almost a 1 the cout.nenul Stat s ,
and kingdoms. W h.tevcr ma, be the ul- . jnf
timate effect of this system upon the bulk .
of the people, It Is certain that at present m Jn
it has not caused an increase of cereal pro- -f t J
duction, but rather the contrary The
class of people n Uermany, as well as in t
France, to whom this applies, were too ! . , .
rr ' . 5r '. ! The fourth secticn, North America, will
poor and too ignoraut when this powe r ; , . , . '
' . , . j , haTe but little to spare for us in the future,
to become landed proprietors was granted ,,..,, . la
i c i Her export of wheat and flour is not great
to them to cultivate their holdings to the ; .. ..
io mew me c ! er than it was forty years ago, and con-
best advantage ; and their chief aim has ... , ' '
oesl o ' ..... , ; sumption still keeps ahead of prodnation ;
been to raise enough of inferior uce .f '
forthesurPort cf themselves and their j fcy But
families. .... . j extensive markets have been opened np
Such are the principal causes operating - . . . ,, . .
1 ' . for American flour in the gold regions of
to diminish the growth of cereal produce ; ... , .. c, . . ,.
... b e n . California and Australia, which will most
in Northern Europe. It may be alleged 7i . -i .e
,f . , certainly in future croatly curtail the ex-
that the masses there are not consumers of .... .... , V. . rtr
... ... , portation to thelnited Kingdom. We
wheaten bread, but use chiefly reand
, ,-.... nave taken the whole continent as one
other inferior corn bread. But it is quite i
, . . , . . , . . I one country, because the same reasoning
ev dent, that whatever land is abstracted
, ,. . .. c applies to both the Lnited States and the
from cereal cultivatnJu of any kind must . . . ...
. .... , . ,t
diminish the quautity produced ; so that,
rhilst the increase of population renders j
, , .- ,!,-.
i larger amount of cereals necessary, there
, , ., ,
is not only a less breadth of land whereon
. . . , ,. . r :j.
to raise it, but also a diminution of indus-
. v i- j a . ..i:..;n
tr al power to be applied to its cultivation.
, . ai.-;,.-
The second section comprises the kiug -
doms of France, Spain, and Portugal, on
the Atlantic ; aud the same countries, with
Italy aud the opposite show of the Adri-
atic. Grcoce, the southern part of Asia
Minor, Egvpt, and the range of the Afri-
can coast bordering on the Mediterranean,
... -ii h. nf
with the various islands of that sea. Ut
these, the two countries of France and
Egypt furnish bv far the largest quantity
exportation. 'Spainis not often in a
ior exponaiiou. .
cond tion to export wheat ; an abundance
:. .,r. rinr. but the exoense
"fc . . , - , ,'u.,a
of transit is so heavy owing to the bad -
ness of the roads, that it would not pay
the grower to send it. In Castile, for m-
. . a . I
tan-p tbe Drice of wheat is seldom more
stance, me prima. - ...
than is. bd. per cusu - ;
. a 1 l. . 1... .,-. Iionrr J ! A
expense ot co" . ' ;V.'; ..J
the Andalusians Cud it cheaper to import ,c
it from New York, pay.ng 4s. O.I. per
. . a 1 an.1 PTtlfllSiW.
bushel, dcsiucs ..v.;.-.
Portugal furnishes no wheat for export:,-
. . . . i :....:-.-.. l,.
tion. ureecc Z. ZZ
tbemeonar -
Assia Minor tho same
mav be said; and
the productive power of the Delta of the ,
x-m e .. W follv tested, although
a-lie ataa uiin " " J '
., nnrte.l from thence inerea-
ses largely every year- V ith regard to'b.'l . '
the African coast from Barea to Morocco, : gomtu. compet.tor m France.
the Air can e -rtwir,i ! It is my desire tha -, ur rralcrs will
but little wucat is -- F.e..... ... ,
Its cultivation is ch'u fiy con
UllCd tO tue
Highlands of Ethiopia, and what is grown
2SST sumcd'at'home; it is proba-
ITowever. that wheat will be obtained
ble, however, that wheat w. i - u
from thence b, way of the Red
c-l. f.il.raltr. and the Ionian Islands
........ - . , , .
a 1 . A . nnjl orA
tDemscivcB."
VOLUME X. NO. 30.
WnoLE Ni-mker, 498.
of wheat ; but agriculture has long been
kept in a depress! state by the beard
policy of the Government, which prohibi
ted the exportation of wheat under a heavy
penalty. This restriction is now removed ;
but it will require many years, under rack
a Government, to recover the rural popu
lation from the semi-barbarism superin
duced by the laws. Italy, too, export
but little wheat ; although there is ranch
land capable of bearing large crops; ab
surd legislation here also prevents improve
! . TV- x.
' Adnanople, in Koumelia for the Turkish
rri . .-
British provinces. In both consumption
, ....... ........
keeps paee with production, and both have
tue range oi me new luaratu reierrcu io,
j ,. ,. . .,
.1 - c . - I. . a -1 a.
I wuiveri me suppt.es mai woum oiuerwiso
eome to cur own ports.
....
Ihe summary of our position, there-
. '
fore, is as follows : c have the prospect
1 ' r
Jfin th st be'
j at the ensuing harvest Owing to a simi-
j lar deficiency France is likely to be an im-
porting instead of an exporting country.
and thus, f,r the next season at .least , wUl
compete with us f.r the surplus of the
wheat-exporting countries. In neither
i
there any stock of wheat upon which
j to commence after harvest. Our average
i.npor.at.ou of wheat and fl.mr for the last
4,000,000 qrs. per
'"'"J1 '
:ura 5 and ,ak,n ,be tMe dcfic,t f
the present crop at cue fourth, we shall
, J
'
the two harvests.
i . .1.. 1. . , n . 1 tt... it-.- . nf wTi n 1
1IQ Hit? "UU I II -11 , in- . . I -v. - v. " -. - .
i . . . , ,.
fmm the Baltic ports declines every year ;
Am fa too ,0 sus,wt tLat lha
crops there are suffering from the tarn.
taii-e1 as our owu aim mi
i .t r V ...-...
which still more redui-e their exporting
Fri)lutllul-Uiud States aud Cat-
P' -r COI1,ilielable
aua
tMi off in the suppli.
of next season ;
-
" 'i -
with oertaiutv depend, lor lurmsnir.g our-
selves Y.UU wnal we M.au rettutir, c ...
; . .... , . i it : at..
countries ot r.unng ou .uc
'..,. .. .. ' ,....r ,w ..remises bw ft
tl'.t .lie e-u. iciim v- . g- w
rigid inquiry, and draw the.r owo,
sions froui.hem should Oiey find
substantiated. The st is und.
nd urnw their owo ronciu-
d them
undoubted-
i.pt rUncc, and will
, 1 J
, aufcfce- fc ...
m. a wpII as the merchnnt and the ag l-
SC.
fl